TNT - yintoni na le nto? Ukwakhiwa kwamandla kweziyobisi

Namhlanje, iinkonzo ezinikezelwa kuluntu iziqhushumbisi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwazo indawo ekhethekileyo kuhlala TNT. Le compound chemical ithandwa kakhulu kwezo ndawo ezifuna disassembly na intsimbi, ikhonkrithi okanye yezitena izakhiwo. Oku ithathwa kuqhume zaseprayimari izixhobo ezakhiwe emkhosini.

Xa TNT safunyanwa?

Formula trinitrotoluene (C ₆ H ₂ (NO _{2) 3} CH ₃₎ kususelwe kunyaka 1963. Ngunozala le onokudubula xa kucingwa ekhemesti waseJamani kaJulius Wilbrand. Ukususela ngo-1891, imveliso woshishino TNT yamiselwa. Ngowe-1902, i-German kunye nomkhosi American kwi izixhobo neembumbulu indawo picric acid, TNT. Russia Okhta izityalo usebenzisa iteknoloji German ngo-1909 waza waqalisa imveliso yorhwebo lwe iziqhushumbisi. Kuphuhliso lwamashisini petrochemical liye laba negalelo ngobuninzi TNT.

amagama

TNT - a iziqhushumbisi ephakamileyo (HE), ebizwa kwakhona:

• trinitrotoluene;
• tolite;
• zintathu;
• nitrotolom.

umxube onokudubula xa anegama:

• TNT;
• TNT;
• T.

Yintoni na le nto?

TNT - imveliso kwakheka ngenxa yentsebenziswano lwemichiza nitric kunye sulphuric acid kunye toluene. Zikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo yinto eqinileyo TNT crystalline yellow into, onako ukunyibilika kwi +81 ° C, yaye +310 ° C phemba. TNT ayikho-ethe kakhulu ntshikilelo ngoomatshini. Ichithwe trinitrotoluene usebenzisa pyridine, acetone kunye chloroform.

TNT has zonke iimpawu olwa nawo. Isetyenziswa amayeza njengearhente anti-ezinzwaneni. Ngenxa yoko, ubuthi aphezulu TNT indawo ngamanye imveliso ngempumelelo amayeza.

lithi

TNT - Uyadubula anokuba kumazwe ezine:

• Flake.
• Powder. Lubonakala ngokuba uvakalelo oluphezulu kwiimpembelelo yangaphandle, ingakumbi emlilweni.
• Ecinezelweyo okanye alahle. Ekwaziyo ovuthayo umlilo yellow. Ngaphandle fuse okanye yokuqhumisa philisi edubulayo eqhelekileyo. It ebonakala uvakalelo oluphezulu ukuya detonation.
• Zavuleka. Njengoko kwi flake, kuba le Ntetho TNT uvakalelo semvelo echaphazeleka detonation. Ukuze ukulayisha trinitrotoluene edidekile, kufuneka detonators intermediate apho. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ezilungele TNT sicinezelweyo.

Njengoko imveliso senziwa?

Flake imilo kuvamile ukuba iziqhushumbisi abasandula eyenziweyo.

inkqubo yokuvelisa TNT uthatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezibini:

• processing toluene. Emva kokuba nitration indlela nitric acid, sulphuric acid kunye toluene akhiwa amasuntswana amancinane ngohlobo kukubola baluthuthu yellow, ezo ke kuxhomekeke kwiimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo ngoomatshini. Kule nkqubo, sulphuric acid isetyenziswa njenge arhente dehydrating.
• Nitration ne oleum, ukuphendula okungena mono- kunye dinitrotoluene. Xa Inqanaba lesibini dehydrating arhente izenzo oleum. Le asidi excess idla ngokusetyenziswa lokuqala wokwenziwa TNT.

Ukuqhutywa kwe flaked TNT karhulumente ibe yokunyibilika okanye ngumgubo ubunjwe.

incazelo

• TNT luphawulwa uvakalelo ephantsi koxinzelelo ngoomatshini zangaphandle: iimpembelelo, idubule iintlantsi imbumbulu, ukukhuhlana.
• Kwaye kungabikho nto kwiimpembelelo zeekhemikhali.
• Mvu TNT akwazi ukwaba 1010 amandla kcal.
• Ukuba unayo ikepusi uqhushumbiso standard TNT aphendule ngesantya ka 6900 ngomzuzwana.
• Trinitrotoluene modem emithi, iiplastiki, ikhonkrithi, yezitena.
• Enganyibilikiyo ngamanzi.
• Emva zokufudumeza elide, ilele emanzini kunye ukunyibilika TNT uyakwazi ukugcina iipropati zabo Uyadubula.
• Ityekele mnyama ngenxa elangeni.
• Uyakwazi ukuba zibaswe ngenxa yokuvela emlilweni. Ngaloo ndlela TNT zikhanyiswe bulubhelu nelangatye umlotha engcolisayo.
• TNT ukuze zihlale zikwimeko operable emva yokugcina ixesha elide. iimeko ezahlukeneyo (amanzi, umhlaba okanye iqumrhu nenqaba) aluchaphazeli iimpawu TNT Uyadubula.

Yiyiphi BB akanakungena uqhagamshelo?

TNT ukuze isetyenziswe ngendlela esulungekileyo okanye oxutywe nezinye iziqhushumbisi. Phakathi kwabo, aziwayo kakhulu zezi:

• RDX;
• tetryl;
• PETN;
• amiachno-Saltpeter iziqhushumbisi.

Ukongeza TNT ukuba hexogen, tetrilu TENu yaye ithetha ukwehlisa iipropati zabo Uyadubula. Emva koko of TNT e amiachno Saltpeter-BB liyasetyenziswa ziyenza yemizimba yethu kwaye nciphisa hygroscopicity.

Ukusebenza umonakalo mveliso

Iikwari ezimayini eziphambili iindawo iziqhushumbisi ukusetyenziswa. Ubukhulu becala ezi meko iziqhushumbisi ukwenziwa ngoko nangoko. Ukubunjwa TNT, zilungiselwe imisebenzi zemigodi, iquka la macandelo alandelayo:

• granulated ammonium nitrate;
• oyile diesel: 3%;
• carbon umgubo: 5%.

A imfuneko phambi TNT flake (8%). Le TNT oluneenxalenye ezintathu eqinisekisa ukusebenza eliphezulu ukuqhumisa. Ukusetyenziswa neziqhushumbisi akuthethi kakubi kokusingqongileyo.

Indlela umlilo?

TNT emva kokuba detonation ishiya ithuba ukuze sisinde kuphela kwabo kude nombindi wenyikima. Xa kwabangela Ukukhetha uphawu isixa esikhulu trinitrotoluene yamandla, leyo ikhula iba engundoqo okuphawulekayo factor BB - okubulala. Ngexesha uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, kodwa kuyingozi yakhe ugcwalisa isixhobo Uyadubula. izinto abagwayimbileyo le njongo zezi lezikhonkwane, iinuts, nezitshixo zalo izijungqe rebar.

Ukuze ubone amandla dubulo usebenzisa inguqulelo TNT: amandla yakhululwa dubulo neziqhushumbisi lilingane ubunzima bayo. kilograms uqhuma of TNT kuvelisa amandla aneleyo ukuba sibulale umntu ukusuka kumbindi kumgama oziimitha ezintathu. Ngenxa dubulo 4,19h106 George. Yokhuseleko ukuze ibe kumgama oziimitha ezili-15. A ton of TNT ukhupha 4,19h109 J. Energy.

Apho impahla kusetyenziswa namhlanje?

Ukongeza nemigodi, TNT ifumene isicelo yalo emkhosini. Ngokutsho iziqhushumbisi kwindawo ekukho Russian Federation Armed Forces anezinto amaqokobhe, imijukujelwa, amaqokobhe udaka, iziqhushumbisi, emigodini iziqhushumbisi zobunjineli. Izixhobo zabo zisetyenziswa TNT. Kwimeko izixhobo zenyukliya izibalo ezi ngeekhilogram kunye neetoni. Kuba izixhobo ezisetyenziswa iimbumbulu iinketho ukulungele:

• kubalwa ukuze iziqhushumbisi isandla ukusuka grams 75 ukuya 400 TNT;
• ukubonelela iziqhushumbisi anti-itanki kunye neekhilogram enesiqingatha;
• ukuxhobisa m sivela-4 ukuya kwele-7 kg IV;
• ukuqhushumba equlathe iitoni 5 TNT;
• zam yomkhosi wamanzi - ukusuka kg-50 ukuya 300.

iintlawulo TNT ziyanyuswa ngokusebenzisa pine nesinyithi kwiindawo RDX okanye RDX-aluminiyam.

Indlela ukugcina?

TNT igcinwe urhulumente waxinwa zezindlu ekhethekileyo okanye akhronimi buxande. TNT inikwa ngaphandle iphepha iparafini ukurhangqa neziseko ezizodwa ugcinwa neekepusi.

Namhlanje, ukongezelela TNT, iintlawulo edubulayo ukwenza iziqhushumbisi enamandla ngakumbi. Ngaphandle koku, TNT isekhona ezifunwayo kushishino lwezimbiwa kunye nabezomkhosi.