Isixeko samandulo sase-Efese eTurkey: inkcazelo kunye nembali

Idolophu yasendulo yase-Efese (iTurkey) isecaleni lasentshonalanga ye-peninsula yase- Asia Minor, eyaziwa ngegama layo lesiGrike elithi Antalya. Ngokwemilinganiselo yanamhlanje, incinci - abemi bayo abayifikelela kumawaka ayi-225 abantu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yembali kunye nezikhumbuzo, ezigcinwe kuyo kwiiveli ezidlulileyo, ziphakathi kwezona zixeko ezivakatyelele kakhulu kwihlabathi ngabakhenkethi.

IsiXeko sikaThixokazikazi weNzala

Ngaphambili, kwaye yasungulwa ngamaGrike kwi-XI leminyaka BC. E., Isixeko saziwa ngokuba nenkolo yodadekazi wendawo yokuzala owakhula apha , kwaye ekugqibeleni waba nguThixokazi ozala uArtemis. Olu bumnene nolwamkelekileyo lugqithisa kwi-VI leminyaka BC. E. Abemi beli sixeko bakha itempile, baqatshelwa njengenye yeZiqhamo eziMxhenxe zehlabathi.

Isixeko sase-Efese sifike kwixesha elingenakuze lenzeke ngekhulu le-6 BC. E., xa ephantsi kwamandla, wabamba ukumkani wakhe waseLydia uKreus, ogama lakhe langoku ulwimi oluye lwafana nobutyebi. Olu lugxininiso kumlawuli wezinto eziphathekayo alizange ligcine imali kwaye lihlobisa iithempelini zakhe ngemifanekiso emitsha, kwaye yasebenza njengomgcini, ixhaphaza isayensi nobugcisa. Ngaloo nto, isixeko sazukiswa ngamagama awo ngabantu abaninzi obubalaseleyo, njengesafilosofi yasendulo uHeraclitus kunye nomlobi wasendulo u-Callin.

Ubomi besixeko kwimihla yokuqala yexesha lethu

Nangona kunjalo, ukuphakama kweso sixeko kuwela kwi-I-II yenkulungwane AD. E. Ngeli xesha, yayiyingxenye yoBukumkani baseRoma, kwaye imali yayo yayichithwa ngemali eninzi, ngenxa yamanzi awakhiwe, ilayibrari yeCelsus, iibhafu zokuhlambela zamandulo, kunye ne- theater yaseGrike yakha kwakhona . Enye yeziqhamo ezininzi ezisezidolophini yayisitalato esona sikhulu, ehla echwebeni kwaye ehlotshiswe ngamakholomu kunye nama porticos. Kwabizwa ngokuba nguMbusi waseRoma uArkady.

Isixeko sase-Efese sichazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiTestamente Entsha, ngokukodwa, kwiincwadi ethi "IZenzo zabapostile" kunye ne "Iimpawu zeSt. John the Divine", eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Apocalypse". Abalandeli bokuqala bakaKristu baqala ukubonakala kuye ngexesha lobulungiseleli basemhlabeni loMsindisi, kwaye ngo-52-54 umpostile uPawulos waphila waza washumayela kuloo mzi. Abaphandi banesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba uYohane umVangelist, owafa waza wangcwatywa e-Efese, wabhala iVangeli yakhe apha. Inkolelo Engcwele idibanisa nalo mzi kunye neminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bentombi kaMariya - uMama kaYesu Kristu.

Ulwandle olushiye isixeko

Kwisiseko se-Efese - idolophu ka-Aritemis - yafakwa emanxwemeni oLwandle lwase-Aegean yaye yayiyinkokheli enkulu yelokude. Kodwa ke into engabonakaliyo yenzeke -kuba unkulunkulukazi wayexabana noZeus umbusi ophakamileyo, waza wathululela ingqumbo yakhe kwisixeko, okanye izizathu zendalo, kodwa kuphela kwi-6 ye-AD. E. Ichweba ngokukhawuleza yaba yinto engacacanga kunye ne-silt.

Abahlali babefanele bahambe kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala kwindawo entsha kufuphi nesixeko saseTurkey saseSelcuk, esele saqala ukwakhiwa kwintaba yaseAijasoluk. Kodwa ulwandle lwaqhubeka luyeka, lugxotha ininzi yengeniso yesi sixeko sasendulo. Efese wancipha kancane kancane. Ukuhlaselwa komhlaba kunye nyikimazama komhlaba kwakubhuqa amatye anesihlabathi, kwaye iyalondolozwa ngokuqinisekileyo kwiindawo zakudala ze-archaeologists.

Isikhumbuzo esililiweyo sexesha elidlulileyo

Isizathu sagqitywa ngama-Arabhu, ayeneminyaka ye-7 eyabandakanyeka ekuhlaselweni kwawo kwaye ekugqibeleni wayitshabalalisa into yokuba isandla sendawo eyimfama yayingakafiki. Kwiintsuku ezisixhenxe emva kwexesha, ubukumkani base-Ottoman bathatha inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-Asia Minor, kuquka intsimi apho kwakukho umzi wase-Ayasoluk ngase-Efese.

Ukususela ngeli xesha, laqala ukuphuhliswa, kodwa sele lisekho sikweni sesithethe seSilamsi. Kwizitrato zayo kwakukho imikhosi, i-caravanserais kunye ne-Turkish baths. Ikhulu leminyaka kamva isixeko saqanjwa, saza safumana igama layo langoku iSelcuk, yaye ekugqibeleni isixeko sase-Efese saye salala ngenxa yamanqwanqwa ambalwa ngaphantsi kwesihlabathi esinyeneyo esibekwe apha ngumoya oshushu.

Ukucwanwa kwe-archeologist-enthusiast

Imbali yokucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala kwintsimi yasendulo yaqala ngo-1863. Umqalisi wabo wayengumqhubi waseBrithani nomqambi uJohn Turtle Wood, owakhela izakhiwo zesitishi eTurkey. Emva kokuba afune ukufumana itempileni yase -Efese kaAtemis, ekhankanywe kwiTestamente Entsha, wafumana imvume kubaphathi basekuhlaleni ukuba benze umsebenzi.

Lo msebenzi wawungekho lula, ngokuba kuphela ulwazi olwenziwa ngumfundi we-archaeologist ozifundisayo owaziyo malunga nolwazi lwesixeko sase-Efese, kodwa akazange abe nolwazi oluthe ngqo malunga nolwakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo zalo.

Isixeko sasivukela ukungabi nantoni

Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, ihlabathi lajikeleza iingxelo zokuqala zokufumanisa kukaJohn Wood, kwaye ukususela ngelo xesha idolophu yase-Efese, apho kwakunokudalwa iinqumlezo zenkcubeko ye-Hellen kwiiminyaka ezidlulileyo ngaphambili.

Kuze kube ngoku, esi sixeko siye sagcina izikhumbuzo ezikhethiweyo ezimalunga nenkathi yamaRoma yomlando wayo. Nangona ininzi ehlala ivuliwe, into ebonakalayo namhlanje ibetha ngokukhazimulisa kwayo kwaye inika ithuba lokucinga ubungangamsha nobuqili beli sixeko ngethuba layo.

Itheyibhile kunye nokukhokela kwiSitalato saseMarble

Enye yezona ziqheno zase-Efese ziyintsikelelo yeqonga lakhe, eyakhiwa kwixesha lamaGrike, kodwa laqala ukuvuselelwa ngexesha lokulawula kolawulo lwamaRoma, uDeritian kunye nomlandeli wakhe uTtrajan. Isakhiwo esiyiyo ngokwenene sasihlala kuma-spectators amawaka amabini anesihlanu, kwaye emva kwexesha yayiyingxenye yodonga lwedolophu.

Wonke umntu owafika kwisixeko sase-Efese ngaselunxwemeni wayenokuya echwebeni ukuya kwindawo yecandelo lezemidlalo kunye nesitalato esineemitha ezilikhulu elinamanqaku angama-marble. Iibhentshi zorhwebo ezazimi emacaleni awo zatshintshwe nezifanekiselo zodhixo bamandulo kunye namaqhawe amaninzi, ehlasela imibono yabatye ngokugqibelela. Ngendlela, abahlali beli sixeko babengekho nje i-aesthetes, kodwa nabo bantu basebenzayo-ngexesha lokucima ngaphantsi kwesitrato bafumene inkqubo yokuthuthwa kwamanzi.

Ithala leencwadi - isipho esivela kumlawuli waseRoma

Phakathi kwamanye amaziko enkcubeko yehlabathi la mandulo, isixeko sase-Efese saziwa ngokuba yilayibrari yayo, eyayibizwa ngokuba yiCelsus Poleman, uyise wobukumkani waseRoma uTitto Julius, owakhela ukukhumbuza kuye, waza wafaka i-sarcophagus kwenye yeeholo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukungcwaba kwabafileyo kwizakhiwo zikawonkewonke kwakunqabile kakhulu kwiBukhosi baseRoma, kwaye kwavunyelwa kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zomntu ofileyo.

Iziqwenga zesakhiwo eziye zasinda nanamhlanje ziyingxenye yefowuni ehlotshiswe ngokukodwa ngamanani allegorical afakwe kwiimpawu. Emva kokuba iqokelela leelayibrari yeCelsus ibandakanye imiqulu engamawaka elineshumi elinesibini, ayigcinwe kuphela kwiibhodi kunye neeshalafu, kodwa kwakhona ngqo kumgangatho weeholo zayo ezinkulu.

Itempile, ikhuselwe nguMedusa Gorgona

Ukongeza kwithempeli lika-Aritemi, elalifudula likhadi lokutyelela le sixeko, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezininzi zonqulo e-Efese. Enye yazo ingcwele yeHadrian, enokuthi ibonakaliswe ngamanxuwa ngokucima i-Marmara Street. Ukwakhiwa kwalo kuhla ngo-138 AD. E. Ukususela kwindawo yangaphambili yobuqaqawuli bethempeleni yobuhedeni kwakukho kuphela iinqhekeza eziphilayo.

Phakathi kwazo - iikholam ezine zeKorinte ezisekela intambo yesigxina kunye nesigxina semisipha phakathi. Ngaphakathi kwetempile unokubona ukuxhaswa kweMedusa Gorgon, ukulondoloza itempileni, kunye nodonga oluchaseneyo - imifanekiso yezithixo zamandulo, ngandlela-thile ezixhomekeke kwisiseko sixeko. Ngaphambi kwalapho kwakukho nezifanekiselo zabalawuli benene behlabathi-abalawuli bamaRoma baseMaximian, iDiocletian kunye negalari, kodwa namhlanje baye baba nemibukiso yemyuziyam yomzi.

Ummandla wabemi abacebileyo besixeko sase-Efese

Imbali yeso sixeko ngethuba lolawulo lwamaRoma lwafa ngokungapheliyo kwiindawo eziqingqiweyo ezijikeleza umthombo waseTroyan, eyakhiwe kufuphi nomnyango wetempile wase-Adrian. Phakathi kwendawo yokwakhiwa kwakumfanekiso wesibhakabhaka salo mlawuli, apho umlambo wamanzi wasuka waya esibhakabhakeni. Ekumzungeze ngokuzihlonela kwakukho izithixo zeendawo ezingapheli zaseOlimus. Namhlanje ezi zakhiwo zihlobisa iindibano zemyuziyam.

Ukuchasene netempile yeHadrian kwakukho izindlu apho iindawo ezikhethiweyo zase-Efese zihlala khona. Ukubonakaliswa ngolwimi lwanamhlanje, kwakuyikota ephakamileyo. Emazantsi entabeni, izakhiwo zenzelwe ngendlela yokuba uphahla lwawo ngamnye lusebenza njengendawo evulelekileyo kumgangatho osondelene nawo, ongezantsi. Umongo ogcinwe kakuhle, owabekwa ngephambi kwezindlu, unikeza ingcamango yokunethezeka apho abemi bawo behlala khona.

Izakhiwo ngokwazo zazihlotshiswe ngeefrescoes kunye nemifanekiso eyahlukeneyo, egcinwe ngokunyanisekileyo kuze kube namhlanje. Izifundo zabo zibandakanya, ngaphezu kwendabuko kwiimeko ezinjalo, oothixo, kunye nemifanekiso yabantu ababalaseleyo bexesha elidlulileyo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye wabo uthatha ifilosofi yaseGrike uSocrates.

Izikhumbuzo zamaKristu zesixeko

Kule dolophu, ecaleni kunye nezikhumbuzo zobuhedeni bamandulo kunye neenkcubeko zobuKristu ezithathe indawo yalo, enye yazo i-basilica yaseSt. John. Ngekhulu le-6, uMlawuli uAustinian I wayala ukuyibeka endaweni apho, mhlawumbi, umpostile ongcwele, umbhali we-Apocalypse, kunye neyeVangeli zazingcwaba.

Kodwa inqaba enkulu yamaKristu yase-Efese akungabazeki ukuba indlu, ngokutsho komlando, uMama kaYesu Kristu - uMariya oyiNtombi-Othembekileyo-wayichitha iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela. Njengoko umlando uthi, sele sele esesiphambanweni, umsindisi uye wanikela ukunyamekela umfundi wakhe othandekayo-umpostile uYohane, kunye nalowo walinda umyalelo kaMfundisi, wamthatha waya naye e-Efese.

Kukho nelifa elihle kakhulu elinxulumene nomnye wamagquma asekwe entabeni yentaba ecaleni kwayo. Ngokweenkolelo zangoku, kwiintsuku zokutshutshiswa kobuKristu kuye kwakuneentshazana ezisixhenxe ezithi zikholo lokwenyaniso. Ukuze abasindise ekufeni okukufutshane, iNkosi yathumela ubuthongo obukhulu kubo, apho bachitha khona amabini amabini. AmaKristu aselula ayesevukile ngokukhuselekileyo-ukholo lwabo ngelo xesha liye lwaba yinkolo karhulumente.