State of ndaba

isimo into ephathekayo okanye emzimbeni luphawulwa ngeempawu zayo ezithile phantsi kweemeko ezithile (kwengcinezelo kunye namaqondo obushushu). Oko kukuthi, kusenokuba eqinileyo, elulwelo okanye sukube. Tshintsha wenkqu karhulumente aggregate ibangela utshintsho kwayo iipropati emzimbeni (Ukuxinana, entropy, amandla free). Ngoxa le meko eziqinileyo, iyakwazi ukugcina umthamo esisigxina nemilo. Ukhankanye ukuba kulwelo kwi lomqulu, ukutshintsha imilo, uvumelane sitya okanye inkonkxa. Ngenxa igesi, ukwimo enye akuthethi sigcina kuphela imilo kodwa imali njengoko uyakhula Wawuzalisa isithuba yonke.

Umzekelo, imeko udibaniso yamanzi inokuba isiqina, ulwelo okanye nongumoya. Kule formula yemichiza (H2O) kunye molecule (athom hydrogen amabini neoksijini atom) andiguquguquki. Kwiqondo lobushushu liphakathi kuka-0 ° C kunye ngaphantsi oko urhulumente eziqinileyo kwaye sibizwa ngumkhenkce. Ukususela 0 ° C ukuya ku 99,944 ° C ezingenambala (yent- ezincinane) kwaba ulwelo selubala, esha nasongo. Xa amaqondo obushushu 99.944 ° C singena kwisigaba sukube kwaye sibizwa umphunga. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba urhulumente isambuku iziyobisi yahluka imiqathango bangaphandle. Kulo mzekelo, phantse akukho ukutshintsha uxinzelelo ambient, kodwa utshintsho ubushushu, umkhenkce linyibilike kwi-0 ° C kwaye ajike amanzi, nokuba amathumba kwi 99,944 ° C kwaye umphunga, iba umphunga.

Amanzi kunokuthiwa ukuba zahluke kwizakhiwo zazo, ukuba amazwe ahlukeneyo, udibaniso. Ice loxinano ilingana 0,917 g / cm³, amanzi ulwelo xa iimeko esemgangathweni 0,9982 g / cm³, umphunga wamanzi (kwakhona phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo) - ngaphantsi kwe 0.001 g / cm³. viscosity Dynamic amanzi kwindawo ukunyibilika komkhenkce (ubushushu neGauteng amanzi) silingana: μ = 1.793 · 103 Pa · s kwaye kwi-20 ° C onamandla viscosity amanzi: μ = 1,003 · 10ˉ³ Pas. Ngenxa yoko, imeko isambuku kweziyobisi kunye neempawu zayo iyahluka ngexesha lenqanam lenguqu. Le nguqu iphawulwa indawo yokunyibilika (umcimbi okuqinileyo kuba lulwelo) ilingana iqondo lobushushu crystallization (Ukuguqulwa kolwelo ulwelo) nokubilisa (ulwelo ongena igesi) ilingana lobushushu amafu i (irhasi uba engamanzi).

Kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba imeko udibaniso lwe into ixhomekeke nokubunjwa kwayo. Ngokomzekelo, phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zangaphandle, izinto ezahlukeneyo bahluka ngeempawu zazo. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, H2O amanzi - yinto engamanzi. Hydrogen H2 neoksijini O2 - are iigesi. Iron Fe - eqinileyo (yayo ubushushu yokunyibilika 1538,9 ° C, iqondo lobushushu okubila 2860,9 ° C). Kodwa omnye kunye nemeko efanayo udibaniso izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinye ezifanayo.

Umz, ngokuba iigesi luphawulwa imikhosi elincinane ngokwentelekiso yentsebenziswano aphakathi. Ngoko ke, molecule awo yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye kwi imigama emikhulu. Ezi gesi kubangela ukuba zixinaniswe kakhulu. Le molecule mimoya sasingahlali ndawonye, kwaye isindululo zingaha-. Lo nto ichaza ubuchule kwezinto sukube ukuba bazalise mqulu ngokulinganayo, zaba: Iirhasi thatha imilo kunye nomthamo kwisikhongozeli apho ibekwe.

Phakathi kulwelo sukube kunye eziqinileyo kwindawo eliphakathi. Ngenxa yokwanda lobushushu, ayefana ngakumbi iigesi, kunye nokuncipha kwamaqondo obushushu, bona ngokusondeleyo Ndifana eziqinileyo. ulwelo molecule ngakumbi ambathe ibekwe ngokusebenzisa okuphawulekayo imikhosi umdla therebetween. izifundo X-ray baye babonisa ukuba babe ezinye iziqalelo ingafani isakhiwo njengekristale.

Ezi eziqinileyo basoloko iintlobo ezithile zemiqulu. Ukutshintsha kubo kuyimfuneko ukuba umgudu, ekubeni molekyuli, athom kunye ion ni- ezihambelanayo. Amasuntswana salo mbandela eqinileyo awukwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kuba ukugcina ilungiselelo macala kunye malunga namaziko baqhube wayalela nokunyuka kuvuselele. isimo ezimbini eyaziwayo eziqinileyo - amorphous kunye crystalline. i ziikristale yokugqibela luphawulwa ifomu ezithile kubo. Umzekelo, ukuba ziikristale sodium chloride NaCl bafana imilo enamacala, KNO3 potassium nitrate - prism njalo njalo. Ubume be-amorphous - it ngokungakhethiyo sagregatirovannye molecule. Ngokungafaniyo into crystalline yokunyibilika kwiqondo elithile, esibonakala lobushushu ebanzi lekhefu amorphous zavuleka. Ngamanye amaxesha ke baphathwa ulwelo kunye viscosity phezulu kakhulu. Xa iimeko tshintsha, apho arhente lukhuni kwenzeka, le nto inokwenzeka, njengoko kwi crystalline yaye kwimeko amorphous.

impahla karhulumente Physical wambi echazwa uboniso olunombala wamanzi okanye iplasma. Kodwa oku inkcazo echanekileyo. Umba ifuna isifundo ezahlukileyo eneenkcukacha ezininzi, ngoko kweli nqaku kakubi ngurhulumente we mba.