Kutheni ipencilula ebizwa ngokuba "elula"? Bangabonakalisa njani ubunzima beepensela kumazwe ahlukeneyo?

Ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nomsebenzi, ngamnye wethu, kwiimitha ezihlukeneyo, adinga iipensele. Kubantu bezo zengqesho, njengomculi, injini, i-teknoloji, umyili kunye nomshicileli, kubalulekile ukubaluleka njengobunzima bepensela.

Imbali yokubonakala kweepensele

Ngeli-XIII leminyaka, ii-prototypes zokuqala zamapensela, ezenziwe ngesilivere okanye zikhokelo, zavela. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukucima oko kubhaliwe okanye kubonwe ngabo. Ngekhulu le-XIV, intonga eyenziwe ngumbumba omnyama wodongwe, owabizwa ngokuba "ipenseli yase-Italy", yayisetyenziswa.

Ngekhulu le-XVI, kwisixeko saseNgesi saseCumberland, abelusi bakhubeka ngengozi kwidiphozithi yezinto eziphathekayo, ezifana nekhokelo. Inqabana kunye neebhokhshi zazingenakufunyanwa, kodwa zenzeke kakuhle ukudweba nokumakisha izimvu. I-graphite yensimbi yaqala ukwenza iincinci ezincinci, eziqinisekisiwe ekupheleni, ezazingafanelekanga ukubhala kwaye zazingcolile.

Ngomnye kamva, omnye wabaculi waphawula ukuba ukudweba ngeentonga zegraphite, ezixhomekeke emthini, kulunge ngakumbi. Yiloo ndlela kwimeko eyenziwa ngamapensele alula. Kakade ke, ngelo xesha akukho mntu wacinga malunga nobunzima beepensele.

Iipencilsi zexesha eliqhelekileyo

Uhlobo apho ipenseli eyaziwa kuthi namhlanje, eyakhiwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ngumfundi waseFransi uNicola Jacques Comte. Ekupheleni kweXIX kunye neye-XX yenkulungwane yokuqala. Kuye kwenziwa utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwindlela yokwenziwa kweepensele.

Ngaloo ndlela, u-Count Lothar von Faberkastl utshintshe umlo wepencil body ukusuka ngeenxa zonke. Oku kwenza ukuba kuncitshiswe ukugqithwa kweepensele ukusuka kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezithintekayo ezisetyenziselwa ukubhala.

Kwaye umvelisi waseMelika u-Alonso Townsend Cross, ecinga ngokunciphisa inani lezinto eziphathekayo, wenza ipencilensi nge-casing yensimbi kunye nentonga ye-graphite, efunyenwe ubude obufunayo.

Kutheni kubunzima kubaluleke kangaka?

Nabani na odonsa okanye odweba into ubuncinci amaxesha athetha ukuba iipensela ziyakushiya imivimbo kunye nemigca eyahlukileyo kumgca we-color and thickness. Iimpawu ezinjalo zibalulekile kwezobunjineli ezizodwa, kuba okokuqala nayiphi imidwebo yenziwa ngeepencilisi ezinzima, umzekelo we-T2, kwaye kwisigaba sokugqibela - okukhawuleza, kunye nokumakisha kwe-M-2M, ukwandisa ukucaca kwemigca.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kubunzima bepencilithi yabaculi, bobabini abaqeqeshi kunye nabafundi. Ukwenza imidwebo kunye nemidwebo, iipensele kunye neetlati ezithambileyo zisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokuhlaziywa kokugqibela komsebenzi - oqinileyo.

Ziziphi iipensele ezifana?

Zonke iipensile zinokuhlulwa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amabini: alula kwaye anemibala.

Ipensele elula ineli gama kuba liyakha kakhulu, kwaye libhalela i-slate ye-graphite yesiqhelo, ngaphandle kwezinye izithako. Zonke ezinye iintlobo zamapensela zinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye nesingeniso esisinyanzelo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zedayi.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa zeepensele ezinemibala , eziqhelekileyo zezi:

• Umbala oqhelekileyo, onokuba ngumgca owodwa okanye osihlangeneyo;
• I-Wax;
• Amalahle;
• Watercolor;
• Pastel.

Ukwahlula iipencilisi ezilula zegrafu

Njengoko sele kuthethwe ngazo, iipensile ezilula zinepensile yegraphite. Isalathisi esinjalo, njengobunzima besikhokelo sepensisi, sisiseko sokwenza kwabo.

Kwamazwe ahlukeneyo, amanqaku ahlukeneyo asetyenziselwa ukubonisa ubunzima beepensele, ezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu yiYurophu, isiRashiya kunye neMelika.

Imiqondiso yaseRussia kunye neYurophu yamacraphite amnyama, abuye athiwa njengamapensele alula, ahluke kwiMerika ngokubakho kokubhaliweyo kweelfabhethi kunye neenombolo.

Ukubonakalisa ubunzima beepenisi kwinkqubo yokumakisha yaseRashiya, kucingwa ukuba: T - eqinile, i-M-soft, i-TM-medium. Ukucacisa ubuncinane bokunciphisa okanye ubunzima, amanani enani aziswayo, malunga neencwadi.

Emazweni aseYurophu, ubunzima beepensele ezilula zichazwe ngamagama athathwe ngamazwi achaza ubunzima. Ngoko, iipencilisi ezithambileyo ileta ethi "B" ukusuka kwigama elimnyama (elimnyama) lisetyenzisiweyo, kunye neepensele ezinzima incwadi ethi "H" evela kubunzima beNgesi (ubunzima) isetyenziswe. Ukongezelela, kukho uphawu lwe-F, oluvela kwinqanaba elincinci leNgesi (ubuncinane) kwaye lubonisa uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwepensile. Yinkqubo yaseYurophu yokumakisha iileta ngobunzima obuthatyathwa njengomgangatho wehlabathi kwaye iyona eqhelekileyo.

Kwaye kwimimandla yaseMelika, enquma ubunzima beepensele, ukunyulwa kwamanani kuphela. Kuphi 1 - ithambile, i-2-medium, ne-3-nzima.
Ukuba akukho ukumakisha kwipensile, ngoko ngokungagqibekanga kubhekisela kumgangatho onzima (TM, HB).

Yintoni ebangela ubunzima?

Namhlanje i- kaolin (udongwe omhlophe) kunye negraphite zisetyenziselwa ukukhokela ipenciliti yegraphite. Ubunzima beepensela kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bezinto ezixutywe kumanqanaba okuqala okuvelisa. Ngaphezulu ukubeka ubumba obumhlophe nge-kaolin, kunzima ukuba ipencilisi iphendule. Ukuba inani legraphite linyuka, ukhokelo luya kuba lula.
Emva kokuxuba onke amanqaku afanelekileyo, umxube obangelwayo uphelelwa kwisidumbu. Kuyo kwakha iindonga zobukhulu obunikwe. Emva koko iintonga ze-graphite ziyaxoshwa kwisithando esikhethekileyo, iqondo lokushisa elifikelela kwi-10 000 ⁰ C. Emva kokugcoba, iintonga zibhaptizwe kwisisombululo esithile seoli, ukudala ifilimu ekhuselekileyo yomhlaba.