Tyuring Alan: engobomi, iifoto, umsebenzi. Igalelo ku Science Computer

Alan Mathison Turing - ihlabathi-edumileyo Scientist buchopho, ungumgqithi ikhowudi, uvulindlela inzululwazi computer, ngumntu okumiselwe emangalisayo, nto leyo eye yaba negalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso zobugcisa computer.

Alan Turing: ibhayografi emfutshane

Alan Mathison Turing wazalelwa e-London on June 23, 1912. Uyise Yulius Tyuring wayeligosa yobukoloniyali ababethwele inkonzo karhulumente in India. Apho wadibana nditshatile unina Alan ka-- Ethel Sara. Abazali baba ngabahlali ngokusisigxina e-India njengabantwana (Alan kunye noYohane, umzalwana wakhe omdala) wafundisa kumakhaya eNgilani, apho bafumana Ndakhula engqongqo.

ikhono layo lokubiza zenzululwazi , Alan wabonisa kanye ngexesha ipikniki. Ukuze ufumane imvume kayise, lo mfana nokunga ngokuqiqa akwazi ukufumana nobusi basendle. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwasuka imigca apho iinyosi zaye eziphaphazelayo, kwaye ulwalathiso ebaleka. Emva koko, eziqala engqondweni le migca, ndafumana indawo yabo yonqumlo, apho wafumana usikrobana ezinobusi.

ukukwazi esaleleyo iinzululwazi ngqo Alan wabonakala ngexesha izifundo zakhe esikolweni Shernborskoy ezidumileyo. Ngowe-1931, njengoko ngumphengululi inkwenkwe zezibalo waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe College kaKing, kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Xa ukubhala ekupheleni central umda theorem lilonke, apho bafumana yakhe, hayi ukwazi ubukho umsebenzi ofanayo wangaphambili. Esikolweni, Alan waba Science College of yoluntu, ithisisi yakhe ibhaso okhethekileyo. Oku wanika umfana ithuba elihle ukufumana ngokwezifundo ukuzanelisa-inzaliseko ebaleni Sciences ngqo.

machine Turing

Ngowe-1935, i-nzulu Alan Tyuring ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa izakhono zabo kwinkalo ekuqiqeni zemathematika ndaqalisa ukwenza uphando, eyabonisa kunyaka iziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Esi ingqiqo umsebenzi ngokweKhompyutha, nto leyo ke ziqalisiwe ekuthiwa-umatshini Turing. Idrafti yale divayisi zonke iimpawu ezingundoqo iimodeli banamhlanje (inyathelo ngekhondo inyathelo amanyathelo, inkumbulo, isoftwe elawulwa) kwaye kwase ye computer digital, wasungula kwiminyaka elishumi kamva. Ngowe-1936, ingcali yezibalo Alan Turing bafudukela eMelika komondolozi yokuhlala eYunivesithi yasePrinceton, ngowe-1938 uye wawongwa ngesidanga ugqirha-bulumko waza wabuyela Cambridge, wayenqaba yezibalo John von kunikezelo ukuba bahlale kunye nomsebenzi esikolweni njengento oncedisayo.

ukusebenza yaseBritani "Ultra"

Kwangaxesha nye, iBritani wavakalisa ukusungulwa ukusebenza "Ultra", injongo leyo ukuba wiretaps yabaqhubi German nentsingiselo yawo. Umba ababandakanyekayo ifumaneka kwi-ofisi eLondon yesikolo urhulumente khowudi kunye imibhalo efihlakeleyo (ufihlo eyiNtloko uphiko yaseBritane), apho kungenxa isisongelo bahlaselwe ngokungenalusini karhulumente wasiwa bancede Bletchley Park, ibekwe embindini eNgilani.

Namhlanje nasezindlini Museum of coders kunye nobuchwepheshe computer. Kungenxa kule ndawo efihlakeleyo ingenelelwe izitishi abafumana wafumana ngolwazi lobuntlola yonke imihla; inani lemiyalezo khowudi kumawaka leeyunithi. Ngokuba umbhalo ngalinye engenayo ezizinzileyo: sokuquqa kwerediyo, umhla, ixesha ungenelo kunye kwintshayelelo. Kule yamva equlathe IDs of the network, uphawu ikhwelo kwisikhululo ukwamkela lomthumeli, ixesha yokuthumela imiyalezo.

Winston Churchill - British Prime Minister - wabiza Bletch Park hen yakho obubhentsisa amaqanda zegolide. Umphathi Iprojekthi Alastair Denniston - ijoni ezobuntlola emkhosini. Le cryptanalysts abasebenzi, wazuza akukho abasebenzi ingqondo kunye specialists inkangeleko ebanzi: zezibalo, iingcali zeelwimi, itshesi, Egyptologists, ziintshatsheli ekusombululeni qashi. Xa iqela ezahlukeneyo abanamakhono yaba yezibalo Alan Turing.

Turing nxamnye "Enigma"

Division Turing watyholwa umsebenzi othile; ukusebenza okubhaliweyo ifihliwe, ukudala isixhobo "Enigma" - umatshini, elilodwa lomenzi eNetherlands ngo-1917 kwaye babedalelwe ukukhusela imisebenzi zebhanki. Le modeli zisetyenziswa ngokubonakalayo yokudlulisela imiyalezo radio Wehrmacht kwimisebenzi olwenziwe weenqanawa kunye air force. Efihlakeleyo "Enigma" ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II enamandla kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Oku kwakukholelwa loo ivale kwabo kube nzima.

Ukuze uqonde okubhaliweyo ezibhalwe iikhowudi, kufuneka ukuba ufumane umatshini efanayo, ukuba ukwazi izicwangciso yayo yoqobo, uvale oonobumba ngendlela ethile kwiqela lenjongo yonxibelelwano, yaye yonke into Ndigidima ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Kulo iindleko kukhunjulwa ukuba imigaqo encryption amaqhosha kwaye itshintshwe kanye ngemini. Ukubethela i Wehrmacht wazama nzima iinkqubo yokosulela ngokwayo cryptanalysis: Ubude Umyalezo mayingagqithi 250, wamnikela kubo iincwadi amaqela 3-5.

cryptographers umsebenzi onzima eyayikhokelwa Turing waba yimpumelelo: yayiyilwe isixhobo ukuba ukucazulula iziganeko "Enigma." Ukongeza zonke iintlobo lamaqhinga zezibalo, njengoko amacebo asetyenziswa kwibinzana efanayo beyenza apho kwaziswa amaJamani, yaye nayiphi na itekisi phindo. Ukuba amacebiso akwanelanga, icala ingqondo kubo. Ngokomzekelo, ngendlela etsolo geni icandelo elithile yolwandle, waza wamphulaphula iingxelo ka amaJamani kwesi sihlandlo.

Impumelelo Alan Turing

Ngenxa yomsebenzi onzima ngo-1940 yaye yasekwa cryptanalytic Alan Turing Machine "ukuqhushumba", nto leyo cabinet enkulu (ubunzima - ton omnye, iqela ngaphambili - 2 x 3 neemitha, plane amaqela 36 kwaso). Ukusetyenziswa kwale divayisi zifuna izakhono ezizodwa kwaye kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi emfundo abasebenzi benkonzo. In Bletchley Park kunye ixesha yaye yasekwa ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini kula matshini evumela ukuba ukuwuqonda malunga 2-3 lamawaka ngosuku.

Tyuring Alan wavuya gqitha umsebenzi wabo kunye neziphumo azizuzileyo. Oku ndamcaphukisa kuphela basemegunyeni kummandla kunye ukugawula iibhajethi zazo. Ngethamsanqa, emva kuthotho iprojekthi amanqaku ezisemthethweni nomsindo wathabatha ulawulo Churchill, ukwandisa imali yawo. baphuke "Enigma" encryption kunye nezinye oomatshini isiJamani, Amanyeneyo akwazi ukuba babenolwazi ukuhamba kakuhle ingqondo ebalulekileyo ibe.

Abaneminyaka engaphezu konyaka wayengazi ubukho "Iziqhushumbisi", Ukufumane evuzayo, baye benza imigudu enkulu bawandise ukuntsonkotha encryption.

Noko ke, Turing ayikho ukoyika, kulula ukumelana nengxaki entsha, kwaye kwisithuba seeveki ezintandathu amaNgesi kwafuneka ukufikelela kulwazi yotshaba.

Absolute cipher ukuthembeka ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayikho uyathandabuza, amaJamani, kude kube sekuphelisweni kwephakade eli ukhangelo ngenxa yokuba ukuvuza ingcaciso eluncedo naphi na, nje hayi kwi "Enigma". Ukuxelwa "Enigma" ikhowudi ngokupheleleyo itshintshe kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kuphela ukunceda ukukhusela British Isles, kodwa uqeqesho olufanelekileyo ukuze imisebenzi emikhulu-iscale kweli lizwekazi, icwangciswe ecaleni waseJamani. British cryptographers impumelelo yaba negalelo elibalulekileyo uloyiso phezu udushe, kunye Tyuring Alan ngqo ngo-1946 wafumana ibhaso kwi Order of the Empire British.

computer ukuzibandeza buchopho

Ababephila wachaza Turing njengendoda ome kancinane, hayi uyathandeka kakhulu, inyongo ezintle ngonaphakade ikhuthele.

• Ukuba negazi, Tyuring Alan antihistamines imaski ekhethekileyo. Kuyo, waya ofisi zezityalo kweentyatyambo. Mhlawumbi oku kuchaza ukuthingaza ngokungaqheleki ukuba baphenjelelwa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ichiza - oko kukuthi, esozela.
• Enye inkalo owayekhona kwimathematika ngokunxulumene ibhayisekile yakhe, nto leyo ngamathuba athile indiza chain. Tyuring Alan, engafuni ukujongana babelungisa yakhe, ingcamango ujika ihamba ngexesha elifanelekileyo uze uhle kwikhonkco ibhayisekile nokolula iingalo.
• imagi lakhe Bletchley Park, isazinzulu abanetalente ngoku- ngomhla ukuya wesekethe ibhetri, ukuba akunjalo ebiweyo.
• Ukuhlala e Cambridge, Alan àbaluqiqa ikloko kwixesha elichanekileyo, waphetha nto engqondweni, ukulungisa indawo inkwenkwezi ethile.
• Xa Alan wafunda kukuwa kwekhosi wesikiti yaseBritani, yena linyibilike ezinkozo ekhoyo waza wangcwatyelwa yoko bullion yesilivere kwindawo ethile epakini, yaye emva koko Balibele indawo yokusithela.
• Turing waba imbaleki elungileyo. Ukuziva imfuneko kuhlawuliswa, wabaleka umgama omde, ukuba bazigqibele ngokwabo ezigqwesileyo lo mdlalo. Emva koko, ngexesha irekhodi ndaphumelela 3- no-10 imayili-umgama eklabhu, yaye ngowe-1947 ibekwe yesihlanu olu gqatso.

Ukuzibandeza Alan Turing, ogama iinkonzo zibalulekile iBrithani, bambalwa ziye zabangela ehexisayo. nabo abaninzi khumbula uchulumanco nehlombe ngayo le ngqondi intambo yekhompyutha wayithabatha ukundikhathalela ingcamango yakhe. Turing kuthathwa ngentlonelo enkulu, njengoko wema ngokuphuma yokucinga nobukrelekrele yakho. A yezibalo abanetalente, ukuba zonke makings katitshala ofanelekayo, nako ukusombulula ze uchaze nokuba ngawaphi na ekhoyo, nkqu lo msebenzi engaqhelekanga.

Alan Turing: igalelo kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha

Ngowe-1945, u-Alan wala ukusebenza esiphezulu kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, kwaye ngesindululo M. Newman wajoyina i-National Physical Laboratory, ngelo xesha kwasekwa iqela le uyilo kunye nokudalwa ACE - computer. Phakathi kwiminyaka emi-3 (1945 ukuya 1948) - ixesha ubukho qela - Turing wenza kumzobo yokuqala wenza amanye amacebiso abalulekileyo ngomsebenzi wayo.

Ingxelo kwi ACE Isazinzulu wanika ikomiti yesigqeba NFL Matshi 19, 1946. Xa inqaku ehamba incamathele kuyo wathi umsebenzi usekelwe iprojekthi EDVAG. Noko ke, le projekthi inani elikhulu izimvo ezibalulekileyo ekule ngqo sezibalo IsiNgesi.

Software ye computer yokuqala ebhaliweyo Alan Tyuring. Computing ngaphandle umsebenzi onzima kule umphengululi abanetalente ayikwazanga bafikelele kwinqanaba efana namhlanje. Ngelo xesha, yaye inkqubo chess yokuqala yabhalwa.

NgoSeptemba 1948, uAlan Turing, ogama Ibhayografi yobomi edityaniswa kwimathematika, oko wesuka ukusebenza kwiYunivesithi Manchester. Ngegama, wamiselwa usekela mlawuli iikhompyutha lab, eneneni, inani elifanayo kwisebe okuba M. Newman, yaye uxanduva program.

Bad luck yokuqhula

kwezezibalo IsiNgesi, abo baqhubeka emva kwemfazwe, ukusebenza kunye nobukrelekrele, wasiwa umsebenzi omtsha: United States ikhowudi eSoviet. Kweli nqanaba, isiphelo wadlala yintlekisa okhohlakeleyo kunye Turing. Ngenye imini indlu yakhe inkunzi. Isela washiya inqaku isilumkiso wayengekho mhle kakhulu emapoliseni, kodwa bacaphuka Alan Turing Ibizwa ngokukhawuleza kwisayithi. Ekuhambeni uphando yafunyanwa ukuba isela umhlobo umthandi Alan kaThixo. Ngexesha ubungqina Turing kwafuneka ukuba bavume zobufanasini yabo, ukuze ngaloo minyaka yaba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho eNgilani.

trial omkhulu abaphengululi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ukuba iqhubeke ixesha elide. Wamenyelwa ukuba umxholo entolongweni iminyaka emibini, okanye unyango hormone ukuba balahle inkanuko yesini.

Alan Turing (ifoto ngasentla kunyaka ophelileyo) wakhetha yokugqibela. Ngenxa yonyango amachiza zinamandla; yathatha unyaka, kwi-Turing kuphuhliswa namandla, kwaye gynecomastia (ukukhula lwebele). Criminally ukutshutshiswa Alan yasuswa ukusuka kumsebenzi mfihlakalo. Ukongeza, i-British boyika ukuba amafanasini nga kugaywa iintlola yiSoviet. Scientist otyholwa of ukuhlola akakho, kodwa balelwa ngokuxoxa emsebenzini wakhe Bletchley Park.

Apple Alan Turing

Story of Alan Turing kuba uniphawulele umhla kwi emqolo: genius zemathematika uyagxothwa emsebenzini yaye akuvumelekanga ukuba bafundise. igama lakhe lwayo ngokusisigxina. Kwi 41 lo mfana waphoswa elwandle isingqisho yobomi, washiya ngaphandle umsebenzi wakhe oyintanda, kunye psyche evikivekileyo kunye nempilo zonakale. Ngowe-1954, uAlan Turing, ogama engobomi kwaye ngoku ezingekhoyo iingqondo zabantu abaninzi, nokwafumanekayo efile ekhayeni lakhe, yaye nightstand ecaleni kwebhedi kubeka i-apile olunywe yinyoka. Kwathi kanti kamva, ukuthi ugcwele benqanda. Ekubeni Alan Turing ukusungulwa engqondo nentsomi ozithandayo "Snow White" ngo-1937. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, le nto iziqhamo iye ufuzisela ihlabathi odumileyo "Apple" inkampani ikhompyutha. Ukongeza, Apple kusenjalo njengomfuziselo wesono, ulwazi yeBhayibhile.

Nenguqulelo esemthethweni yelogo ye-ngokufa yezibalo abanetalente - ukuzibulala. Unina ka-babekholelwa ukuba ityhefu yaba ingozi, kuba Alan wayesoloko bengaqondanga ukusebenza amachiza. Kukho kwinguqulo Turing ngabom bakhetha le ndlela lakuphuncula ebomini, ukuvumela oomama musani ukukholwa abazibulalayo.

Nokuvuselelwa sezibalo IsiNgesi

Sezibalo enkulu kwisimo kokufa kwakhe. Ngo-2009, British iNkulumbuso Gordon Brown uxolo esidlangalaleni ukuba intshutshiso ubunzima yi le ngqondi science computer. Ngo-2013, Turing ukuba baxolelwe ngokusesikweni wabamisela ezigxineni of kwanamanyala Elizabeth II - Queen of Great Britain.

umsebenzi Alan Turing kaThixo ayikho kuphela kuphuhliso information technology: ekupheleni kobomi zezenzululwazi wazinikela imibuzo of biology, ezizezi - waqalisa ukuphuhlisa kwithiyori lwemichiza morphogenesis, awamnika umdlalo ngokupheleleyo indibaniselwano ubuchule ngokuchanekileyo kwaye unesiphiwo kwezezibalo, isithandi, ezele iingcamango yokuqala. I imizobo yokuqala ingcamango echazwe kwingxelo yokuqala ngo-1952 kwaye ingxelo wabonakala emva kokufa ISAZINZULU ngayo.

Le mbasa kunayo entsimini isayensi yekhompyutha i "Turing Award". imbasa yakhe senziwa rhoqo ngonyaka Association for Computing Machinery. Ezixhasiweyo ngemali le mbasa, imali leyo kungokunje limi kwi-250, 000, ombutho Google kunye Intel. Eyokuqala ibhaso ebalulekileyo hlobo ngo-1966 wawongwa Alan Perlis ngenxa ekudaleni abacwangcisi.