Ukubunjwa, Isayensi
Biophysics - Sciences yendalo .... biophysics ezinto
Enye kwezesayensi endala kakhulu, kakade, biology. umdla oluntu kwiinkqubo olwenzeke ngaphakathi kubo noonyana ezingqongileyo isuka amawaka aliqela eminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha lethu.
Ukuqwalasela izilwanyana, izityalo, iinkqubo zendalo yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kubomi babantu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, mna efunde oluninzi ulwazi, ukuphuculwa yaphuhlisa neendlela isifundo endalo kunye neendlela ezikhoyo kulo. Oku kwakhokelela ukuvela iisection ezininzi ezenza ezingama-science ezintsonkothileyo.
Uphando biological kwiinkalo ezahlukileyo zobomi kwenza kube lula ukufumana idatha ezintsha ezixabisekileyo ibalulekile ekuqondeni kwihlabathi isixhobo zokubasa. Sebenzisa olu lwazi ngeenjongo aluncedo oluntu (ukuhlolwa, amayeza, ezolimo, ishishini iikhemikhali kunye njalo njalo).
eziphilayo lwangoku
Namhlanje, ekufezekiseni le inzululwazi ezininzi unako ukufikelela iziphumo ezininzi ezintle. Ngoko ke, inzululwazi yanamhlanje inika eziliqela izisombululo kwiingxaki sifo yabantu kwimiphumo iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya. Kwazeka oko kunokwenzeka ukuba kwisithuba ngaphandle ukwenzakala malunga kweenyanga ezi-3, ukusetyenziswa oxygen njengomthombo ezincinane okanye izityalo kwiseli enye.
Abaninzi ezifunyaniswe kwakhokelela uphando zebhayoloji entsimini ngesakhiwo lwangaphakathi kunye nokusebenza zonke zezinto eziphilayo. Wafunda nokwakheka ezinto eziphilayo, emincinci zabo, ekwanti yaye wafunda ezininzi zofuzo zofuzo abantu kunye nezilwanyana, kunye nezityalo. Ukufaneleka biotechnology, yeselula kunye zobunjineli genetic ukuvumela ukufumana isivuno eziliqela nganye izityalo ngexesha kunye nawaphi na sibonise zezilwanyana kugqithisa inyama, ubisi kunye namaqanda.
Ukufunda Cya bavunyelwe ukuba bafumane elwa ukudala amashumi okanye amakhulu zitofu, ukuvumela ukuba aphumelele iintlobo zezifo, kwanabo ukuba ubhubhane ngaphambili lomelele owabulala amawaka abantu abantu kunye nezilwanyana.
Ngoko ke, inzululwazi mihla biology - nto ezinokwenzeka obungasikelwanga mda abantu kwiinkalo ezininzi zemfundo ngenzululwazi, ushishino kunye nolondolozo lwempilo.
Ucalulo of Sciences Biological
Esinye sezigaba zokuqala inzululwazi zabucala eziphilayo. Ezifana Botany, ngezilwanyana, nokwakheka KABLOOM. Kamva baqala ukwenza uthembele izixhobo zobugcisa lwamacandelo - eziphilayo, ngumzuzu, amalungu, njalo-njalo.
Kukho intaphane nenzululwazi abatsha oluqhubekayo, kwasekwa kuphela kwinkulungwane XX-xxi kwaye lidlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso mihla eziphilayo.
Akukho namnye kodwa zokuhlelwa eziliqela, nto leyo ngokuthi bahlelwe wenzululwazi yebhayoloji. Zibhale kakhulu encomekayo ekwenzeni zonke iimeko, cinga omnye wabo.
| eziphilayo | isayensi yabucala | Botany | lijongana nezifundo ngesakhiwo kwangaphandle nangaphakathi, iinkqubo nokomzimba of phylogeny kunye nokusasazwa yobume zonke izityalo ezikhoyo ehlabathini (flora) | Oku kuquka la macandelo alandelayo:
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| ngokuphila | lijongana nezifundo ngesakhiwo kwangaphandle nangaphakathi, iinkqubo nokomzimba of phylogeny kunye nokusasazwa yobume izilwanyana ezikhoyo ehlabathini (fauna) | Uyala ezakha:
| ||
| anthropotomy | Ukufunda imilo, isakhiwo, indawo kunye nomsebenzi amalungu kunye neenkqubo emzimbeni womntu | nkalo:
| ||
| Ukufundwa | inani lwamacandelo kwisifundo entsonkothileyo uphuhliso loluntu kunye uluhlu kokusingqongileyo eziphilayo kunye nezentlalo | Iiforam: bulumko, nezigwebo, ezenkolo, ngokwasemzimbeni, entlalweni, yenkcubeko, ezibonwayo. | ||
| eziphilayo | ukufunda eziphilayo zincinane kwindalo, ukusuka kwizilwanyana olunye-ezineseli ukuya kwiintsholongwane | Uyala: ngumzuzu, ngeebhakther, eziphilayo zonyango, mycology, mveliso, zobugcisa, ezolimo, aerospace eziphilayo | ||
iNzululwazi jikelele | KABLOOM | Lo msebenzi ubandakanya uphuhliso lwesikhokelo ukuhlelwa zonke izinto eziphilayo kwiplanethi yethu ngenjongo ucwangco engqongqo kunye nokuchongwa naliphi na ilungu biomass | ||
| morphology | Inkcazelo kweempawu yangaphandle, isakhiwo ngaphakathi kwendawo yase imizimba yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo | Iindidi: izityalo, izilwanyana, Cya, fungi | ||
| zomzimba | ukufunda awohluke kule okanye loo nkqubo, iziko okanye ilungu lomzimba, indlela yeenkqubo ezibonelela imisebenzi yayo ebalulekile | Izityalo, izilwanyana, abantu, angenziwa | ||
| eziphilayo | inzululwazi kobudlelwane yezinto eziphilayo omnye komnye, ophilayo bume kwabantu | Geoecology, jikelele, ezentlalo, zoshishino | ||
| genetics | ukufunda genome of eziphilayo, indlela kwimfuza kunye ukwahluka zabalinganiswa phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye notshintsho ngokwezembali kweejini ngexesha zinguquko yendaleko | |||
biogeography | ucinga nokuhlaliswa kunye nokwabiwa kweentlobo ezikhethiweyo izinto eziphilileyo emhlabeni | |||
kwemvelo | Ibonisa iindlela zophuhliso yembali yomntu kunye nezinye iinkqubo abahlala emhlabeni. imvelaphi yazo kunye nophuhliso | |||
| inzululwazi Complex, evela kwi okuhlangana kunye nabanye | eziphilayo | ukufunda iinkqubo ibakho kwiiseli eziphilileyo ukusuka kwindawo imichiza lwembono, | ||
biotechnology | Kuya kuqwalaselwa kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa izinto kunye nemveliso yazo kunye okanye iinxalenye iimfuno zabantu | |||
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ezinto eziphilayo | ukufunda indlela yokosulela, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi yemfuza ngabantu eziphilayo, kwakunye neempawu kunye nesakhiwo omhle iiprothini, DNA kunye RNA. | Studies Related: genetic engineering kunye zeselula, kweemolekyuli yemfuza, Bioinformatics, Proteomics, ngezakhi | ||
biophysics | Yeyona lokufundwa kwazo zonke iinkqubo kunokwenzeka emzimbeni ukuba kwenzeka zonke izinto eziphilayo, kwamagciwane emntwini | Amacandelo kwingqeqesho kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi |
Ngenxa yoko, siye sazama ukufihla iintlobo eziphambili, ezo wenzululwazi yebhayoloji. Olu luhlu uphuhliso ubuchule kunye neendlela zokufunda yandisa kwakhona. Ngoko ke, kucalulo olunye eziphilayo akakho namhlanje.
Igaye Advanced nentsingiselo yazo
Kuba mncinane, isayensi mihla okuqhubekayo eziphilayo zizinto ezifana:
- biotechnology;
- ezinto eziphilayo;
- biology isithuba;
- biophysics;
- ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo.
Nganye kwezi Sciences kwasekwa kwekhulu hayi ngaphambili XX, yaye ngenxa yoko igqalwa ukuba oselula, olukhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ebalulekileyo umsebenzi practical woMntu.
Makhe ihlale phezu ezifana kubo njengoko biophysics. It is a inzululwazi, owayebonakele malunga 1945 kwaye iye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye nkqubo yonke eziphilayo.
Yintoni biophysics?
Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, simele siqale akhombe contact yayo olusondeleyo chemistry biology. Kwezinye imibuzo imida phakathi nenzululwazi ikufutshane kwaba njalo ukuba kunzima ukwenza ukuba nguwuphi na kubo inxaxheba ngokukodwa kuqala. Ngoko kuqondeni biophysics limi njenge inzululwazi entsonkothileyo ukuba ufunda iinkqubo ezinzulu ngokomzimba amachiza kwenzeka kwiinkqubo abahlala kwinqanaba molekyuli, iiseli, amalungu, yaye kwinqanaba ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila xa iyonke.
Njengaye nawuphina, Biophysics - science into lwalo zokufunda, iinjongo kunye neenjongo, kwakunye neziphumo ephucukileyo kunye nentsingiselo. Ukongeza, le uqeqesho ngokusondeleyo ngamazinga nenani ndlela ezintsha.
ubuchule bophando
Baya kuba Biophysics biosystem kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo bombutho.
- Micro-eziphilayo (iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, umngundo kwiseli kwakunye nezityalo).
- Lenyama.
- iiseli abangatshatanga kunye nezahlulo zabo zokusebenza (organelles).
- Plants.
- Izilwanyana (kubandakanywa mntu).
- neendawo ezihlala kuzo.
Okt Biophysics - isifundo nabaphilayo ukusuka kwindawo umbono lweenkqubo emzimbeni kwenzeka kulo.
iinjongo isayensi
Ekuqaleni, biophysicists yemisebenzi lokubonisa ubukho iinkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye izenzakalo ubomi yezinto eziphilayo ifundwe, ufumanise uhlobo nokubaluleka.
iingxaki Modern yale inzululwazi kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Ukuze ukufunda isakhiwo yemfuza kunye neendlela eziyelelene intlawulo kunye nokugcinwa, ukuguqulwa (wezakhi).
- Cinga izinto ezininzi kwiseli eziphilayo (iseli intsebenziswano kunye nabanye chromosomal nganye kunye nonxibelelwano yemfuza kunye nezinye iinkqubo).
- Ukuze ukufunda ezinto iimolekyuli biology Polymer entsonkothileyo (iiproteni, nucleic, polysaccharides).
- Cosmogeophysical ukutyhila ngempembelelo kwikhosi zonke iinkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni ikhemikhali eziphilayo.
- Ngakumbi kakhulu ukuba ukutyhila ezisebenza Photobiology (photosynthesis, photoperiodicity kwaye njalo njalo).
- Ukuphumeza nokuphuhlisa iindlela yokubumba zezibalo.
- Ukuze isicelo By ekufundweni eziphilayo.
Kolu luhlu kucacile ukuba eninzi biophysics lifunda iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ezinkulu yoluntu mihla, kwaye iziphumo zeli inzululwazi ibalulekile le ndoda ubomi bakhe.
Imbali i
Biophysics njenge inzululwazi kwakuvela ngokwentelekiso kutshanje - ngo-1945, xa Erwin Schrödinger wapapasha incwadi yakhe "Yintoni ubomi ukusuka kwindawo imbono ye physics." Yaba nguye lowo kuqala kuphunza wabonisa ukuba uninzi imithetho physics (imithetho thermodynamic of ukukhanda quantum) yindawo ukuba ukho ngobomi umsebenzi eziphilayo zonke eziphilileyo.
Ngenxa umsebenzi biophysics nenzululwazi engabantu yaqala lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphambili, ngowe-1922, Institute of Biophysics, wadala eRashiya, nto leyo ikhokelwe P. P. various. Kukho sirhoxisiwe indima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni yohlobo excitation izicwili kunye namaziko. Isiphumo yaba ukuphawulwa ixabiso ion kule nkqubo.
Ke uthotho obafunyanwa zezazinzulu ezahlukeneyo kusenza siqonde ukuba biophysics - lugqityiwe, capacious kunye nezintsonkothileyo inzululwazi kwakufuneka ukuqonda zonke iinkqubo zenzeka eziphilayo.
- Galvani ivula umbane kunye nokubaluleka kwayo eziphilayo (bioelectricity).
- A. L. Chizhevsky - uyise lwamacandelo ezininzi ukufunda yonke azinampembelelo onokuphila, kwakunye radiation ionization kunye elektrogemodinamiku.
- Isakhiwo eneenkcukacha iimolekyuli iproteni sele kufundwe kuphela emva kokuba kwafunyanwa X-ray diffraction indlela (uhlalutyo X-ray). Oku kwenziwa zizazinzulu Perutz kunye Kendrew (1962).
- Kulo nyaka, vula isakhiwo-ntathu ye DNA (Moris Uilkins).
- Neher and Zachman Framework ngo-1991 bakwazi ukuphuhlisa indlela bokulungisa amathuba zombane yasekuhlaleni.
Ugxudululu ezifunyaniswe egcinayo biophysics inzululwazi kuqalisa langoku olunzulu kunye phambili kuphuhliso kunye nokwakhiwa.
Forums Biophysics
Kukho inani lwamacandelo ezenza le inzululwazi. Cinga kakhulu esisiseko kubo.
- Biophysics yeenkqubo ezinzima - kokuqwalasela zonke iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ukuzeyisa of eziphilayo multicellular (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, sinergogenez). Kwakhona olu qeqesho sifunda icandelo ebonakalayo le ontogeny kunye neenkqubo zophuhliso kwemvelo, amanqanaba nokucwangciswa eziphilayo.
- Bioacoustics kunye biophysics yeenkqubo sensory - izifundo zezinto eziphilayo iinkqubo yovakalelo (umbono, nokuva, ukwamkelwa, intetho, njalo-njalo), iindlela zosasazo iziganeko ezahlukeneyo. Utyhila indlela yotshintsho eneji kwimbono eziphilayo iimpembelelo yangaphandle (nokushukunyiswa).
- Biophysics senkolelo - kuquka inani podnauk benza isifundo obizwa seenkqubo zebhayoloji, ukwakhiwa imifuziselo zezibalo ye iinxalenye noshowo eziphilayo. Kwakhona kuqwalaselwa iinkqubo entshukumo.
- biophysics Ezinto - kucingwa indlela enzulu zombutho noshowo kunye nokusebenza biopolymers ezifana DNA, RNA, iiprotheni, polysaccharides. Ingaba ukwakha imifuziselo kunye nemizobo ezi molekyuli, ze ucingele ukuziphatha nokudaleka kwiinkqubo eziphilayo. Kwakhona, le ukuziphatha ukwakha inkqubo supramolecular kwaye submolecular ukujonga ukwakhiwa indlela nezenzo biopolymers kwiinkqubo eziphilayo.
- Biophysics Cell. Uhlola iinkqubo ibalulekileyo cellular: ukwamkela iyantlukwano, iyantlukwano, ukuphazamiseka kunye nekhono zebhayoloji kobume ndizayo. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe indlela zothutho inwebu kwezinto, umahluko ezinokubakho, iimpawu kunye isakhiwo inwebu nezibilini zayo eziyingqongileyo.
- Biophysics umzimba. Main kuxoxwa iinkqubo: photosynthesis, solarization nolwamkelo eziphilayo kuwo, hemodynamics, ukutya ubushushu inqanaba, ifuthe ionizing radiation.
- Applied Biophysics. Le nkqubo ibandakanya iinkalo ezininzi: Bioinformatics, iibhayometrikh, ngoku-, ukufundisisa iinkqubo ngamabonandenzile ontogenesis, zophendlo lwezifo (medical) biophysics. Iinjongo zokufunda Applied Biophysics - inkqubo musculoskeletal, iindlela ¬, abantu bathathela iindlela iimpawu ezibonakalayo. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka biophysics zonyango. Iqwalasela iinkqubo zophendlo lwezifo emzimbeni, indlela ukuvuselelwa kweendawo ezonakalisiweyo le molekyuli okanye izakhiwo okanye imbuyekezo kwabo. Inika ekufanisweni biotechnology. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthintelweni kwezifo, ingakumbi uhlobo yemfuza nokushukuxa zabo nokuchaza indlela amanyathelo.
- Biophysics yokuhlala - ukufunda igalelo elibonakalayo kwi zombini zokuhlala asekuhlaleni zezidalwa, kunye nefuthe izifundo isithuba akufuphi nakude. Kwakhona cinga biorhythms, ifuthe iimeko zemozulu kunye namasimi zebhayoloji kwi kweziyobisi. Ukuphuhlisa iindlela amanyathelo okuthintela iimpembelelo ezimbi iimeko zokusingqongileyo.
Zonke ezi nkalo nokwenza igalelo enkulu ukuqondwa umsebenzi ebalulekileyo zezinto eziphilayo, indlela yemfundiso phezu kwawo umhlaba onokuphila kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo.
inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje
Ungatsalela umnxeba ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene kwimpumelelo biophysics:
- wavula ngezakhi iindlela izinto eziphilayo;
- Ezona mpawu kunye utshintshwano nendima nitric oxide eziphilayo;
- i interrelation ezincane umthunywa RNA, nto leyo kwixesha elizayo kuya kukunceda ufumane isisombululo iingxaki zempilo ezininzi (kubulawe izifo);
- autowaves vula uhlobo ngokomzimba;
- ngenxa umsebenzi Ezinto Biophysics bafunda imiba kuyondelelaniswe kunye phindana DNA, nto leyo ekhokelele ukukwazi ukwenza uluhlu kwamachiza amatsha asuka kwezifo kunye ezintsonkothileyo;
- Imodeli yekhompyutha yawo onke abasabela ezihamba inkqubo yefotosinthesis;
- iindlela zenzelwe iimviwo ultrasound umzimba;
- phakathi cosmogeophysical kunye neenkqubo nemvelo;
- kwangaphambili ykutshintsha kwemozulu emhlabeni;
- okuvula amaxabiso urokenazy enzyme ekuthinteleni izifo thrombosis kunye nokuvala neziphumo emva ngesibetho;
- Kwakhona wenza inani kwesayensi isakhiwo protein, inkqubo yokujikeleza kunye namanye amalungu omzimba.
Institute of Biophysics e Russia
Kwilizwe lethu kukho Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova. Ngokwesiseko eli ziko lemfundo isebenza Biophysics Sebe. Yaba nguye lowo ilungiselela iingcali abafanelekayo ukusebenza kule ndawo.
Kubalulekile ukunika esemgangathweni ukuqala iingcali elizayo. Balindele ukuba umsebenzi onzima. Biophysicist onyanzelekileyo ukuqonda zonke nezo iinkqubo ezikhoyo ezintweni eziphilayo. Ukongeza, abafundi kufuneka siyiqonde physics. Yinto isayensi entsokothileyo - biophysics. Izifundo zakhiwa ngendlela efana kakhulu ukubandakanya zonke iinkalo ezibandakanyekileyo biophysics kunye namacandelo, nokumgqubuthela ingqalelo kuzo zombini Uphawu nezinto eziphilayo.
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