Wayengubani Copernicus? UNikolay Kopernik: biography, ukuvulwa

Umntu akakwazi xelela ngubani uCopernicus. Kukholelwa ukuba le Njengomhlaziyi, ngeenkwenkwezi, nabantu, owayehlala ukususela 1473 ngo 1543. Nguye uMdali gwenxa thiyori mihla unit langa, njengoko apho iziko ilanga. Noko ke, malunga ngobomi bakhe zomsebenzi kuphikisana kakhulu loo nto kumvumela ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo: "Ngubani na lo Copernicus" Kukho kubonakala kakhulu ukuba kukho yayibhalwe. Igama Copernicus, ukongeza, kungathetha lonke iqela izinto entsimini ngeenkwenkwezi, abo bazifihla intshutshiso. Nangona kunjalo, siya kunika ngobomi esemthethweni umntu ngenzululwazi. Uyazi ukuba ngubani na Copernicus, ngokutsho uguqulelo ixhaphakileyo. Maxa wambi eziliqela iinguqulelo ezithandwayo, yaye emva koko uya kubangenisa sonke.

Umhla wokuzalwa, imvelaphi Copernicus

UNikolay Kopernik, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali Polish ngenkulungwane ye-19, wazalwa ngowe-1473, 2 Februwari. Esi siganeko senzeka kwisixeko Prussia sameva (Torun yanamhlanje, Poland). Ngokutsho izibalo iinkwenkwezi uGalileo Kepler wakhe notitshala (M. Mestlina), ukuba wazalwa ngo-4 h. Imiz 48. PM February 19, 1473 Yiyo lo mhla lulandela imithombo yenzululwazi kakhulu mihla.

Uyise Inzululwazi nobizo lwakhe. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi ngubani Copernicus uSister nento ayenzayo. Waye umthengisi okanye umfama, okanye kwagqirha, okanye yamazimba, okanye umbhaki. weza evela Krakow ukuya Torun malunga 1460. E Torun, uyise ka-Nicholas waba umntu ohloniphekileyo. Wakhonza iminyaka emininzi ungumgwebi kamasipala akhethwe. Ukongeza, yena bearer of the ngesiqu Order Dominican "UMzalwana kwelesithathu" (Assistant zehlabathi ephathelele kulo umyalelo ziimonki).

Ntoni igama Copernicus?

Asikwazi ukulichaza kakuhle na igama Copernicus, kodwa ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba izinyanya ezi Nicholas endala ekude Abarhwebi zobhedu (ngobhedu Latin - "cuprum"). Enye inguqulelo - eli gama livela amagama zemizana eSilesia, enegama elifanayo. Yezizathu bafumane igama labo ukusuka fennel ezikhula endhawini (in idile Polish - "Koper"). Nangona kunjalo, indawo ngqo kwezi lali ayaziwa. mbali Polish baye bafumanisa ukuba okokuqala eli gama kumaxwebhu Cracow onxulumene 1367. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba emva abaphathi zayo amagcisa of imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kuquka - silungise, mfana, gunsmith umlindi umlindi.

Bayahlelwa izihlobo uNicholas

UNikolay Kopernik e Torun, Omkhulu watshata uBarbara Vatzenrode, intombi Ijaji. Kukholelwa ukuba umtshato kwenzeka phambi koonyana 1463 ezine bazalwa entsatsheni. UNikolai ndingoyena mncinane kubo.

E Poland namhlanje ukubonisa indlu apho kuthiwa wazalelwa uNikolay Kopernik, ogama engobomi sinomdla kuzo. Esi sakhiwo, eboniswe kwifoto ngezantsi, ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, saba into yokuba lundwendwe iseti zezibonda. Udaka kunye izitena kuyo - zezinto yesizwe zigcinwa kwiimyuziyam.

Abantwana usapho Copernicus ifundwa isixeko sakowabo, apho bafumana imfundo esemgangathweni. YayinguAndreya, umzalwana omdala, owazalwa malunga 1464, phantse yonke wahamba Nicholas ekufeni kwakhe (wafa 1518 okanye 1519). Akwamnceda nto ekufundeni kunye nomsebenzi zonqulo. Ngowe-1512, uAndreya wagula liqhenqa, waza wafa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva A. uCopernicus. uthi gqaba malunga bayahlelwa oodade hero yethu. Okokuqala, uBarbara, waye tonsured a seal Kulm. Wafa malunga 1517 Ke Catherine waya Krakow kunye nomyeni wam, umrhwebi noBhartolomeyu Gertner. Emva elandelela balahlekile. Kwaye yintoni na iqhawe wethu, uNikolay Kopernik? Biography kunye lifanelwe Ufundo yophando lwakhe. Okokuqala, siza kukuxelela ngobomi Nikolaya Kopernika, uze emva koko - phezu impumelelo yayo.

Ukufa ngabazali, unonophelo Malume

Ngowe-1483 uyise wabulawa ayagqabadul izifo Nicholas (ekumele ukuba isibetho). Umama wakhe wasweleka ngo-1489. Emva kokufa kwakhe, le ntsapho yaqalisa ukuba sikhathazeke Luca Vatzenrode, mzalwana sikanina (eliboniswe ngezantsi). Yena ke uluhlu yosisi zasekuhlaleni, yaye emva kokuba lo gama waba ngubhishophu. Le ndoda lizale ngelo xesha. Yena ke inkosi yalo Krakow Jagiellonian University, kwakunye ngugqirha yomthetho Canon kwenye iyunivesithi - Bologna.

abazalwana Education Nicholas noAndreya

Kungekudala kwalandela emanyathelweni umalume wakhe, uAndreya kunye uNikolay Kopernik. Biography of hero yethu iya kwi ithuba elide yoqeqesho. Emva kokuphela kwisikolo esisedolophini (malunga 1491), abazalwana baya Jagiellonian University. Nicholas noAndreya wakhetha Faculty of ekhululekile Arts. Kwesi sikolo baye bathelela kuluntu, lithe laqhenqetha ngelo xesha. Le yunivesithi kuthiwa nokuba sasinda isiqinisekiso abubungqina intlawulo yokufundiswa (for 1491) yi lamaNikolawo uCopernicus. Ukuba bafunda iminyaka emi-3 ka-Latin, ngeenkwenkwezi, izibalo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi, abazalwana bagqiba ukushiya Krakow ngaphandle kokufumana idiploma. Mhlawumbi ke wenza esi sigqibo ngenxa yokuba eyunivesithi ngo-1494 waphumelela iqela zesikolo, amalungu babengamalungu zomanyano Hungarian.

Abazalwana bakhetha ukubeka eqalwa

Andrew and Nicholas kujongwe ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo Italy. Noko ke, umalume wakhe, owathiywa eli xesha ubhishophu Ermelandskim wayengekho loo imali engaphezulu. Yena wacebisa nomzala wakhe athathe izihlalo eqalwa (amalungu seSahluko urhulumente) kwisifundo le yosisi kuye ukuze ufumane umvuzo eziyimfuneko zokuhamba kude kunye nesifundo aphesheya. Nangona kunjalo, esi sicwangciso waphunyezwa kuzo kanye - athintele ukunqongophala diploma bazalwana. Ayizange ukunceda nkqu kwabakhweli olomeleleyo. Sekunjalo, abazalwana 1496 kunjalo obeye kuqeqesho abameli kwi-University of Bologna. Ukuba zikhethwe kwi engekho kwi eqalwa indawo 1487, kunye nokubonelela yemivuzo, kwakunye ikhefu lonyaka-3 ukuze aqhubeke nemfundo.

Ukuqhubeka imfundo kwi-University of Bologna

The University of Bologna wafundela kuphela ilungelo kodwa umphengululi ngeenkwenkwezi uNikolay Kopernik. Biography kuye eli xesha elo nolwazi Dominique Mariey Di Navar. Lo titshala kwiYunivesithi Bologna, eyaziwa nabakhwitsi yelo xesha. UCopernicus, ogama engobomi unako zenziwe kuphela ngokusekelwe imithombo ngqo kwixesha elizayo xa encwadini yabo ukhankanya imigqaliselo ngeenkwenkwezi, apho ngokuhlangeneyo zabanjwa kunye notitshala wakhe. The University of Bologna kunye Nicholas bafunda ulwimi isiGrike, nto leyo ezithandwa kakhulu phakathi nabantu, kunjalo, kuphakamisa urhano njengomwexuki yi-scholastics yamaKatolika. Ngapha koko, ebethanda painting - ukugcina umzobo, uthathwa ukuba ikopi eyenziwe Copernicus self-ngobude.

Abahlohli eseRoma, ukufunda amayeza

Abazalwana baye bafunda e Bologna iminyaka emi-3, kwakhona ngaphandle kokufumana idiploma. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ngokufutshane uNikolay wasebenza njengomfundisi kwemathematika eRoma, ukufunda ngaxeshanye kunye nezifundo ngeenkwenkwezi Alexander VI Borgia, upopu, kwakunye sisazinzulu Italian. Nangona kunjalo, akukho bungqina yale mbono.

Abazalwana ngo-1501 wabuyela kancinane Frauenburg, kwisikhundla. Babefuna ukucela ukuba kulibaziseka ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo. Emva kokufumana oko, abazalwana baya kufunda amayeza kwiYunivesithi wasePadua. Bahlala apho de-1506, yaye kwakhona akazange afumane idiploma. Noko ke, ngo-1503, abazalwana baye baphumelela iimviwo njengoko ofundela ngaphandle kwiYunivesithi yaseFerrara waza waba ngugqirha yomthetho.

Amazing, inkonzo ubhishophu

Kopernicki ngo-1506 wabuyela ekhaya emva kokugqiba. Nicholas ngelo xesha wayesele engama-33 ubudala, noAndreya - 42 Ngelo xesha, bafumana iidiploma ngelo ubudala ingqalelo eqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, izazinzulu ezininzi ezaziwayo izazinzulu (umzekelo, G. Galilei), akazange abe idiploma. Oku akuzange kumthintele bonke ukufumana isitulo professorial.

UNikolay Kopernik, emva kweminyaka zenkonzo uluhlu Frombork waba ngumcebisi kubhishophu (umalume wakhe); kwandule ke yingqonyela wenqila. Wanceda umzala wakhe kulwa leTeutonic uMyalelo, nto leyo eyakhokelela yi Albrecht von Hohenzollern, ikamva yokukreqa yakhe 1511. Nicholas yaye yandinceda thethwano eyathatha Mna, uKumkani Poland, ngubani uyisekazi ka Albrecht. Kukholelwa ukuba uLuka Vattselrode wayefuna ukwenza ezihlangwini zakhe Nicholas. Noko ke, akazange abe umsebenzi namabhongo ezaneleyo kolu hlobo lo msebenzi.

Ukufudukela Fraenburg

Copernicus ngeli xesha baqala ukwenza ingcamango ngeenkwenkwezi. NgoFebruwari 1512 Bishop Luke Vattselrode wafa. Ukususela ngelo xesha iphela sinecure Copernicus. Sihlalo ubhishophu kuthatha noFabian Losaynen, endifunda naye nabazalwana University of Bologna. Nicolas kufuneka bahambe Lidzbarga. Copernicus wabuyela Frauenburg, apho waba uluhlu yecawa. Tideman xolisa, mxhasi wakhe nomhlobo, uba Tshansela eDayosisi. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi Nicholas de yakhe sisindwa kakhulu. Kuyinto elinoxanduva lwemicimbi yezoqoqosho kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu. Malunga eli xesha, umntakwabo uAndreya wagula liqhenqa kwaye ugqiba kwelokuba aye Italy.

Copernicus yaziwa

Copernicus waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ngeenkwenkwezi. Scientific uzuza udumo kulo mhlaba ukuba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15. izifundo zakhe zithandwa kakhulu, bathe bavelelwa ngokuvelelwa Alexander VI Borgia, kwakunye uNicholas da Vinci. Ababhali-mbali zithi uPopu Leo X ngo-1514, wathi ingcali yenzululwazi, oko akucingayo yokuvuselelwa wekhalenda. UNikolay Kopernik thaca iimbono zakhe ileta uPawulos Middelburgskomu, omlawuli le emthembisa lo mba. Ecebisa ukuba ixesha elinye le fyabo, logama nje akazange agqibe nokudalwa theory (apho, ngokuzenzekelayo, uCopernicus wasebenza iminyaka engama-30). Noko ke, ubungqina ukubonisa kubhaliwe kwathiwa, noko kutyhilwa.

Nikolaya Kopernika ekwindla ka-1516 ukuya inyule indawo Tiedemann Giese. Uba omphathi zibubukhosi, kumazantsi ukubayinxalenye wenqila Warmia. Ke Giza ukususela ngelo xesha uye wakhonza ubhishophu kulmskogo. Copernicus malunga nokuqeshwa entsha bafudukela kwiminyaka 4 Olsztyn. Apha ke kunyanzeleke ukuba wenze wobugcisa emkhosini - leTeutonic Order Varma kuhlaselwa wayithimba yinxalenye yalo. Kwaye emva kokuba ezifakwe nkqu yokuhlala ka uCopernicus. Nicholas wabuyela Frombork ngo-1521, emva kokuba uxolo sagqitywa kunye Order leTeutonic.

Eyokuqala imbali yokuqala, izindululo utshintsho emali

Kukholelwa ukuba kwakunjalo ngoko ukuba wadala wakhe othi yokuqala, othi "izimvo Small '. Lo msebenzi wenze umbono wakhe uluhlu elimxinwa. neziphakamiso Copernicus malunga nohlaziyo lemali Prussia wabhekisela 1528. Kungelo xesha ke wabakhwelisa mgangathweni.Ukutya Elblag.

Icala Copernicus

Warmia Bishop Ferber emva kokufa, koko kwenzeka ngo-1537, yaba uJohann Dantisk owayesakuba sezifundo kunye izazi. Yena kamva waba prude kunye retrograde, yaye ngenxa yoko wenza umsebenzi zonqulo. A lot lentlungu inkathazo Copernicus uwuhlangule wobukumkani bakhe. Dantisk ukuba uNicholas abatyholwa ngokuhlalisana zokuziphatha okubi kunye Anna Schilling, umnakekeli otshatileyo. Umfazi ukuba umthetho okhethekileyo zikabhishophu evaliwe Frombork, ngenxa yokuba lo umntu eyingozi wawalukuhla "lo ngeenkwenkwezi zihlaba."

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, ukufa

Kuba Copernicus ngo-1539 iza Retik AI ukufunda ingcamango yayo. Emva kwexesha elithile, wapapasha incwadi apho imfundiso entsha thaca, waza wapapasha incwadi kunye notitshala wakhe.

Copernicus wafa May 24, 1543 Wafa emva kokuba nokufa uhlangothi okubangelwa ngawo Icala lasekunene lomzimba. Ngowe-1655 Pierre Gassendi wabhala kwincwadi engobomi bomntu, njengoko apho ekukhuleni ngesandla abandayo Copernicus abahlobo bakhe wabeka yokuqala kwincwadi yakhe. Nicholas, ngokutsho mbali mihla, wangcwatywa kwi yecawa Fromborkskom (photo ngasentla ibonisa oko). Ngowe-1581 phambi kwe ingcwaba lakhe efakiweyo nelitye kunye umfanekiso nasecaleni yecawa yi isikhumbuzo Nicholas.

IZenzo Nicholas

Copernicus waziwa ngokuba ngunozala ingcamango heliocentric. Noko ke, yena nguye kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi ezendeleyo ngendlela nabantu abakrelekrele abafundileyo kakhulu ixesha. Thina achaza izinto ezeza eziphambili Copernicus ngokufutshane.

Translation evela Greek

Ngowe-1509, uNicholas, athetha isiGrike ngokugqibeleleyo, iguqulelwe kwi umsebenzi Latin 6 okanye 7. BC. e. "Moral, iileta ezisemaphandleni kunye nothando Feofilakta Simokatty, scholasticism." Kukholelwa ukuba uMdali lo msebenzi yaba mbali lokugqibela lowo libhekisela lakudala. Ngelishwa, ayaziwa ukuba le nguqulelo yapapashwa, kodwa umbhalo nto iyaziwa. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo mbali Ndithi xa kule mbalelwano izele anachronisms kunye nto oluphawulekayo lulodwa nje abantu lwembali ngentsomi. Noko ke, le "ukungabi" yaye "kuyakruqula", "inkunkuma" ngandlel endandimthanda Copernicus, uNicholas translation ephefumlelweyo. umsebenzi wakhe, wamtshabalalisa umalume. Ukongeza, iindlalifa bemicimbi Nicholas evela kude, kunye neminye imisebenzi uTheophylact Scholastica.

iiklasi cartography

Kwaye kule ndawo Copernicus wazibalula. Uye wadala imaphu Prussia, leyo, ngelishwa, iye yachitheka. Ukusebenzisa umgca parallax self-ezenziwe izixhobo nespruce, Nicholas wayezimisele ukuya kwi-3 'inkululeko Frauenburga. Ezi iintonga, ebizwa ngokuba "Trikvetra" namhlanje kwiYunivesithi Cracow. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ngenkulungwane ye-16 emva kwexesha. le oyidingayo elinqabileyo Ganov uYohane, Bishop of Warmia, Tiho Brage wacanda Elias Olai Tsimber, umfundi lokugqibela.

Ezinye iindidi Copernicus

Kulawulo ilizwe kwexesha Warmia (ukususela 1516 ukuya kunyaka 1520) uNikolay Kopernik kakuhle umphathi yobugcisa, injineli yomkhosi kunye nomlawuli. izifundo zakhe zibandakanya iimali zikarhulumente ekupheleni kwintabalala-1520. Ngaphezu koko, bhala ukuba Nicholas gqirha owaziwayo, aphathwe mahala amagcisa kunye nabalimi. Le kwesayensi Copernicus kusolwa nokuba ziquka wokusungula yakhe iqebengwana.

"Commentariolus"

Imisebenzi amathathu anikezelwa imisebenzi ngeenkwenkwezi of Nikolaya Kopernika. Ababini kubo ashicilelwe kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-19. Umsebenzi wokuqala - "izimvo Small ', nto leyo icacisa ukuba kwithiyori Nicholas. Ikopi ngqangi ezifumaneka kwithala leencwadi ze-Vienna wenkundla 1877 okanye 1878 Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ngowe-1881, kwafunyaniswa yi notebook efanayo kunye neerekhodi ze uCopernicus. Le memorandam inamaphepha 16 waza wafunyanwa kwiYunivesithi Uppsala, kwithala lakhe. Noko ke, maxa, ingxelo ukuba afumaneka Stockholm.

"Isigidimi Copernicus nxamnye Werner" yaye "Ngomhla Revolutions of the Sphere waseZulwini"

"Ileta nxamnye Werner Copernicus" - yesibini ixesha Nicholas isincoko ngeenkwenkwezi. Le ncwadi yakhe UBernard Wapowski, Umphathi i Krakow Cathedral. Umsebenzi ithintelwa umdla njengoko linika yokuqiqa nelandelelanayo umbhali, apho olusekelwe kucazululo le precession beenkwenkwezi ngokungqinelana imithombo aphakathi kunye yamandulo. Ngowe-1543 yaprintwa incwadi eyintloko Copernicus 'Phezu koko of the Sphere waseZulwini ". Indawo wokupapashwa lo msebenzi kubonisa ukuba Regensburg, waseLondon. Uqulathe iziphumo kokuma yombhali, kwakunye ikhathalogu leenkwenkwezi 1025, ngokobuqu waqamba kubo.

theory Copernican

Iimbono yale Scientist sikuye kakhulu ixesha layo. ihlabathi Copernican yahluke kakhulu ukusuka iimbono eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi ababengaphambi kwakhe bomhla. Nicholas walitshiza geocentric inkqubo yehlabathi, leyo wadalwa nguPtolemy. Ngelo xesha ke linyathelo enesibindi, ekubeni le modeli sele Akufane imibuzo. Oku kuxhaswa nempembelelo kakhulu ngexesha yamaKatolika. Ngokutsho kwakhe, iziko wendalo iphela uMhlaba kunye Sun, kwisigaba beenkwenkwezi ezizinzileyo kwaye zonke izijikelezi-langa zijikeleza ngeenxa zonke. inkqubo Heliocentric of Copernicus kuyaphi babephikisana nalo le mbono. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba Earth, njengezinye iiplanethi ukuhamba ujikeleza ilanga. Nicholas wathi intshukumo zezulu ukuba kubona emini - oku sisiphumo isindululo umhlaba ngeenxa axis yayo. Le kwesayensi Copernicus thaca kubo kumsebenzi "Ngomhla Revolutions of the Sphere waseZulwini", yapapashwa ngonyaka wokufa kwakhe. Book ngo-1616 lakuphelisa Catholic Church. Noko ke, iimbono ezintsha rhoqo ukunyanzela indlela yabo. Ukufunyanwa, eyenziwe uNicholas, wanikela negalelo enamandla kwinzululwazi. izazinzulu ezininzi bakhangela kuye.

Ngoko ke, sanduluka kwincwadi engobomi bomntu kunye nokuvulwa Nikolaya Kopernika ngokufutshane. Njengoko unokuthelekelela, akukho nto iqondo elithile kungenzeka ukuba izibakala ezithile zobomi yakhe iyinyaniso. Yenza kwakhona biography yabantu ababephila phambi kwethu, kuba nzima. Nakuba kunjalo, siye sazama ukuba kunika ulwazi kungenzeka kakhulu malunga indoda enjengam nje uCopernicus. Biography kunye ezifunyaniswe zakhe nangoku umxholo yokufunda-mbali. Mhlawumbi emva kwexesha elithile baya kukwazi ukufumana inkcazelo yechaneke ngaphezulu.