Ubomi kunye nezithethe ngenkulungwane ye-18 eRashiya: History

wobukumkani Epochal of Peter I, kwakunye iinguqulelo zayo ezininzi ezijolise westernization nasekupheliseni amabhodlo yobomi ephakathi ngemihla nepolitiki, waba negalelo elikhulu kwindlela yobomi zonke iiklasi bukhosi.

ezintsha Various, ngokubonakalayo wazisa phakathi kwakhe umphefumlo ngemihla nezithethe baseRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-18, wanikela negalelo kakhulu kwinguqu Russia ibe kwimeko bakhanyiselwa yaseYurophu.

iinguqu Peter I xa

Peter I, kwakunye esikhundleni yena etroneni uCatherine II, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo familiarizing abafazi ayekholelwa ukuba ubomi wempangelo kwaye accustom iiklasi ephezulu oluntu IsiRashiya ukuya imithetho yokuziphatha. Ukuze wenze oku, umisele umyalelo ezizodwa nokhokelo; iingangamsha Young wafunda imigaqo yokuziphatha zenkundla wathumela ukuba bafunde kumazwe Western, apho umva ophefumlelwe nomnqweno wokwenza ukuba abantu Russian bakhanyiselwa, mihla ngakumbi. Inkoliso iinguqu ngayo ayiveli ubomi, usapho yokuphila ayitshintshanga - intloko-ntsapho umntu, amanye amalungu entsapho Kwakufuneka bamthobele.

Ubomi kunye nezithethe ngenkulungwane ye-18, eRashiya wangena ukruthakruthwano enkulu kunye ezintsha, enyanisweni unamathupha absolutism kunye feudal ubudlelwane akazange avumele yalula nekhawulezayo ukuphumeza izicwangciso Europeanization ebomini. Ukongeza, kukho umahluko ocacileyo ubomi ngamafa izityebi ngamakhoboka.

ubomi Court ngenkulungwane XVIII

Ubomi kunye nezithethe kwinkundla yakomkhulu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII hlukile Luxury nanto, thusa kwezinye izizwe. Bonke waziva baphenjelelwa ngamandla Intsingiselo Western: eMoscow ne St Petersburg, kwakukho ootitshala, tutors, beenwele, milliners; ukuzenza isifundo ulwimi French; fashion Special Ndaziswa amanenekazi, aba enkundleni.

Innovation, ukubonakala e-Paris, qiniseka ukuba ukufunda yezikhulu Russian. ubenza ngathi yokusebenza wokubonelwa - izaphetha zodidi oluphezulu, curtsies wadala akwaziqonda nokoyika affectedness.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abaninzi baduma yaba yeqonga. Ngeli xesha kuvela kwaye bemidlalo zokuqala Russian (linguDemetriyo, Sumarokov).

Ukukhulela umdla iincwadi French. Abameli ebukhosini kuyanda swi lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa zobuntu multi-amaninzi - iba uhlobo uphawu incasa elungileyo.

Kule 30 - 40 yenkulungwane XVIII, ebudeni bolawulo uAnny Ioannovny, omnye zokuzonwabisa ezithandwayo, ngaphandle wechess kunye checkers, waba umdlalo amakhadi, leyo ngaphambili ingqalelo olungafanelekanga.

Ubomi kunye nezithethe ngenkulungwane ye-18 eRashiya: ubomi yezikhulu

Inani labantu yoBukhosi baseRashiya bezibandakanya kwiiklasi ezininzi.

Xa indawo nenzuzo baba nabanumzana imizi emikhulu, ingakumbi Saint - Petersburg eMoscow: eziphathekayo kakuhle-ntle kunye nesikhundla esiphezulu eluntwini, kubenze ukuba baphile ubomi bengasebenzi, kunye lonke ixesha ukuququzelela kunye nokuya iziganeko zentlalo.

ingqalelo ngononophelo yahlawulwa emakhayeni abo, ngamalungiselelo leyo eyabangela kakhulu zizithethe Western.

ekubeni ebukhosini zodidi owahlukileyo nondiliseko: amagumbi amakhulu, landlelwe tastefully nempahla yaseYurophu, neendawo ezinkulu kunye amakhandlela, izityebi Ithala iincwadi ezibhalwe ngababhali Western - konke oku ukubonisa ingqiqo incasa kunye abe nobungqina usapho yezikhulu. namagumbi aphezulu anombilini zezindlu kuvumela umnini ukuba amalungiselelo iibhola ezixineneyo namatheko zehlabathi.

Indima kwemfundo kwinkulungwane XVIII

Ubomi kunye nezithethe Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18 zaye ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi enxulumene impembelelo kwenkcubeko Western eRashiya: waba zokuzilungisa nendlela yeengcungcu, apho sasigcwele mpikiswano malunga nezopolitiko, ubugcisa, uncwadi, iingxoxo zaye lwenzelwa imixholo bulumko. Ethandwa yaba ulwimi isiFrentshi, abazingcwalisayo oonyana yezikhulu evela kootitshala ebuntwaneni abaqeqeshwe ngokukodwa waqesha abasemzini. Ukuphumeza 15 - engama-17 wanika abantwana kumaziko emfundo ye uhlobo evaliweyo: amadodana afundiswa apha yesicwangciso wamajoni, amantombazana - imigaqo incasa elungileyo, kwaye ukukwazi ukudlala izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zomculo, ubomi bosapho.

Le Europeanization wobomi kunye iziseko yabantu ezidolophini obaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lonke eli lizwe. Ezintsha kwimizobo, ukwakha, ukutya, impahla ngokukhawuleza bendelisele iingcambu kumakhaya yezikhulu. Ihlangene nayo yonke imikhwa ezindala Russian nezithethe, kwagqitywa ubomi kunye nezithethe ngenkulungwane ye-18 eRashiya.

Kwangaxeshanye, intuthuko musa basasazeke lizwe, zagutyungelwa kuphela kakhulu obuphambili neziphaluka zayo, kwakhona sikwayyigxininisa kakhulu umsantsa phakathi nempumelelo kunye zikhabane amahlwempu.

iingangamsha Life wephondo

Mu kuya kwa nshita ngabafo kwikomkhulu, abameli ungunyana wabanumzana yephondo waphila ezifanelekileyo, nangona bazama ngazo zonke iindlela ukuze zifane basebukhosini nesihluma ngakumbi. Ngamanye amaxesha le mnqweno inxalenye wakhangela entle cartoonish. Ukuba uyazi ikomkhulu babelima zorhwebo zalo ezinkulu nokusebenza kwabo amawaka ngamakhoboka, yintsapho kwiidolophu zephondo kunye nasemizini ngeniso ivela urhafiso abalimi kunye nengeniso evela kwiifama zabo ezincinane. zemizi olinene yaba efana ezindlwini eyinkunzi wabanumzana, kodwa umahluko obonakalayo - ecaleni endlwini besivalelwe izakhiwo ezininzi.

Inqanaba lemfundo yezikhulu lwephondo lwaba ephantsi kakhulu, uqeqesho ikakhulu kuphela kwiziseko igrama kunye nasekubaleni. Amadoda bachithe ixesha labo lokuphola, behamba wokufuna, yaye abafazi endandimhlebile yenkundla nefashoni, ngaphandle kokuba le ntetho enobulungisa.

Abanikazi nempahla esemaphandleni inxulumene kakhulu abalimi, abasigcinayo indima abasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi emakhayeni abo. Ngoko ke, lo izikhulu yasemaphandleni sikufutshane abaqhelekileyo ngaphezu basebukhosini ombaxa. Ukongeza, iingangamsha abafundileyo kakuhle, kwakunye namafama, baba ngokufuthi kude ezintsha, kunye nokuba bazama ukugcina up ne fashion, kwafumaniseka ukuba ohlekisayo ngaphezu olugqibeleleyo.

Abalimi: ubomi kunye nezithethe ngenkulungwane ye-18 eRashiya

Nzima bonke baba ngokuphathelele liphantsi yoBukhosi Russian - ngamakhoboka.

Ndisebenza iintsuku ezintandathu ngeveki umnini zange ukunika ixesha umlimi ekuphuculeni ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. iziza uQobo komhlaba kwakufuneka ukuphatha ngeeholide kunye veki, kuba iintsapho abalimi kudal abantwana abaninzi, yaye kwakufuneka ukondla thile kubo. Kunye emisebenzi esisigxina kunye nokungabikho ixesha kunye nezibonelelo ezamahala na abotshiweyo ubomi obulula abalimi: indlu iinkuni, rough elingaphakathi, ukutya ebhavunyelweyo kunye neempahla ezilula. Noko ke, konke oku akuzange kumthintele ukuba beze fun: ngamaxesha amaninzi zabanjwa umdlalo enkulu, zenziwa imidaniso, iingoma kuculwa.

Oonyana abalimi, ngaphandle kokufumana nayiphi na imfundo, waphinda bayahlelwa ngabazali babo, baze babe nabakhonzi serf kunye yezikhulu xa ngamafa.

Impembelelo ye-West ekuphuhlisweni eRashiya

Ubomi kunye namasiko abantu Russian kwi ekupheleni XVIII kwinkulungwane uninzi baba phantsi kwempembelelo epheleleyo lweentsingiselo zehlabathi yasentshona. Nangona uzinzo ngqongqo izithethe ezindala Russian neentsingiselo yamazwe kancane kancane sangena ebomini yabemi yoBukhosi baseRashiya, eyenza ibe yinxalenye esifumileyo ye afundile ngakumbi ukufunda nokubhala. Le nyaniso ingqinwa imbonakalo amaziko ngamaziko kwi inkonzo sapho lwaluquka sele ufumene kwinqanaba elithile lemfundo, abantu (umz izibhedlele zikamasipala).

elezenkcubeko kunye Europeanization chu yabantu kakhulu kubonisa ngokucacileyo imbali Russian. Ubomi kunye nezithethe ngenkulungwane ye-18, ngenxa inkqubo ukuguqula kancinane imfundo Peter I, aphawula ukuqala sophuhliso lwehlabathi ngokwenkcubeko Russia kunye nabantu bayo.