Howitzer: iinkcukacha. Self-kuqhube howitzer (ifoto)

Ukusukela ekuqaleni zokudubula kwi izixhobo ze imikhosi kumazwe ahlukeneyo kukho imfuneko ukujolisa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo izixhobo injongo ezenzelwe yona. uphuculo oluqhubekayo iinqaba omzimba, ubuchule ekhubekisayo kunye Amaqhinga mfazwe kwakhokelela nokwahlulwa izixhobo ezinamandla kwiiklasi.

kamnemety yamandulo

Eneneni, izixhobo zokungqinga - izinyanya ezikude zokudubula - yanceda Warriors ukufaka iinqaba lahlasela nqaba elide phambi kokuba ukusetyenziswa ngobuninzi kwazo. Isilinge nemiyalezo ye Ballistae ekhaleni Velocity (oko kukuthi ngesiqhelo amatye container amaziko okupheka, tar, iipali ezinkulu okanye tshe) besisetyenziswe iimpawu elastic of ukuzolula ngentambo, apho ekwenziweni wire metal munye. Le kwakuqhubeka kwi zisancumisa akhululwayo ngexesha nokukhululwa iqhaga okhethekileyo. Ngelo xesha, yaye kwakukho igama elithi "howitzer". Izikhankanyi "umatshini kamnemetnoy" (njengoko ngoguqulo German segama Haubitz) baba ezindilisekileyo kakhulu; Bamtola ukuba emashumini ezimbalwa kweemitha kunye wavelisa ukusebenza kwengqondo ngakumbi, nangona phantsi kweemeko ezithile, kunye nezakhono elungileyo yobalo inokuba kakuhle unobangela komlilo (ukuba iqokobhe waba sigade) . Inkqubela ngamayelenqe ezibulalayo kukhokelele ekwandeni indima indlela ekwanti bengaphumelelanga.

iiklasi zokudubula

Ukuqalisa ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine, umkhosi baseYurophu baqalisa ukusebenzisa imipu. Mortars ngelo xesha baba iklasi inamandla lwemipu. Nkqu igama labo esichazela (efunyenwe mortier Dutch, nayo, waboleka Latin ingcambu Mort - «ukufa») abonisa impumelelo eliphezulu olubulalayo. Ngaphezu koko kwehlisa kwaba howitzer, iinkcukacha apho (ubunzima iqokobhe kunye noluhlu) Kuthi nganto ukuba nodaka. Iiklasi kakhulu yandile kwaye mobile zithathwa umpu (Canon). Calibres ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kwaba nje kuzo. Uphawu eliyinhloko iklasi i uyilo umphanda, leyo ukuqeshwa kwabo. Xa oku, ubume yona zokudubula yomkhosi a karhulumente, nkqu ngoko kwaba lula ukwenza izigqibo malunga neenjongo zeqhinga kunye nemfundiso yomkhosi karhulumente yakhe.

Evolution of mortars kunye howitzers

In World War yokulwa ngokokuma yenze amaqela alwayo ukusebenzisa imipu zokungqinga enzima. Igama elithi "udaka" yawa yayekwa kungekudala emva kokuba uloyiso phezu ngamaNazi eJamani ngowe-1945. izilo elifutshane-zamafu zasuka zathi waxa mortars ezinkulu-ukuvuleka kukhanya ekuhlaseleni ukuhlasela. Emva ukufakwa kwi yokugcina phantse onke amazwe imijukujelwa, kuquka weave, imfuneko yokusebenzisa imipu enzima ezicothayo-ihamba trudnotransportiruemyh ndidiniwe. Lilinge lokugqibela ukusebenzisa iinzame zabo ukuze babe abayili German ukudala ezinye rhamncwa ndinolunya ubungakanani bayo ezifana "Karl", owaba bodidi 600 mm. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kolu hlobo legacy yaba isiqu elifutshane ngeendonga zamafu. ephezulu Big malunga ingqamana Isalathisi udaka mihla. Kartuzny indlela yokubiza, eseleyo namhlanje ikakhulu nqanawa enamandla nemipu eselunxwemeni-based, nayo yafak 'isandla ukuthandwa mortars. Iziqhushumbisi kuba nodonga enkulu ethile, ukuba hygroscopic, naphambi iimeko wokwenene ukuqinisekisa iimeko yokugcina phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba nokufuma elimisiweyo. Kodwa ubunzima projectile kunye noluhlu howitzers badubula baba ukuze le udidi zokudubula kwakunzima ukuba abele imisebenzi ebe eyenziwa udaka.

indlela ezizekelisayo, okanye Kutheni ndifuna howitzer?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufuneka uqale ukucinga isikhokelo wokuhlolwa ka kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba wakhululwa nesantya sokuqala linear umzimba wenyama, nokuba kukho ilitye eqhelekileyo okanye imbumbulu akuthethi ukubhabha kumgca othe ngqo kunye parabola. Le Ipharamitha eli nani ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kwi enye ekuqaleni ukubetha ukwanda ukuphakama kwayo kuya kunciphisa umgama tyaba apho le into fly. Ukuphakama kuyachuma kwindawo efanelekileyo tye, kodwa lo mzekelo kukho umngcipheko ukuba iqokobhe isebenza (okanye ilitye efanayo) iwela ngqo phezu kwentloko umdlali ophosayo. Le steepness bendlela, kwaye into eyahlukileyo ukusuka umpu howitzer. Sichaza kwakhona kwaye iyasebenza ukuqeshwa.

Ziziphi iimeko noko adubule

Xa sicingela ukuba utshaba lifuna ukuba bagqwese kwisikhundla nasiphi umkhosi, ngoko ke kufuneka kulindeleke ehlaselwa. Kule ndawo iitanki umhlambi pre-bavele enqatyisiweyo kunye nomkhosi inkxaso attack moya. Ukuphendula, icala eyikhusela kusebenza zokumelana ukuba umlilo zokudubula zabo neengalo ezincinane. Kodwa ukuba uhlaselo kulindeleke, oko kuya pre-sakhiwe iinqaba intsimi ochaphazelekayo, bemba imingxuma iprofayili ngokupheleleyo, wakha komhlaba kunye pillboxes, ukudubula amacandelo ezenza kube nzima sobume unendima esemqoka. Ngokubanzi, kwicala ngalinye liya kwenza konke ukuze abayithintelayo intshukumo yotshaba. Kulo meko, umlilo phezu komhlaba gangqa subunits elikhuselayo iyakwenziwa kuphela kwindlela ebizwa kwakuxhomekeke. Flatness (oko kukuthi, phantse zifana kunina) umlilo uya ingaphumeleli: amajoni Utshaba agcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo efihliweyo emva uthango kunye nezinye izakhiwo zokuzikhusela. Phantse ngamampunge bekuya kuba umpu eqhelekileyo. Howitzer, ogama iimpawu ziyaxhonywa, uya 'ukutshaya umsebenzi' abavikeli emingxunyeni kunye dugouts, besuke amaqokobhe phezu kwentloko yazo emazulwini. Cannon uya adubula abo zikhuselwe. Kufuneka ukutshabalalisa amatanki utshaba ezininzi kunye namajoni wabaleka ukuya izikhundla. Batyekele alwe uhlaselo.

ukuvuleka howitzer

Iingxaki zokudubula howitzer mihla kude ngaphaya kwisangqa echazwe ngaphambili. indlela kwakuxhomekeke le projectile akulunganga kuphela ukuzibandakanya kwawo, lukhuselwe kwi emingxunyeni kunye dugouts, kodwa ezinye iinjongo. Iinqaba ukhuselwe ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze ufakelo lwesamente rhoqo nangokunzulu wemba emhlabeni. Isikrweqe ngokungqalileyo amatanki kunye nezinye izithuthi vehicles ekwaziyo withstanding iindlela ezininzi iintonga, ngaxeshanye phezu ngakumbi sengozini bakhe. Ukuba guns eqhelekileyo ukuchana uphakamileyo kufikelelwe ngenxa Velocity eliphezulu yokuqala projectile, omnye wemiqathango zokufikelela i parameter lokugqibela ubunzima isalamane ndilukhanyiselo projectile ngokwayo. ukuvuleka ezinkulu - olwahlukileyo umpu howitzer. Kuba udidi lwe izixhobo ezifunekayo amaqokobhe millimitha-100, yaye kukho omkhulu.

B-4

Howitzer - nzima isixhobo, yaye oku siyimali yakhe, kudityaniswe injongo ekhubekisayo kudala iingxaki ezithile. Umzekelo ukuba isicelo kakhulu ophumelelayo ukukhonza njenge ezaziwayo-kakuhle B-4 (52-L-625), elasekwa banesifo kwaye sele udlule imfazwe yonke. Weight lwemipu, kuquka buyo, umphanda kunye namalungu kuSbu yaye inxalenye wakhuph ', ngaphezulu kwama-17 (!) Okulahlwayo okuyingozi. Ukuze Ungayihambisa, kufuneka itektala. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa umthwalo ethile emhlabeni sifakwa qha. Ukuvuleka umpu - 203 mm okanye 8 inches. Projectile ezisindayo, oko: Umlinganiseli ukususela 145 kg ukuya quintals (betonoboynymi ngobuwena), ukwenzela ukuba unikezelo emthethweni okwenzelwa irola yokuthutha okhethekileyo. Calculation ibandakanya abantu elinesihlanu. Xa ekhaleni Velocity ephantsi kakhulu (ukusuka 300 ukuya kwezingama-600 m / s) uluhlu ngokudubula a howitzer B-4 ingaphezulu km 17. Eliphezulu lemali - elilodwa emva kwemizuzu emibini. Umpu unalo igunya elikhulu eyonzakalisayo yaboniswa ngexesha sisithuko kumgca Mannerheim ngethuba leMfazwe Winter kunye eFinland. Noko ke, emva kweminyaka embalwa kwacaca ukuba ikamva fanele ku Iindlela zokudubula self-ngokwaso.

SU-152

Inyathelo elilandelayo ezithatyathwe abathungi yiSoviet ngendlela yokudala iiyunithi esingazihambeliyo kakhulu oluphambili, waba SU-152. Yayisebenza impendulo onjalo ukuvela enamandla kwamatanki vehicles German zixhotyiswe ngemipu elide-barreled na umlilo kwizixhobo yethu kumgama (km okanye nangaphezulu). Eyona ndlela iqinisekileyo ukutshabalalisa injongo kakuhle sirhelele kwabonakala yokugubungela iqokobhe yakhe enzima ebhabhela indlela kwakuxhomekeke ezizekelisayo. Howitzer 152 mm ukuvuleka ML-20, ekhwele phezu itanki (SW) ukuya isisu semoto esisigxina babonelelwa ukugawula kwaye likugqinile iindlela ukusetha kuthetha nabakwaziyo ukusombulula le ngxaki.

"Carnation"

Ixesha post-imfazwe inkalo emkhosini-technical iphawulwa njengexesha yokukhula ngokukhawuleza ezobuchwepheshe. Endaweni iinjini moya piston iza jet wakwakhe. Eminye imisebenzi ngokwesiko Umthethisi gunners bazakuqala ukusombulula ezi amajoni ngezikhali. Noko ke, ngelo xesha kukho vandlakanyo lutsha kunye nomlinganiselo womsebenzi kunye nexabiso. IMfazwe, ngengqiqo ibe ukhuphiswano kunye neenkqubo kwezoqoqosho. Amaxesha xa 'ixabiso ukuma ", ububanjelwe. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo iindleko omnye zokudubula ngeenxa ungaphantsi kakhulu ngaphezu kokuba yokuqalisa enomjukujelwa Committe malunga impumelelo elinganayo, wavakalisa ungamandla etshabalalisayo. Kwi-USSR, kuyaqondakala kanye: Ubunkokheli Khrushchev kaThixo uwe ukuya imincili ethile emva kokuvela kwi yokugcina yiSoviet Army Iinkqubo zokuhanjiswa ngezikhali. Ngowe-1967 at the eKharkov Tractor (kakade) isityalo sayilwa "Pink" - eSoviet "intyatyambo" howitzer yokuqala esingazihambeliyo. iimpawu Technical mkhulu kakhulu ukuba parameters zonke zokudubula, yavelisa ezintsonkothileyo emkhosini-mveliso ye-USSR ngaphambili. Kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa projectile irula oluncediswa (ezinye hybrid zokudubula izixhobo kunye rocket), kulo mzekelo, uluhlu ukudutyulwa lanyuka ukusuka 15.3 ukuya km 21.9. Imirhumo ingaba ezahlukeneyo: eziqokelelanayo, phezulu-umonakalo, elektroniki (ekudaleni uphazamiseko), umsi kunye namanye, kubandakanywa ezizodwa (chemical). umgama omde ukuya ekupheleni ingongoma isikhokelo kuvunyelwa ukuba basebenzise izixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi. Umzimba olova vehicles wagcinwa iimbumbulu sabaleka mane.

"Acacia"

Howitzer, yaphuhliswa yoo - gqira emva kwexesha, wangena inkonzo ngo-1970. Inokuba ukudubula kumgama 20-30 km (ngokuxhomekeke version). Lo matshini ngokwayo kuyinto lula, oko: Umlinganiseli ngaphantsi kakhulu-avareji itanki, nto leyo kufikelelwe ukuhla ubunzima yeduli. Kwakhona umlilo kunokwenzeka ngqo, kodwa injongo ephambili uhlala efanayo - wonditshitshisela iinjongo kude. Chassis eyenziwe iskim perednemotornoy iye angqina ukubaluleka kwawo ebudeni beminyaka yemfazwe. Uyilo ithatha ingqalelo amava nokudalwa ACS 100 kwaye injongo kuba reminiscence yaba ubukho bemipu American M-109, ubuchule ukudubula elisezantsi-power isigxina Committe nuclear (TNT olingana kwiitoni ezingama-100). Impendulo yaba "Acacia" - howitzer kungekho iimpawu ngakumbi.

Czech "UDana"

Amaninzi, umkhosi kwamazwe yali bexhobe imifuziselo Soviet izixhobo zomkhosi, kodwa kukho imeko. Ngokucacileyo, ukukhumbula ubuqaqawuli idlulileyo (kwaye phambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iCzechoslovakia wayengomnye abenzi phambili izixhobo eYurophu lonke), iinjineli ukusuka eCzechoslovakia kwiminyaka yoo-ngeminyaka, yenzelwe wakha umpu zokudubula entsha, nto leyo iba inani olusasilelayo ixesha data yamacebo nobugcisa. Self-kuqhube howitzer "UDana" luphawulwa izinga eliphezulu lomlilo (obethe omnye ngomzuzu), kukho ubalo encinci (abantu 6), kodwa inzuzo olona isisu semoto enkulu "Tatra", kunye uphume phezulu, né nesantya. zobunkokeli lizwe, nokuba ucinga ukuthengwa ummangaliso Czech iimfuno yiSoviet Army, kodwa esazi ukuba kwilizwe lethu basebenzela ukuba bazidalele, amaqokobhe zabo howitzer nokuba ngcono, ingcamango wala ukunciphisa nokuthengwa iikopi ezininzi isifundo of "amava emaqandeni ". Self-kuqhube howitzer "UDana" kwaye namhlanje kwinkonzo kunye eCzech Republic, iSlovakia, Poland, Libya kunye namanye amazwe aliqela apho esi sixhobo wahlangulwa emva kokuwa USSR. Ngexesha ungquzulwano Georgian-Ossetian, umkhosi Russian wathimba bobathathu "wanikwa" njengoko neembasa.

D-30: Gun Classics

Xa zonke ngobuninzi kweenkqubo zokudubula self-ngokwaso, lowo ibiza i howitzer ivili eqhelekileyo. -152 mm gun yemveliso eSoviet eyaziwa silhouette kwayo ehlabathini. Xa beqhumisa indawo buyo, ukubeka ngokupheleleyo lixhomekeke kwi izixhaso emithathu ukuya emhlabeni, ukuze amavili ningayichukumisi emhlabeni, enika - kwelinye icala - kugxininiswa elithembekileyo, yaye kwelinye - yenza kube lula ukuqhuba badubula setyhula. Eyona uphawu le howitzer D-30 - umgama shot 5.3 km, nokuthe kwiimeko ezininzi kwanele. Ukuhanjiswa izixhobo ayikho ingxaki: oko: Umlinganiseli iitoni 3.2, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba nokuyihambisa phantse zonke iibhulorho, yaye njengesiqhelo "phambene" zingasetyenziswa njenge itrekta. Ilula, ukuthembeka kunye kahle eliphezulu - ezi mpawu uphawu kwezixhobo Russian. D-30 no-D-30A ngokuzithandela sibathengele izinto iimfuno ukuziphendulela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, yaye ezinye zazo (China, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Iraq) ingqalelo kuyimfuneko ukuba bathenge la maxwebhu ukuze imveliso yazo. Kwaye omnye umsebenzi ebalulekileyo yenza le howitzer. Photo of the uPetros Paul Fortress ukunika lasemini ivolibholi zemveli ngokuqinisekileyo ngeemfakamfele esisixhobo.

Likrele Shield

howitzer Russian - njengesakhi ebalulekileyo zokudubula kunye enomjukujelwa ingweletshetshe lizwe lethu. Ukuqeshwa yabo ecaphukisayo uthetha malunga ndlongondlongo imfundiso emkhosini, kodwa ngenxa yokuba akukho namnye kumkhosi ehlabathini akuthethi kulawula ukuba kunokwenzeka kube khona uhlaselo okanye pre-kwinjongp kusehla, akunjalo? Ukongeza, olunjani zokudubula omncinane ziguquke kakhulu kwaye universalization ngayo iimpawu ezifana a howitzer. iimpawu zobugcisa izixhobo ungasebenzisa it for zokudubula indlela tyaba, osetyenziswa ukuziphendulela, kuquka anti-itanki.

A umgubo kufuneka njalo owomileyo.