Economist Milton Friedman: A Biography, iimbono, ubomi kunye namazwi

Milton Friedman - yaseMerika ngezoqoqosho ngo-1976 bawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel uphando yakhe endle yokusebenzisa, imbali emali nokuntsonkotha nkqubo sinjalo. UGeorge Stigler wayeyindoda ekrelekrele isizukulwana sesibini inkokeli School Chicago. Phakathi abafundi bakhe zezoqoqosho eziphambili ezifana Umva Bekker, uRobert Fogel, uRonald Kouz, uRobert Lucas, Jr .. Iimbono ezisisiseko inkxalabo Friedman ukuba umgaqo wolawulo-mali, irhafu, uthengiso, lulwa-nkqubo karhulumente, ingakumbi kwi-1980. Monetarism iye kuchatshazelwa isigqibo inkqubo US Federal ngexesha lokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi.

biography esifutshane Miltona Fridmana: kwiminyaka yokuqala

-Nzulu elizayo wazalwa eBrooklyn, enye yeendawo ezizezona eNew York. Abazali bakhe abasuka Hungary. City kuwo efudukela, ngoku kwi kummandla Ukraine (Beregovo kummandla Transcarpathian). Abazali Friedman kaThixo abathengisa namalaphu. Kungekudala emva kokuzalwa komntwana, intsapho yakowabo yafudukela kwisixeko Rahway e New Jersey. Esengumntwana, Friedman wavuka kwingozi yemoto, kukuqulungana kwi iindevu, adanduluke baza bahlala naye ubomi. Waphumelela kwisikolo esiphakamileyo ngo-1928 waza wafunda kwiYunivesithi Rutgers. Lo mfana olulodwa kwiziBalo kunye economics. Yena ekuqaleni ukuba nonobhala. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha uqeqesho ndadibana oosonzululwazi ezimbini - Arthur Burns Homer Jones, lowo wamcenga ukuba uqoqosho nga kunceda ukukhokela ihlabathi ngaphandle Great Depression.

Emva kokuphumelela, wathenjiswa fellowships ezimbini nemathematika Brown kunye noqoqosho e Chicago. Friedman wakhetha wamva, waza wafumana Master of Arts ngo-1933. izimvo zakhe zaba yi Dzheykob Viner, uFrank Nayt kunye Henry Simons. Apho wadibana nomfazi wakhe elizayo, uRose. Wandula ke wafunda manani phantsi kobunkokheli Economist odumileyo Harold Hotelling yaye ndandisebenza nomncedisi Genri Shultsa. KwiYunivesithi of Chicago, Friedman wadibana ababini abahlobo bakhe kakhulu - George Stigler kunye Allen Wallis.

inkonzo karhulumente

Emva kokuphumelela Friedmann yokuqala akwazi ukufumana imfundiso umsebenzi. Ngoko wagqiba kwelokuba aye Washington kunye nomhlobo wakhe Allen Wallis, apho Roosevelt babeqalise nje ukuba uqaphele 'Senzele Entsha' yakhe. kamva Friedman ndagqiba kwelokuba zonke ezi ungenelelo karhulumente "amachiza angasebenzi sesi sifo engalunganga." Ngowe-1935, wasebenza kwi-National Resources Committee, elaqala ukucinga malunga nokutolikwa kwale umsebenzi ukusetyenziswa kuqala. ke Friedman wahlala kaZwelonke Bureau of Economic Research. Yena ndandisebenza oncedisayo Simon Kuznets.

Ngowe-1940, Friedman waba uprofesa e University of Wisconsin, kodwa wabuyela kwinkonzo karhulumente ngenxa anti-kwamaJuda. Wasebenza kwi-nkqubo yerhafu wamajoni Federal Government njengoko umcebisi. Esemsebenzini wakhuthaza ungenelelo karhulumente Keynesian kuqoqosho.

Career and impumelelo

Milton Friedman yaba ngumcebisi kumongameli US ukusuka Republican Party of uRonald Reagan kunye British Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. intanda yakhe yezopolitiko bebabaza ezintle imarike free kunye ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente encinci. Xa Friedman waphawula ukuba acinga mkhulu mpumelelo ukuphelisa emkhosini yakhe eUnited States. Ngexesha ubomi bakhe wabhala eziliqela monographs, iincwadi, amanqaku kwiijenali zenzululwazi kunye namaphephandaba, waba lundwendwe iinkqubo zikamabonwakude, kwaye emandiyenze kwiiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo. Umsebenzi wakhe uye ithandwa hayi kuphela US UK, kodwa kumazwe yali. Le magazini "The Economist" ebizwa ngokuba ngezoqoqosho nto inelona futhe likhulu Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20, yaye mhlawumbi leminyaka. Nangona ezinye zokuvota ukunika intende kuYohane Maynard Keynes.

imibono zoqoqosho

Milton Friedman waziwa kakhulu ukuba ukuzoba ingqalelo ubonelelo ngemali. Monetarism - yinto iseti izimvo ukuba sizibandakanya theory nobungakanani. nentwana yayo Izakufunyanwa ngenkulungwane ye-16. Kunye ne ekukruqulayo Shvarts Fridman wabhala incwadi ebizwa ngokuba "A Monetary History of the United States of America, 1867-1960 (1963)." Multiple ihlaziya ukuhlehla yaqinisekisa igunya unikezelo imali ukuba utyalo-mali kunye nenkcitho karhulumente. ngqesho Natural nakanjani, ngoko oko kwenza akukho ingqiqo ukulwa nayo. Government akuyomfuneko kukukhokela uqoqosho nge-nkqubo karhulumente.

Uphuhliso entsimini manani

Uhlalutyo yokulandelelana eziveliswe Milton Friedman. La iingongoma eziphambili kuye ngoxa kwiSebe of War Studies e Columbia. Emva koko analysis ezilandelanayo manani waba indlela umgangatho wovavanyo. Njengabanye ezifunyaniswe ezininzi Friedman, namhlanje kubonakala kakhulu lula. Kodwa oku sisalathisi yingqondi abakwaziyo ukungena undoqo ngayo iziganeko. Namhlanje, analysis iyavumelana manani sisixhobo ezingundoqo zoqoqosho zale mihla.

Milton Friedman: capitalism kunye Inkululeko

ingqiqo monetarism kwaqala refutation kwethiyori Keynesian. Kamva, Milton Friedman wayeza kubiza abaninzi bemiqathango yawo nabubi. Ngowe-1950 wenza ingcaciso ngayo umsebenzi ukusetyenziswa. Ubungxowankulu yaye Freedom - amagama amabini ebiqaliswe kwakhona kwi revolution ka Milton Friedman zenzululwazi. Monetarism isebenzisa "ulwimi Keynesian nezixhobo methodological," kodwa omkhanyelayo uqikelelo yokuqala thiyori yommiselo karhulumente yoqoqosho. Friedman abangakholwayo ithuba lokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo. Ekuqondeni kwakhe, kukho kusoloko kukho izinga yemvelo ngqesho, ukuba alwe nto ingamampunge. Osoqoqosho bathi ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha Phillips igophe ikhangeleka ngathi umgca othe ngqo nkqo, kwaye abonakala ngathi kungenzeka into efana nangqesho. Ngoko ke, lo mgaqo-nkqubo kuphela olusebenzayo urhulumente ukunyuka kancinane ubonelelo ngemali.