Ubhedu: conductivity, iimpawu, iimpawu kunye nezicelo

Xa amasebe ezininzi zoshishino lwale mihla ngokubanzi kakhulu kusetyenziswa izinto ezifana zezobhedu. Le Unikezelo lombane yale but is phezulu kakhulu. Oku kuchaza ukuba nokwenzeka isicelo balo ncakasana kwi ikharakhtha eyahlulayo. abaqhubi zobhedu lufumaneka nokusebenza kakhulu. Kakade ke, olu lisetyenziswa kuphela Electrical Engineering, kodwa nakwamanye amashishini. Ngenxa ukufaneleka kwayo kuquka iimpawu zayo ezifana ukuxhathisa kwintshabalalo bako kwezinye bume bako, refractoriness, plasticity, njl

ulwazi zembali

Ubhedu sisinyithi ezaziwayo umntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Icacisa ukuqaliswa yokuqala abantu kwezi zinto kakhulu ukwanda yayo indalo ngohlobo zamani. Izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba intsimbi yokuqala zobhedu kuyahlawulwa ngumntu lowo of iikhompawundi ioksijini. Xa rocks nje itshiswe ngomlilo yaye iphela ngokukhawuleza, ebangela ukuba ukuzivula. Kamva recovery zobhedu baqalisa ukuvelisa esibondeni kongezwe amalahle imfutho bevuthela. Ukuphuculwa yale nkqubo ekugqibeleni kukhokelele ekuyilweni ezikweni shaft. Kamva, intsimbi waqala ukufumana ngokuthi oxidizing ores kunyityilikiswa.

Ubhedu: impahla conductivity

Kule meko quiescent, zonke naziphi elektroni metal ezamahala ehlabathini ngumongo. Xa umthombo yangaphandle sesichengeni zilungiswe ngendlela ulandelelwano babe babethwele yangoku. The degree of ukukwazi metal kugqitha kuyo lokugqibela ngokuba conductivity. Iyunithi yomlinganiselo kwi International layo SI Siemens kuchazwa 1 CM = 1 Ohm ^-1.

Le conductivity sobhedu uphezulu kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwesi salathisi, oko olungaphaya namhlanje base iintsimbi ezaziwayo. Ngcono kunokuba njengani idlula kuphela isilivere. Isalathisi conductivity ubhedu 57h104 cm ^-1 kubushushu ka +20 ° C. Ngenxa kule propati wayo le but is ngoku yeyona ixhaphakileyo zonke umqhubi ezisetyenziswa iinjongo zoshishino kunye zasekhaya.

emihle copper ukumelana umthwalo rhoqo zombane kwaye zifanelekile kwaye ixesha elide. Ukongeza, olu iphawulwa kwindawo ephakamileyo yokunyibilika kunye (1083,4 ° C). Oku, ivumela ubhedu ixesha elide ukusebenza kwimo eshushu. Njengoko umqhubi nokwanda yangoku aluminium ungakhuphisana kuphela sentsimbi.

Isiphumo ubumdaka kwi conductivity sobhedu

Kakade ke, kweli xesha lethu ukuba lokunyibilikisa le metal ezibomvu kusetyenziswa iindlela kakhulu nobunzima kakhulu ngakumbi kumaxesha amandulo. Noko ke, nanamhlanje ukufumana esulungekileyo kakhulu Cu nzima. I-copper uhlala zonke iintlobo ukungcola. Kusenokuba, umzekelo, lesilicon, intsimbi okanye beryllium. Ngelo xesha, ubumdaka ngakumbi nobhedu, icandelo layo kangako umbane. Kuba nokuveliswa oogesi, umzekelo, kufanelekile kuphela ngokwaneleyo metal ecocekileyo. Ngokutsho iinkcukacha, ngenxa yale njongo zingasetyenziswa kunye isixa ubumdaka zobhedu elingagqithanga 0.1%.

amaninzi kakhulu kule intsimbi iqulathe ipesenti ethile isalfure, iarseniki kunye kwistibhiya. Le into yokuqala kunciphisa kakhulu ukuba ductility lo mbandela. Le conductivity sobhedu nesulfure iyahluka kakhulu. le admixture abazange baqhube yangoku. Leyo yinto yokwambathisa elungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, lo lombane lwe sulphur yobhedu ayichaphazeli phantse nayiphi na indlela. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo le conductivity thermal. Nge kwistibhiya kunye iarseniki okwahlukileyo liyinyaniso. Ezi zinto banako ukunciphisa Unikezelo lombane ngobhedu kakhulu.

aluminiyamu

Zonke iintlobo nezongezelelo zisetyenziswe ngokukhethekileyo ekuphuculeni amandla wezo zinto yeplastiki ezifana zezobhedu. conductivity yayo zombane, banciphisa nabo. Kodwa ukusebenzisa yabo ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa ubomi zonke iintlobo zeemveliso.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, njengoko additive kusetyenziswa yobhedu amandla-ukwandisa Z (0.9%). Isiphumo yobhedu isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe. conductivity yayo yi-90% ye-conductivity zezobhedu. Maxa wambi, kunokuba isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, njengoko ongeziweyo zisetyenziswa aluminium. Le conductivity yale but is 65% ye mzobo copper efanayo. Ukwandisa amandla iingcingo ngohlobo kwezithako zinokusetyenziswa, kunye nezinye izixhobo kunye nezinto - nebhekile, phosphorus, chromium, beryllium. Isiphumo yobhedu lophawu ethile. A elibona sobhedu zinc ebizwa ngobhedu.

iimpawu aluminiyamu

Vumela metal Unikezelo lombane ayikwazi kuphela kwinani ubumdaka kuzo, kodwa nakwezinye iimo ezalathayo. Umzekelo ukwandisa lobushushu ukufudumeza ubuchule ubhedu yangoku ayahamba na kuso kunciphisa. Ichaphazela conductivity ye ucingo noba indlela yayo zemisebenzi yezandla. Ekhayeni kunye kushishino unokusetyenziswa iingcingo zekopolo soft-annealed kwaye nzima azotywe. Xa uhlobo wokuqala ubuchule kucanda ngokwawo phezu yangoku.

Nakuba kunjalo, isiphumo kakhulu, Kakade ke, wasebenzisa ongeziweyo kunye nobungakanani kwabo Unikezelo lombane zezobhedu. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa umfundi inkcazelo eneenkcukacha malunga nokuqukwe ngamandla yangoku Kwathi aluminium uqhelekileyo intsimbi.

Le Unikezelo lombane zobhedu nangobhedu iyathelekiswa. Nangona kunjalo, inani metal yokuqala, Kakade ke, kancinane. Ke yena ngaphezu koko bobhedu. Njengoko locingo sobhedu isetyenziswa kakhulu ngokubanzi. Ngoku wadlula ngaphantsi zobhedu, kodwa enye neendleko ngaphantsi. Bavame ngobhedu nabantu, izibopho kunye iindawo ezahlukeneyo ukuze radios.

aluminiyamu ngobhedu ukumelana eliphezulu

Ezi zinto umqhubi zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ekwenziweni resistors, rheostats, izixhobo zombane kunye nezixhobo. Kaninzi zisetyenziselwa le njongo aluminiyamu yobhedu constantan kunye manganin. Le resistivity okokuqala (86% Cu, 12% MN, 2% Ni) yi 0.42-0.48 micromhos / m, kwaye yesibini (60% Cu, 40% Ni) - 0.48-0.52 micromhos / m.

Unxibelelwano 'ngumlingani ka conductivity thermal

Le conductivity sobhedu - million 59,5 / m. Eli nani, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, ichanekile, kodwa kuphela kubushushu phakathi +20 ^° C conductivity wobushushu nawuphi na otyhidiweyo, kwaye kukho iqhina conductivity. Simisela umthetho wakhe Wiedemann - Franz. It yenzelwa isinyithi kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kwaye sibonakaliswa kule ndlela ilandelayo: K / γ = π ^2/3 (k / e) ² T, apho y - le conductivity, k - rhoqo, e Boltzmann kaThixo - kwentlawulo aphantsi.

Kakade ke, uqhagamshelwano enjalo kunye nentsimbi ezifana zezobhedu. conductivity emhlabeni kunye lombane uba phezulu kakhulu. Indawo yesibini emva kokuba Yisilivere bobabini kwezi zalathisi.

Umchiza lobhedu aluminiyamu iingcingo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje ekhaya kunye noshishino waqalisa ukusetyenziswa amandla ezinyukayo ombane. Ngexesha amaxesha Soviet, iintambo wenziwa becala kwi-aluminiyam cheap. Iimfuno ezintsha kokusebenza kwalo, ngelishwa, akusekho ukuhlangana. Namhlanje, ngoko, ekhaya kunye kushishino kudla zitshintshiwe yocingo aluminum zezobhedu. Inzuzo ephambili yokugqibela, ukongeza refractoriness, kukuba kwinkqubo oxidative iimpawu zazo conductive hayi ziyancipha.

Ngokufuthi Ukuphuculwa umbane, aluminiyam nangobhedu iingcingo izakubanodibaniso. Ukwenza oku ngeke ngqo. Enyanisweni, lo conductivity ye-aluminiyam kwaye nobhedu kwahluka hayi kakhulu. Kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi lwezi methali. Oxidizing nanjengesuntswana aluminiyam nobhedu babe iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoku, eli conductivity lifinyele kakhulu kwi xhulumaniso. Oxidative ifilimu aluminiyam yohlukile ukuxhathisa eziphezulu kakhulu zezobhedu. Ngoko ke, lo indibanisela yezi ndidi zimbini ababhexeshi kufuneka wenziwe kuphela ngokusebenzisa adaptha okhethekileyo. Kusenokuba, umzekelo, ikliphu, unama equlethe ukukhusela isinyithi ekudalekeni oxide. Le ngobuwena iqhele ukusetyenziswa kunye ezisebenza ngokubakho iingcingo ezitalatweni. Kumagumbi ezisetyenziswa okuhlangana ukucudisa. uyilo lwabo luquka ipleyiti eyodwa ephelisa ukudibana ngqo phakathi kwe-aluminiyam nangobhedu. Xa engekho ababhexeshi enjalo kwimeko-bume ekhaya, endaweni imicwe linegunya, kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise ngqo ne washer kunye nut ukuba i "ibhulorho" intermediate.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Ngenxa yoko, siye safumanisa ukuba yintoni na Unikezelo lombane zezobhedu. Eli nani zisenokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwenza kukuphuma ukungcola yesinyithi. Nakuba kunjalo, imfuno ngobhedu kumashishini uzimisele kunye nezinye iipropati buyingenelo emzimbeni wayo, ukuba bafumane ulwazi apho kunokwenzeka ukususela kule theyibhile ingezantsi.

iipropati chemical

Ngokutsho iimpawu ezinjalo zezobhedu, le lombane kunye conductivity thermal leyo eliphezulu kakhulu kwaye oluphakathi phakathi iziqalelo iqela lokuqala triad VIII, kwaye iqela lokuqala ialakalin le lwezakhi. Ngeempawu zalo ezisisiseko chemical ziquka:

• utyekelo ifomu izakhiwo;

• ukukwazi ukuvelisa iikhompawundi abebala kunye sulfides ezingenakunyibilika.

kunazo ngokuba nobhedu ubalule divalent. Ezifanayo kunye nesinyithi kwealkali iye neze. reactivity layo nalo ephantsi. Phambi CO ₂ okanye ifilim amanzi kwakhiwa carbonate eluhlaza kumphezulu zezobhedu. Zonke iityuwa nobhedu izinto eziyityhefu. Le mono- kunye divalent sichaze intsimbi yakha isitali kakhulu iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo. Ixabiso eliphezulu le mboni ammonia.

Ububanzi bokusebenzisa

Le conductivity eliphezulu thermal kunye zombane obhedu limisela isicelo walo-mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Kakade ke, uninzi wentsimbi kusetyenziswa kubunjineli yombane. Noko ke, asiyiyo indawo kuphela isicelo sayo. Ukongeza, yobhedu zingasetyenziswa:

• ku ubucwebe;

• bokwakha;

• xa ukwakha izixokelelwano amanzi zokufudumeza;

• e imibhobho igesi.

Ukuze kuveliswe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto ezisetyenziswa ikakhulu ingxubevange sobhedu ngegolide. Oku kwandisa kwinkcaso deformation izihombo lingonakali. Sesakhiwo ingasetyenziswa xa khazi yobhedu uphahla kunye olungaphambili. Inzuzo ephambili andigqibe enjalo ixesha elide. Umzekelo, semaphepheni olu othile evathe uphahla a yezinto zokwakha ezaziwayo-kakuhle - yamaKatolika Cathedral kwisixeko waseJamani ka Hildesheim. Uphahla yobhedu isakhiwo ukhusela indawo yayo yangaphakathi phantse 700 iminyaka.

iinkonzo zobunjineli

Izinto eziluncedo eziphambili kwemibhobho yamanzi nobhedu kwakhona iyahlala nokuthembeka. Ukongeza, i-metal uyakwazi aqhoboshele iimpawu ezikhethekileyo elikhethekileyo amanzi, nto leyo iluncedo ukuba eziphilayo. Ukuba bahlanganise ngemibhobho ngokushushubeza ityhubhu zobhedu kwakhona Lifanele - ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthiya kwayo umhlwa kunye ductility. Xa likaxakeka umfutho imigca ezinjalo nako ukumelana umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu kunentsimbi. Le ethile kuphela imibhobho yobhedu na iindleko zazo eziphakamileyo.