Wesithathu: Ukuvela, Fall, imipu, ikhombise amabhaso

Okwesithathu Reich (Drittes Empire) - ekuthiwa akarhulumente sikweni German ukususela ngowe-1933 ukuya 1945. Reich igama German ngokoqobo lithetha "umhlaba ukuba ngokuxhomekeke amandla efanayo." Kodwa umthetho, oko eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "amandla", "Empire", ngaphantsi "ubukumkani." Konke kuxhomekeke kumongo. Kamva kweli nqaku iza kuchazwa ngokuvela nokuwa Wesithathu, iimpumelelo nkqubo ubukhosi kaThixo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya.

ulwazi jikelele

Xa historiography ye Wesithathu kunye neencwadi ekubhekiselelwe ngokuba zwilakhe okanye ku Germany. Igama lokuqala ngokuqhelekileyo isicelo kwiimpapasho Soviet. Kodwa oku ukusebenzisa igama elithi ngandlel nolungachanekanga njengoko ezi kolawulo ngokungenalusini karhulumente ka uMussolini e-Italy kunye uHitler umahluko omkhulu. umahluko kuboniswe ku ideology kunye isixhobo kwezopolitiko. Ngelo xesha iJamani yaba lilizwe apho sifakelwe umbuso yileyo. Urhulumente-iqela elinye kunye kwiimbono lubalaseleyo - iSocialism National. ulawulo Urhulumente oluya ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa. Wesithathu ukuxhasa abasemagunyeni ye-German Party Socialist Workers 'National. Inkokeli lokhu yaba Adolf Hitler. Wakhonza nentloko asisigxina lizwe de ekufeni kwakhe (1945). Isihloko kaHitler ezisemthethweni - "Fuehrer kunye Reich Chancellor." Ukuwa Reich yesithathu ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Nje ngaphambi koko, ngowe-1944, ibe akazange aphumelele kwaye kokubulawa Hitler ( "Liyelenqe njengele") yenziwa. Intshukumo wamaNazi kwakuxhaphakile. Owona olube yobuFasi - le swastika. It wasetyenziswa phantse naphi na, nokuba likhuphe imali Wesithathu.

angaphandle

Ukususela 1938 kule ndawo kwakubhalwa banomnqweno ethile ngenxa yokwanda kwezopolitiko indawo. Imingcelele ze Wesithathu waya kwiimo ezahlukeneyo. NgoMatshi, ngasentla, yenziwa i Anschluss (nokudliwa ngenkani), Austria, kwaye kwithuba evela th Septemba 38 ukuya kuMatshi 39 th zinxibelelene kurhulumente kummandla Klaipeda German kunye Czech Republic. Ke ilizwe iphangalele nangakumbi. Kwi 39 ukuba ezinye mmandla Polish kunye Dantzig eqhotyoshelweyo, kunye 41 yenzekile nokudliwa (nokudliwa) Luxembourg.

World

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe impumelelo nanto yoBukhosi German kwiminyaka yokuqala imfazwe. Imingcelele ze Wesithathu wacanda uninzi yezwekazi yeYurophu. Kwiindawo ezininzi, ngaphandle eSweden, eSwitzerland, Portugal naseSpeyin zabanjwa. Ezinye iindawo msebenzi ngazo, abanye de facto zixhomekeke amaziko karhulumente. Le yokugqibela, umzekelo, zibandakanya Croatia. Kulo mzekelo, kwakukho ngaphandle - ezi Finland kunye Bulgaria. Bona babehlangene yaseJamani kwenziwa yonke le nkqubo efanayo ezizimeleyo. Kodwa ngo-1943 kuye kwakho utshintsho ebalulekileyo izimpi apho. Ukuphakama kwaba ngoku ecaleni anti-uHitler womanyano. Ngu January 45 umlo baye bafudukela kwintsimi German pre-imfazwe. Ukuwa Wesithathu, Kwathi emva kokufa urhulumente Flensburg ikhokelwa Karl Doenitz. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1945, ngomhla we-23 Meyi.

Le ukuvuselela uqoqosho

Kwiminyaka yokuqala kolawulo kukaHitler, eJamani uye waphumelela nje kuphela nkqubo amazwe. Kufuneka kuthi apha ukuba uMlawuli kunye nempumelelo ziye negalelo ukuvuselelwa koqoqosho karhulumente. Neziphumo zemisebenzi yalo kuvavanywa iqela zophengululo zasemzini kwizangqa lwezopolitiko njengendlela ummangaliso. Sasikhona kwemfazwe eJamani de-1932, intswelangqesho yawa ukusuka kwizigidi ezintandathu ukuya kwenye azigqibeleli 1936 mu. Kweli xesha linye kwabakho ukwanda kwemveliso mveliso (ukuya kwi 102%), kabini nengeniso. Ukukhawulezisa isantya kwimveliso. Kulo nyaka wokuqala kwe-urhulumente lwamaNazi ekulawuleni uqoqosho luqinisekiswa kakhulu Yalmarom Shahtom (Hitler ngokwakhe phantse akazange kuphazamisana kunye nomsebenzi wakhe). Kulo mzekelo, umgaqo-nkqubo lwangaphakathi lwalujoliswe, kuqala, kukho umsebenzi abangasebenziyo ngenxa yokwanda okukhulu imisebenzi yoluntu, kunye nokukhuthaza necandelo loshishino labucala. Kuba mboleko karhulumente asihlali kubonelelwe ngokohlobo eyilwayo ezizodwa. Izinga lerhafu kwiinkampani ukwandisa imali eyinkunzi kunye nokubonelela zengqesho ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe zehla kakhulu.

Igalelo Hjalmar Schacht

Kufuneka ke ukuba uqoqosho kweli lizwe ukususela 1934, emkhosini wathatha khosi. Ngokutsho umhlaziyi ezininzi, imvuselelo lokwenyaniso waseJamani ngokusekelwe rearmament. Ukuba kunyanzela iklasi umsebenzi kunye namashishini athunyelwa kunye nemisebenzi zomkhosi. Uqoqosho imfazwe yaququzelelwa ngendlela efana usebenze loxolo nasebudeni ukulwa, kodwa swi yonke imfazwe. Isakhono zam ukuzibandakanya kwimicimbi yemali ziye uyalelwe ukuba ahlawule imisebenzi yamalungiselelo, uphinde ethile. Elinye lamaqhinga bakhe ukushicilela yamaphepha. Schacht waba ukukwazi ukucima maqhinga ezahlukahlukeneyo lwemali kakhulu ukuvumelanisa. zezoqoqosho amazwe baye kubalwa ukuba ngelo xesha amanqaku German wayeke 237 izifundo. Schacht wenza iintengiselwano unaniselwano kotaka namanye amazwe, wabonisa bengalindelwanga abahlaziyi, kufuneka kuthiwe ukuba xa ephezulu umsebenzi bahlala phantsi, i ebanzi uyakwazi ukwandisa ishishini. Waphila ngoko uqoqosho Schacht ukususela 1935 ukuya 1938 iye isetyenziswe kuphela ukuxhasa rearmament. Kuqikelelwa kwi yeebhiliyoni 12 amanqaku.

Control Germana Geringa

Eli nani ithathe imisebenzi kokukokwam, aze baba "zwilakhe" yoqoqosho eJamani ngowe-1936. Nangona ukuba Goering, njengoko, eneneni, uHitler, i ignoramus kwinkalo yezoqoqosho, eli lizwe safudukela inkqubo yamajoni-nkqubo iyonke yasekhaya. iphuhlise isicwangciso seminyaka-ezine, injongo leyo ukuba eJamani ibe urhulumente angakwazi ukuba ngokuzimeleyo ukunika ngokwazo yonke into efunekayo xa imfazwe kunye kwamabutho. Ngenxa yoko, intsingiselo iye azezi kunokwenzeka ubuncinane, naye waqalisa ukulawula namaxabiso kunye umvuzo onzima, iintlawulo zezabelo baye kuphela kwi-6% ngonyaka. Siqalise ukwakha kakhulu Megastructures Third Empire. Baba izityalo enkulu kwimveliso amalaphu, yerabha zokwenziwa, amafutha kunye nezinye izinto ngezinto zawo ekrwada. Kwakhona baqala ukuphuhlisa ishishini ngentsimbi le. Ngokukodwa, Wesithathu kwakhiwa Megastructures - mveliso enkulu Goering, apho imveliso kusetyenziswa ekrwada kuphela zasekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yoko, uqoqosho waseJamani sele bazilungiselela ngokupheleleyo iinzame imfazwe. Kulo mzekelo, i mveliso, ogama imivuzo sivukile kakhulu, indlela yentsimbi le "umatshini imfazwe." Kunye nale umsebenzi wam uye amanqina nokulinganiselwa amakhulu kunye nokunika ingxelo.

Economy ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Xa indawo i Mine WALTHER uFunk weza ngo-1937. Wakhonza kuqala njengoMphathiswa kuQoqosho, yaye ke, kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngowe-1939, waba ngumongameli Reichsbank. Ngokutsho kweengcali, eJamani encotsheni yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, ngokubanzi, Kakade ke, "aziqhekeza" uqoqosho. Kodwa kwenzeka ukuba ihambo elide ukulwa Wesithathu Ndandingekakulungeli. zokwakha, izinto, izinto kwacutheka, kwaye umthamo imveliso yasekhaya yaba ncinci. Njengoko kwakunzima kakhulu, zonke ngaxeshanye malunga ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani ebudeni beminyaka yemfazwe imeko ngezibonelelo zabasebenzi. Noko ke, phezu kwazo zonke iingxaki, ngenxa kolawulo lilonke izixhobo karhulumente kunye nombutho German kuqoqosho yalwa phezu kwingoma oyifunayo. Kwaye nangona imfazwe wahamba, imveliso kweli lizwe landa. Ukwanda ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye isixa kushishino emkhosini. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ngo-1940 sasifana kwi-15% yemveliso ezinzulu, kunye th-1944 - esele-50%.

Development of base lwenzululwazi nobugcisa

E eJamani, kwabakho inkqubo omkhulu kwicandelo kwiiyunivesithi science. Kuye fanele kumaziko ephakamileyo yobugcisa kunye neeyunivesithi. Xa eli candelo libandakanya ESRI "Society Kaiser Wilhelm". LweSebe onke amaziko subordinated kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo, Education and Science. Kulo sakhiwo, olu sapho lwaluquka amawaka izazinzulu, ukuba uphethe eyakhe Council yalo yoPhando, amalungu bayo abameli lwamacandelo ezahlukeneyo (iyeza, Foundry kunye nezimbiwa, chemistry, physics, njl). Isazinzulu nganye enjalo mncane kwiqela olwahlukileyo iingcali profile omnye. Ilungu ngalinye leBhunga yaba ukukhokela umsebenzi yenzululwazi kunye nophando kunye nocwangciso weqela labo. Ngelo xesha kwakukho icandelo industrial Umbutho wophando lwenzululwazi elizimeleyo. ukubaluleka kwayo zacaca kuphela emva ngo-1945 namahlakani German ziye ezabiwe iziphumo imisebenzi yayo ngokwayo. Ngu candelo mbutho mveliso ezixhalabisayo ngayo ezinkulu laboratory "Siemens", "Zeiss", "Imibala", "Telefunken", "Osram". Ezi kunye nezinye iinkampani akanazinto kakhulu, izixhobo, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zobugcisa xesha, ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kakhulu. Ezi ngxaki ukusebenza ngaphezulu kwe, umzekelo, ukusebenza Institute elebhu.

Ministry Speer

Ukongeza kuphando kunye namaqela oshishino kunye neelabhoratri zophando ezahlukeneyo yeedyunivesithi kakhulu ngumbutho omkhulu Institute Uphando imikhosi exhobileyo. Kodwa ke, kwakhona, eli candelo wayengekho bubuhle, waza wohlukana ziinxalenye eziliqela, saa kuzo zonke iintlobo zabantu-mkhosi. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa ezifunyenwe ngexesha lemfazwe ubulungiseleli Speer. Ndimele ndithi kweli xesha yehla kakhulu ithuba lokwenziwa Iilabhoratri kunye namaziko zempahla ekrwada, izixhobo kunye nabasebenzi, ushishino kweli lizwe ngenkankulu ukumelana umthamo omkhulu ka-odolo ezivela kolawulo lomkhosi. Speer Ministry wafumana amandla ukusombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa. Ngokomzekelo, yintoni uphando kufuneka simiswe njengento ezingeyomfuneko, abanye kuqhubeka, njengoko sele ngokubaluleka ngobuchule apho uphando kufuneka ibe ngumba ophambili, idlala indima enkulu.

impi

Izixhobo ze Wesithathu yenziwe ukusungulwa uphuhliso lwezenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo, iteknoloji wadala ngokukhethekileyo. Kakade ke, ukuba angabi nako kuba ikhondo ekhethiweyo uqoqosho kunye nezinye. Germany akazange kuphela ukunika ngokwabo kunye akwaziqonda mveliso kodwa babe imikhosi ngokwaneleyo. Ngaphandle njengesiqhelo, waqalisa ukuba bayile kwaye "intsimbi ebandayo" ye Wesithathu. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iiprojekthi sele emkhenkceni phambi ngokoyiswa Fascism. Iziphumo zemisebenzi ezininzi zophando ziye bakhonza njengoko njengesiqalo imisebenzi yophando i kaRhulumente anti-uHitler womanyano.

Award Wesithathu

Ngaphambi kokuba amaNazi wangumlawuli, kwabakho inkqubo ethile, apho ntetho nomfuziselo zokubhiyizela wathwala abalawuli belizwe, oko kukuthi, waye umlinganiswa indawo. Nokufika Hitler utshintsho kakhulu kwenziwa kule nkqubo. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba yeSibini yeHlabathi Fuehrer wamisa buqu kwaye amabhaso okuwonga of the Third Reich naluphi na uhlobo. Kamva eli lungelo wafumana kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngokomyalelo amajoni. Kwaye ke kukho abathile emagqabini ukuba, ukongeza Hitler, ayikwazanga ukunika omnye (umzekelo, Cross Knight kaThixo).