Ubume kunye nomsebenzi iinkqubo woluvo receptor. Eyona engundoqo Imisebenzi receptor kwiseli

I-luvo yabantu yenza iinkqubo olunzulu zohlalutyo kunye zokwenziwa ezibonelela lithathelwe nkqi amalungu kunye neenkqubo utshintsho kwimeko lwangaphandle nangaphakathi. Imbono zizinto ezivela okusingqongileyo kungenxa isakhiwo kuquka iinkqubo luvo afferent, glial-equlethe iiseli oligodendrocytes okanye lemmotsity. Zijika ezintweni zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi bezenzeko bioelectric, ekuthiwa excitation, okanye luvo uyibona. izakhiwo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuba receptor. Kweli nqaku, siphonononga isakhiwo umsebenzi receptors kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zabantu nemizwa.

Types of kwalapho

Ikwindlela owakhiwe ngayo umzimba, kukho iinkqubo eziliqela yokuhlela. Ii-ziqhelekileyo yahlulwe ezilula (luqulathe igama elinye neuron amatsha okuhluma) kunye nezintsonkothileyo (iqela neurocytes abangabancedani kunye neeseli glial kwi ekwakhiweni oluvo umbutho ezizodwa kakhulu). Ngokusekelwe isakhiwo kweenkqubo nemizwa. ukuba yahlulwe ekupheleni neurocyte eziziprayimari nezizisekondari centripetal. Ezi ziquka iindidi zemizwa eluswini: i nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors kunye neenkqubo zemithambo ukuba innervate izibilini. ahlobene Secondary epithelial idala isenzo amandla ukuphendula kwizivuseleli (receptors ukungcamla, ukuva, ibhalansi). Kweentonga ezo kunye iikhowuni ze umaleko photosensitive iso - retina - kwindawo oluphakathi phakathi vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi of ngokuyintloko nemithambo neziphelo.

Enye inkqubo yokuhlela isekelwe lo mahluko, njengokuba uhlobo isivuseleli. Ukuba ukuluma iphuma kokusingqongileyo, exteroreceptors ngoko ke waqonda (ezifana izandi, kunuka). A ukukhuthazwa imiba yokusingqongileyo yangaphakathi acazululwe interoreceptors: visceral, proprioceptors, iiseli iinwele vestibular. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkqubo isivamvo receptor umsebenzi ngenxa yesakhiwo ekuyo indawo izitho.

Ingcamango yokuba analyzers

Ukuze umahluko kwaye ukwahlula phakathi imiqathango yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye zokuphila nayo, ebantwini, kukho izakhiwo ezizodwa yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba ekuthiwa analyzer, okanye iinkqubo woluvo. Isazinzulu Russian I. P. Pavlov ecetywayo lenkqubo ilandelayo izakhiwo zabo. Isebe lokuqala kwathiwa peripheral (receptor). Okwesibini - iingcingo, kwaye eyesithathu - central okanye cortical.

Umzekelo, inkqubo isivamvo olubonakalayo kuquka iiseli semehlo sensory - iintonga kunye cone, i-luvo ezimbini optic uphinde uthinte ibekwe singasemva kwayo.

Ezinye analyzers, ezifana nezinto ezikhalayo ebonwayo sele kukhankanyiwe ziquka inqanaba doretseptorny - izakhiwo ezithile yokwakheka, ukuphucula abayibona ngayo zizinto ezifanelekileyo. Kuba indlebe bangaphandle ophakathi ezikhalayo, kwinkqubo olubonakalayo - inxalenye ukukhanya refracting lwalo, kuquka sclera, uburharha zolwelo lwegumbi akudala, lens, umzimba vitreous. Siya kugxininisa inxalenye engabalulekanga analyzer uze uphendule imibuzo malunga nokuba yintoni na umsebenzi receptors bobakhe.

Njengoko iiseli abone nokushukunyiswa

Ezi imifinya (okanye cytosol) ezo molekyuli ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe iiprotheni, kwakunye neenkqubo ezimbaxa - glycoproteins. Phantsi yempembelelo iimeko, ezi izinto ukutshintsha uqwalaselo labo lomhlaba njengophawu ukuba iseli kunye nemikhosi ukuba uphendule ngokwanelisayo.

Amanye amachiza abizwa ligands, zingachaphazela iinkqubo sensory esiseleni, okukhokelela kuyo ukuba imisinga transmembrane ion. Iiproteni plasmalemma ukuba iipropati abanomdla, kunye iimolekyuli carbohydrate (.. Ie receptors) umsebenzi njengoko annten - walibona umahluko ligands.

channels ionotropic

Olunye uhlobo receptors iseli - imijelo ionotropic elime kule inwebu, ukukwazi ukuvula okanye ababhlokiweyo phantsi kwempembelelo umzekelo uphawu wemichiza vesschestv H-acetylcholine receptors receptor, vasopressin, kunye insulin.

Ngu izakhiwo intracellular uyamkela ziquka imiba ukhutshelo, leyo ubopheleleke ligand, uze ukungena kungena ngumongo. Zithako wabumba yalo kunye DNA zokuphuhlisa okanye zinqanda noshicilelo yemfuza omnye okanye ngaphezulu. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi ungundoqo receptors iseli - imbono kokusingqongileyo iimpawu kunye nolawulo ngayo exchange zeplastiki.

Iintonga kunye cone: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Ezi receptors retina basabela kwizinto ezibonwayo - photon, ebangela kwalapho kwinkqubo excitation. Bona ziqulathe ngombala ezikhethekileyo: iodopsin (cone) kunye rhodopsin (iintonga). Sticks ndamcaphukisa ukukhanya crepuscular yaye akakwazi ukwahlula phakathi imibala. Ibhumbulu banoxanduva umbono umbala yaye zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu, nganye iqulethe photopigment eyahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi amehlo receptor ixhomekeka kuhlobo iiprotheni ukukhanya-sensitive, oko kuquka. Coli kubangela Ukunakana into ebonwayo ekukhanyeni low kunye iikhowuni anoxanduva acuity ezibonwayo kunye nombala ziqhele.

Isikhumba - enezivamvo

neziphelo zemithambo-luvo ziqukwe dermis, zahluke kubume nokusabela zizinto ezahlukeneyo imeko-bume: iqondo lobushushu, uxinzelelo, imilo komhlaba. Imisebenzi ezenza isikhumba - ukufumana nokuguqula nokushukunyiswa zibe pulses zombane (inkqubo uqhuba). Ukuze ii-xi ziquka corpuscles Meissner kaThixo, ibekwe umaleko phakathi ulusu - ezi dermis ekwaziyo ndingathandabuzi zizinto ezifihlakeleyo (abe uvakalelo threshold sezantsi).

Ngu baroreceptors ezi corpuscles Pacinian. Bona ise amanqatha ongama. receptor umsebenzi - iintlungu nociceptor - likhusi zizinto izifo. Ngaphezu koko, loo kwalapho yesikhumba zilungiswe kuzo zonke izibilini babe uhlobo afferent eyayizalwa imilibo. Thermoreceptors angaba eluswini kwaye zangaphakathi izigqeba - imithambo yegazi kwinkqubo luvo. Bona zihlelwa ubushushu nengqele.

Umsebenzi kwezi neziphelo sensory angandiswa, ngokuxhomekeke ulwalathiso nesantya apho utshintsho lobushushu wobuso yesikhumba. Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi receptors esikhumba ezahlukahlukeneyo elixhomekeke kulwakhiwo lwabo.

Indlela basuke of zizinto bezandi

Exteroreceptors - iiseli iinwele, leyo kufuneka uvakalelo oluphezulu kwizinto ezifanelekileyo - amaza omsindo. Zibizwa monomodal kwaye vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi. Akhiwe iqumrhu Corti sendlebe engaphakathi, engena njengecochlea.

Kwisixhobo licandelo Corti iyafana uhadi. receptors ekuva okulungiswe kwiqela perilymph yaye, xa eziphelweni microvilli kweli qela. oscillations fluid ukuba iiseli ukutyabuka iinwele, adlulele izenzakalo bioelectric - zizimvo luvo, okt ukuva umsebenzi receptor - .. na kwimbono lwemiqondiso ukuba indlela amaza isandi, kunye nenguqu yabo kwinkqubo excitation.

receptor contact ukunambitha

Ngamnye kuthi kuthanda ukutya neziselo. ukutya isikali Flavoring siyaqonda ngokusebenzisa iziko incasa - lwimi. Iqulethe iindidi ezine kwalapho lobulali ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: incam ulwimi - papillae gustatory ukwahlula mnandi, kwi ingcambu yawo - ukrakra abanike, imuncu kunye ezinetyuwa kwaye ukwahlula receptor macala. Ezintweni zonke iintlobo receptor neziphelo molecule na iikhemikhali microvilli baqonda azosala, i-eriyali.

Ngcamla umsebenzi receptor - ngokwezandi iikhemikhali isivuseleli kwaye ukuyijika ibe ukubetha zombane ezayo neurotransmission ecocekile uthinte. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba neengono zithi zidityaniswe kunye iziphelo zemithambo-luvo analyzer ukuqgiba, ibekwe kule isifo ngeempumlo. Iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo kwezi nkqubo zimbini woluvo uyayiqinisa mouthfeel kwaye yandisa kwabantu.

iqhina sokujoja

Kwakunye incasa, inkqubo ukuqgiba aphendule kwalapho zabo luvo phezu molecule neekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. kanye indlela apho iikhompawundi odorous kabi lona bulb ukuqgiba, ngoxa ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba iimolekyuli ebonisa ukusebenzisana kunye luvo ezahlukeneyo livumba sensory le isifo ngeempumlo. Abanye abaphandi baye bahlanganisa ukukhuthazwa receptors ukuqgiba ukuba iimolekyuli ebonisa ukuba amaqela ezisebenzayo eziqhelekileyo (umz, aldehyde okanye phenol) kunye zizinto kwi neuron oluvo.

umsebenzi receptor ukuqgiba sele kwimbono aphazamiseke, kunye kumahluko yayo kuguqulelo kwinkqubo excitation. Iyonke iibhalbhu ukuqgiba kwi isifo ye lweHo- ngeempumlo ufikelela 60 yezigidi ngasinye uyayinikwa inani elikhulu isiliya, ukunceda ukwandisa indawo jikelele zoqhagamshelwano phakathi intsimi receptor of iimolekyuli ngamachiza - amavumba.

I-luvo iziphelo izixhobo vestibular

Endlebeni wangaphakathi umzimba inoxanduva kuququzelelo ukuvumelana izenzo iimoto, umzimba ukugcina imo lizama, kwakunye nenxaxheba reflex yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo. It has imibono misele omise ekuthiwa mibono kunye anatomically onxulumene iziko Corti. Imiphantsi zintathu luvo neziphelo bone sokuvalwa endolymph. Xa nokujikeleza entloko kunye umntla, oko ngonyaka, nto leyo ebangela kwinwebu iziphelo luvo shinyi.

Sami ezenza vestibular - iiseli iinwele - wawumdibanisa ndizayo. Le nto ndiyibhalayo ziikristale emihle calcium carbonate - otolith. Ekunye endolymph, ukuba nayo iqala ukuhamba, oko kukuthi bawacaphukisayo kwiinkqubo luvo. Eyona misebenzi iphambili ye misele omise le receptor kuxhomekeke kwindawo yayo: koobhaka usabela womxhuzulane nokulawula imali entloko kunye nomzimba ukuphumla. Ukuvalwa oluvo akhiwe ampoules Equilibrium iintshukumo zomzimba ulawulo ukutshintsha amalungu omzimba (womxhuzulane onamandla).

Indima ye-receptor kukwenziwa iziphaluka zemithambo

Ngaba imfundiso ikhaliphe, ukusukela izifundo Descartes kunye ezifunyaniswe esisiseko I. P. Pavlova and I. M. Sechenova, isekelwe phezu ingqiqo lomsebenzi zemithambo-luvo impendulo olwaneleyo ephilayo sesichengeni kwizinto ezisingqongileyo kwaye zangaphakathi, wenziwe inxaxheba novalo central inkqubo - ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. Enoba impendulo, ezilula idolo-jerk, okanye Rocket ezifana intetho, inkumbulo okanye iingcinga, oko ulwamkelo link yokuqala - Umbono kunye olungenacalulo zizinto ngokwendlela inqaba yabo, awo, ngamandla.

Oko kwahlula na iinkqubo sensory ukuba I. P. Pavlov ebizwa yenziwa "Mpondwana ebuchotsheni." analyzer nganye imisebenzi receptor njengoko antenna kuphatha nokushukunyiswa nokuba neliso elitsolo ekujongeni imeko-bume: ukukhanya okanye isandi ngamaza, molecule amachiza, izinto eziphathekayo. umsebenzi Physiologically eqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokukhetha iinkqubo sensory kuxhomekeke umsebenzi Iqela lokuqala, ekuthiwa peripheral, okanye receptor. Ukusuka kwakhe niphuma ngaphandle kokukhetha, i arc reflex (ingqondo).

abaxazululi

Le into eziphila esebenzayo, enza ukudluliselwa excitation ukusuka neuron enye ukuya kwenye izakhiwo ezizodwa - leesynapse. Bona secreted yi Umzobo wesi neurocyte yokuqala kunye nokwenza njenge isivuseleli, ebangela inkqubela luvo ukuya ekupheleni receptor yeseli olulandelayo luvo. Ngoko ke, ubume kunye nomsebenzi neurotransmitters kunye receptors zihlobene. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye neurocytes ayakwazi lokukhulula zidlulisele ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, umz, acid glutamic kunye aspartic, iadrenaline neGabha.