Theory Nominalist imali: izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

Uphando malunga neenkalo kwisigaba wemali umi njengomnye izinto ezibalulekileyo ukwakhiwa imizekelo yeenkqubo yoqoqosho. Umba ophambili le mbono i "imveliso yokugqibela" namhlanje ezikhoyo, lunikezelwe ngokohlobo zezincomo ukuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo nkqubo yezoqoqosho.

Ukuhlobana umbuzo

) развивается в тесной связи с эволюцией финансовых систем. Nayiphi theory imali (metal, nominalist, nobungakanani) kuphuhliswa ngokunxulumene olusondeleyo nasekusungulweni kwiinkqubo zezimali. Yena, ke, ligqiba iinguqu ezinkulu kwindlela kunye nophando izihloko. Imbali ibonisa ukuba zonke iingcamango imali - metallisticheskoy, nominalist belinani - endiyibumbileyo kwaye zichasene, njengoko umgaqo, ngenxa yemfuneko ukujongana imibuzo ethile, iimpendulo kuyo bekufunwa ekuphuculeni intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho. iingqiqo Practical ezijolise ngenxa kwiimfuno zangoku kuqoqosho ezahlulwe sisithuba imfundiso yenkqubo mali kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwezinye iinkalo.

Metal, theory nominalist imali

Kwiimeko ezininzi, kukho ingqiqo entsha esekelwe phezu ukungangqinelani ezichongiweyo kwi yeengcinga ezidlulileyo. Xa amagqwetha aphakathi wenza njengoko abaseki nominalism. Emva koko, lo Umba wophuhliso kwaye zilawulwe wokugxekwa iingcamango ezikhoyo. Ngethuba kobutyebi ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli of capital in Western eYurophu kwakukho ithiyori yesinyithi. abalandeli bayo - mercantilists - babekholelwa ukuba ubutyebi kuluntu njengomthombo wabalandeli amazwe. intsalela yayo eqinisekisa unikezelo zesinyithi ezixabisekileyo kweli lizwe. Kamva abalandeli mfundiso baye bakholelwa ukuba ngumthombo wobutyebi - ezolimo kunye nokuveliswa. Nominalists, ke, wayekholelwa ukuba imali yeyona iyunithi kuphela enhle akhawunti. Bathi bona ngokutshintshiselana iimpahla kunye lisebenze kwimveliso karhulumente. Makhe siqwalasele iinkalo ezisisiseko theory nominalist.

iimpawu jikelele le mbono

ubhalo Nominalistic waba, enyanisweni, ithiyori ye-unit efanelekileyo malini ngomlinganiselo. Abalandeli bakhe baba George. George Berkeley. Stewart. Ayekholelwa ukuba igama imali (franc, imina, Thaler, njl) Veza amaxabiso atom efanelekileyo. Okubaluleke iqhosha kuphela igama le yunithi. капитала. theory Nominalist omkhanyelayo ixabiso isiqulatho yenkcenkce eyinkunzi.

Okukodwa

Kwi-20 nzulu German kwinkulungwane Knapp baqalisa ukucinga imali ngokuthi "umthetho ulandelelanise imveliso", ukwakhiwa kwamandla karhulumente. Waqiqa ukuba zisetyenziswa njengendlela sentlawulo, nokuba umxholo yabo. Ngenxa yoko, Knapp wamnikela imali nayiphi na enxulumene intsimbi, ukwenza kubo iindawo zemiqondiso olunemiqathango, ukukwazi ukuhlawula umiselwa ngurhulumente. Xa olwalo uhlalutyo, ISAZINZULU wathabatha kuphela imali iphepha ingqalelo utshintsho evakalala. imali mboleko wanqanyulwa sifundo. Oku kamva kwakhokelela ukusilela isisu.

iimpazamo iimfundiso

Кнаппа не учитывала ряд важнейших факторов. theory Nominalist imali Knapp akuthethi ithathele ingqalelo inani lemiba ebalulekileyo. Besimo ingqiqo yakhe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Imali akukho ludidi ngokusemthethweni. Zenza i-elementi yenkqubo yoqoqosho.
2. imali Metal ine iindleko elizimeleyo. Akuyi eyabelwe urhulumente.
3. Iindleko engamaphepha kwakhona wamiswa igunya. Oku kubangelwa yimithetho injongo kwezoqoqosho.
4. Njengoko bebubalaselisa isitshixo izenzo zazixakekile njengendlela sentlawulo, kwaye iindleko manyathelo.

ichazwe

Njengokuba kuphawuliwe uMnu Bendixen, imali kuba iisimboli yexabiso engqinela nenkonzo enikezelwa namanye amalungu oluntu. Yena, ke, unika ilungelo lokufumana inzuzo ekhawuntareni. Xa kuhlolwa uhlobo imali, akazange acinge ukuba ingcamango yexabiso. проявились в период Первой мировой. Ngelo xesha, nobubi nominalist theory imali yavela ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. EJamani ngelo xesha ngenkuthalo mali umlo. Concept kangangoko zihambisana xesha. показала свою несостоятельность. Kwiminyaka engama-20 e-worldwork theory nominalist imali uye wabonisa ukuba angasebenzi. Ingcinga kuphika yorhwebo nohlobo yezimali. Imfundiso nominalist imali ijongelwe umsebenzi imveliso. Ingcinga ayikuvumeli ngokutsha zendalo eyinkunzi evela yorhwebo kwegazi, bemkhanyela umanyano lwabo.

iziphumo

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, urhulumente ukukwazi ukufumanisa ngokusemthethweni isikali amaxabiso. Noko ke, abasemagunyeni ayikwazi ukubeka ixabiso lemali. превращает его из экономического элемента в юридический. Njengesibhekisa kuyo indlela yokwenza imali kwaye amisele ixabiso layo, n ominalisticheskaya imfundiso imali kwenza nto ngaphandle element kwezoqoqosho emyalelweni. Ingcinga uzekazekana ingqiqo yexabiso kunye nemida iseha ixabiso. Phakathi le ngcamango imali iphepha wentsimbi ingqalelo iindidi eyohlobo olulodwa. Concept yazisa izibonakaliso zabo. превозносит банкноты, рассматривая их как самую совершенную форму капитала. Ngaphezu koko, ithiyori nominalist imali lidumisa amatyala, ebajonga njengoko ndlela ogqibeleleyo eyinkunzi. Kule sinako afikelele kwizigqibo ezilandelayo. theory Nominalist imali:

1. Uphika yorhwebo yimvelo yabo.
2. Lukhangela ingqiqo umlinganiselo yexabiso kunye nomgangatho nexabiso.
3. Alisayi kuwathathela ngqalelo ikomkhulu imisebenzi engundoqo.
4. Engazibaxi izinto indima karhulumente.

concept Keynes '

Okwangoku, sisetyenziswe ingqiqo kweendleko ezinkulu kumiselwa ngokungqinelana novavanyo ayinyani bamandla ayo okuthenga. Ngexesha lokudodobala koqoqosho ka-1929-1933. J .. Keynes iphuhlise ithiyori. Xa umbhalo yakhe, egwetyelwe yena ukupheliswa umgangatho yegolide. Khona phambi imali, Keynes ibhengeze amazwi ka ubuqaba. amanqaku Paper, wenza isaziso sokuba i-capital efanelekileyo. Wachaza ukuba bhetyebhetye yayo kunye nokukwazi ukunika ukuchuma karhulumente. Ukubana zegolide ejikeleza Keynes kuthathwa loyiso concept Knapp. Noko ke, wayekholelwa ukuba lwemali but is inelastic. Yaba impazamo iqhosha Keynes '.

theory Nominalist imali: izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

Uphononongo ababandakanyekayo ingqiqo Paul uSamuelson. Xa imali yakhe ethi "Economics" ebiza imiqondiso. Samuelson uphawula ukuba impahla yorhwebo-capital era bagxothwa yi iphepha ithetha. Yamaphepha ngokwembono yakhe, amelwe undoqo imali. Wababiza ngumntu kwindibano ekuhlaleni. Namhlanje, omnye iingqiqo ebhudla endle wezemali luthathwa nominalist ngobhalo imali. всех идей в рамках этого направления изучаются представителями других учений или нейтральными экспертами. Nobubi zonke izimvo kule nkalo zezifundo abameli ezinye ukuzilolonga okanye iingcali cala. Abaphandi qaphela ukuba ingqiqo uphuhliso sele efunyenwe ngokunxulumene inxaxheba kwisenzo ukuthotywa. Oku kwakunjalo kumaXesha Aphakathi. Nangona amagqwetha, sigwetyelwe nje ukuthotywa, ecacisa yaye engqina ukuba ixabiso lemali, yaye imveliso karhulumente. Iingcali kuvunwe ilungelo amagunya ukunika iiyunithi sonakalisiwe kwaye njengesonakeleyo le notation yangaphambili. Ngako oko, ulwamkelo iye akwenziwanga, ngokobunzima zemali, kunye nesitampu karhulumente. theory Nominalist ine umlinganiswa akunjalo. Key iimpawu zakhe ezimbi zithathwa ukusukela kwemithetho noqoqosho indawo ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo zomthetho, kwakunye ukusilela ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo eyinkunzi ngenxa kubudlelwane zentlalo-nemveliso.

amanye amagama

De kwinkulungwane yama-20, kwema imibuzo 2 theory yezoqoqosho:

1. Kwi umongo kunye nemvelaphi imali.
2. Iindleko eyinkunzi kunye namandla okuthenga.

Kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwakukho iindawo 2 - metal theory nominalist. ngokwahlukileyo Bona Uwucacise umbuzo awazalelwa kwikomkhulu. Kwinkulungwane yama-20. mbono itshintshe kakhulu. Undoqo yaba umbuzo indima imali kwi yokuzala, indlela legalelo yabo ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, kwakunye nkqubo karhulumente kweli kwinqanaba zemali. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, izazinzulu ababandakanyekayo ngakumbi kule miba yokuqinisekisa umgangatho. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, beza phambi iingxaki zamanani.

Ingcamango classical yokuzala

Kwathi ngenxa yokuba iimeko kukhuphiswano kwaye luthambe ngexabiso epheleleyo kuzo zonke iimarike iza lwesilinganiso oluzenzekelayo kwinkqubo. Oku kwenzeka ngaphandle naluphi na uphazamiseko bangaphandle, nilonga ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwemithombo nemveliso. Amarhamente mkhuba yamandulo babekholelwa ukuba iintsimbi ixabiso lemali imiswe kwiindleko zabasebenzi. I balandela lo mgaqo kunye noDavide Ricardo. Noko ke, waqiqa ngelithi inani zemali ejikeleza inokuba negalelo labo igunya neyokuthenga, kwakunye neendleko yempahla. Ingcamango le ngcamango ubuninzi inkxaso kunye ngumlandeli Ricardo, Mill. Wabhala ukuba kwezinye iimeko olulinganayo, ixabiso imali bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo inani. Loo ukumelwa ezikhandelwa ingqalelo efanelekileyo eyinkunzi njengoko bobuchwepheshe ithetha. Oku kwenza indima amancinci imali ngokwemigaqo theory yamandulo.