Nenzululwazi Cognitive: imbali, isiseko ngokwasengqondweni, kwisifundo, iinjongo kunye neendlela zokuphanda

Yintoni kuxhaphaka kakhulu bengqondo, Ezolimi, efundisa ubukrelekrele iisoyi kunye nethiyori ulwazi? Konke oku kungentla indibanisa ngempumelelo isayensi kwengqondo. Le intsimi ahlukeneyo sele efunda iinkqubo yokuqonda kunye nengqondo ibakho ingqondo zabantu kunye nezilwanyana.

History of Science Cognitive

Enye emangalisa zefilosofi ezinkulu uPlato noAristotle babenomdla uhlobo lokuqonda koluntu. imisebenzi emininzi kunye nokucingela amaxesha of Greece yamandulo ziye ukubeka phambili kulo mba. Kwinkulungwane XVII sezibalo French sobulumko Rene Dekart wayengengomntu physics ethile ukuqonda kwale nzululwazi, esithi umzimba nengqondo izinto eziphilileyo ezo izinto elizimeleyo.

Umbhali ingcamango "inzululwazi cognitive" ngo-1973 waba Christopher Longuet-higgins, oye wafunda basemoyeni. Journal of Cognitive Science yasekwa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva. Emva kwesi siganeko, inzululwazi kwengqondo baba kwicala elizimeleyo.

Cinga amagama abaphandi abaninzi abadumileyo endle:

• Dzhon Serl udale eksperimenti ingcamango ebizwa i "igumbi Chinese".
• Komzimba Dzheyms Makklelland, ukuhlola ingqondo.
• Steven Pinker - oyingcali kwicandelo psychology zovavanyo.
• Dzhordzh Lakoff - Ezolimi uphando.

lwezenzululwazi oluthe mihla

Izazinzulu uzama ukubonisa xa kusenziwa uxhulumaniso amalungu ingqondo ngezimanga ngengqondo, esebenzisa nokuthelekelela. Ukuba kule kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo lokuqonda koluntu zange ithathelwe ingqalelo, kodwa ngoku idityanisiwe ekufundweni imisebenzi esisiseko kwinzululwazi kwengqondo.

Ukuqulunqwa kwale mfundiso xa iyonke ixhomekeke inkqubela zobugcisa. Umzekelo, mishini, wayila leyo eyabangela kakhulu ukuqhubeka ngakumbi ubukho kunye nophuhliso nenzululwazi kwengqondo. Ukufunda ngokukhawuleza ukuba sibone ngaphakathi ebuchotsheni, ke ngoko, ukuze bafunde iinkqubo nokusebenza kwayo. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubela obutsha kuya kunceda uluntu ukutyhila iimfihlelo iingqondo zethu. Umzekelo, impefumlelwano ingqondo kunye nenkqubo luvo.

nendaba, iinjongo kunye neendlela uphando kwinzululwazi kwengqondo

Konke enokuthanani ingqondo yomntu, kwinkulungwane XX, kwaba nje guess, kuba lixesha ukuvavanya nethiyori practice Yayingekho. Nemibono ngobuchopho akhiwa ngenxa kolwazi abolekwe malunga basemoyeni, imifuniselo ngokwasengqondweni kwaye amalungu kwenkqubo ephakamileyo luvo central.

Umqondiso kunye connectionism - iindlela classical yokubala, ebonisa iinkqubo ngokwasengqondweni. Indlela yokuqala isekelwe phezu ingcamango yokufana ngayo ingqondo yomntu ngekhompyutha kokuba iyunithi yokusebenza engundoqo kunye nokuqwalaselwa imilambo data. Connectionism ngokunxamnye ngokupheleleyo imiqondiso, echaza ukuba ukungavumelani neurobiology data umsebenzi kwengqondo. yokucinga Human lunokuvuselelwa yi uthungelwano enziweyo zemithambo ukuqhubekekisa data ngaxeshanye.

Science Cognitive njenge-Gnostic kucingwe E. S. Kubryakovoy ngonyaka ka-2004, njengoko zokufundisa kuquka inani lezifundo lokunxibelelana:

• Ifilosofi kwengqondo.
• bengqondo yokulinga nengqiqo.
• basemoyeni.
• Ezolimi Cognitive, ethology kunye kwamathambo.
• Neurophysiology, yeenkqubo zengqondo kunye neuroscience.
• nenzululwazi nokudala ngokwasengqondweni.
• Neurolinguistics kunye psycholinguistics.

Ifilosofi kwengqondo njengenye yeekhomponenti nesayensi cognitive

Injongo yokufunda yale ingqeqesho ziimpawu sezingqondweni kubudlelwane ubunyani emzimbeni (iimpawu ngengqondo bengqondo). I-sobulumko American Richard Rorty ebizwa modernity ukuba ukufundisa luncedo kuphela bulumko.

Kukho inani elininzi iingxaki ezivela iinzame ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni isiqaqa na. Enye izihloko ibalulekileyo izifundo zenzululwazi ngokwasengqondweni nalo olu qeqesho - kuyintando yomntu. Le materialists bakholelwa ukuba bengasenasazela - yinxalenye ubunyani ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nehlabathi abasingqongileyo iyazithoba ngokupheleleyo imithetho physics. Ngenxa yoko, umntu athi ukuziphatha kwabantu kuxhomekeke kwinzululwazi. Ngenxa yoko, thina bakhululekile.

Ezinye zefilosofi, kuquka Kant kuquka, uyohlwaywa ayikwazi ukuba uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo physics hi mhaka yoleyo. Abaxhasi lo mbono bakholelwa inkululeko yokwenene ngesiphumo umsebenzi ezifunwa yi sizathu.

nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo

Le ngqeqesho ufunda iinkqubo cognitive woMntu. Isisekelo nangokwasengqondweni Cognitive Science iqulathe ulwazi inkumbulo, iimvakalelo, ingqalelo, ukuyila, ukucinga, ukukwazi ukwenza izigqibo. ulwazi ukuguqulwa izifundo ezitsha ezisekelwe izixhobo kufana wecomputing kunye neenkqubo cognitive yabantu. Ingcinga iqhelekileyo psyche ngathi isixhobo elikwaziyo yokuguqula umqondiso. Izikim cognitive yangaphakathi kunye nomsebenzi nenyama ngexesha lokufunda kudlala indima enkulu kule mfundiso. Ezi nkqubo zimbini bayakwazi thatha, evenkileni kunye neziphumo.

ethology kwengqondo

Isiyalo ufunda umsebenzi eyiyo ingqondo nezilwanyana. Ethetha ethology, akunakwenzeka ukuba bacinge malunga Charles Darwin. IsiNgesi semvelo baphikisana kuphela malunga kukho uvakalelo, ubukrelekrele, ukukwazi ukuxelisa kwaye bafunde ukusuka kwizilwanyana, kodwa nokuqiqa. Umsunguli ethology ngo-1973 waba kaNobel kwi amalungu uKonrad Lorenz. Scientist wafumanisa izilwanyana emangalisayo ngelixa amandla okudlulisela ulwazi omnye komnye, nto leyo kwinkqubo yokufunda.

Stiven Vayz, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, umsebenzi wakhe isibizo iimpawu "Yaphula ebuhlanti" bavumelana ukuba Umhlaba mhlaba nje imiphefumlo ephilileyo enye ekwaziyo ukwenza umculo, ukwakha rocket, nokusombulula iingxaki zezibalo. Ngoko ke, Kakade ke, umntu elifanelekileyo. Kodwa ke kukhubeka nje kuphela abantu, miss, ukucinga, njalo-njalo. Oko kukuthi "Abazalwana bethu abancinane" banezakhono zonxibelelwano, imigaqo yokuziphatha, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nobugcisa ingqondo. Ukrainian academician O. Neurosciences kristal waphawula ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, behaviorism ahlulwa kwaye izilwanyana engasekho babonwa "robots ophilayo."

graphics engqondweni

Ukufunda le idibanisa ubuchule neendlela ntetho yeengxaki ipeyinti ukuze ufumane icebiso malunga ityala layo okanye isigqibo luphela. inzululwazi Cognitive kusebenza ezi ndlela kwi kwiinkqubo basemoyeni, ukuba unako ukuguqula inkcazelo lelaa yemisebenzi kwi ukumelwa yokomfuziselo.

DA Pospelov yabunjwa imisebenzi emithathu ephambili computer:

• uhlobo lokufunda lolwazi, nto leyo kungaba izinto ukuchaza ukucinga ubugcisa;
• ngeso lwe data asikafumani ndlela ukuchaza ngamazwi;
• ukufumana iindlela sishintshe imifanekiso yokomfuziselo ukuze kwiinkqubo ekuqulunqeni, efihliweyo emva kwezinto zabo.