Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich, isilinganiselo Ivana Groznogo: A Biography, inkcazo izibakala umdla

Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich - a ezaziwayo-kakuhle Russian wezopolitiko, mkhosi, umbhali kunye umguquleli, ngumhlobo osenyongweni Tsar Ivan IV labangcangcazelisi. Ngowe-1564, ngexesha Livonian beMfazwe, ebaleka ihlazo kunokwenzeka ePoland, apho bamkelwe inkonzo kaKumkani eyathatha II Augustus. Kamva walwa impangele.

nenzalo

Prince Rostislav of ESmolensk yaba umzukulwana Vladimir Monomakh, kwaye umseki iintsapho ezimbini adumileyo - i ESmolensk kunye Vyazma. Eyokuqala kwezi waba amasebe eziliqela, enye yazo yaba uhlobo Kurbsky, walawula ukususela kwinkulungwane XIII in Yaroslavl. Ngokutsho legend, kwafika eli gama evela kubathetheli lali, ebizwa Courbet. Eli lifa waya kuYakobi Ivanovich. Le ndoda yaziwa kuphela ukuba wafa 1455 eneminyaka intsimi Arsk, besilwa ngobukroti kunye Kazan nangezinto. Emva kokufa kwakhe ilifa ocande ilifa umntakwabo uSimon, abalungiselelayo Grand Prince Vasily.

Naye, wazala oonyana ababini - nguDmitry kunye Fedor, okwinkonzo Prince Ivan III. Lowo sokugqibela Nizhny Novgorod kwirhuluneli. oonyana bakhe baba amajoni akhaliphileyo, kodwa abantwana uMikayeli omnye kuphela, ababethwala elithi Karamysh. Ekunye nomzalwana wakhe baseRoma, wabulawa 1506 kule mpi Kazan. Isidoda Fedorovich kwakhona walwa Kazan kunye Lithuanians. Yena e Boyar Vasily III yaye yakhupha isigwebo ngamandla isigqibo sokuba athathe isigqubuthelo Prince umfazi straw.

Omnye woonyana Karamyshev, uMikayeli, kudla ezimiselwe ukufundwa kwizikhundla umyalelo ezahlukeneyo ngexesha amaphulo. Le yokugqibela yaba iphulo wempi 1545 nxamnye Lithuania ebomini bakhe. Washiya ngasemva oonyana ababini - uAndrew Ivan, kamva ngempumelelo waqhubeka usapho isiko emkhosini. Ivan Mikhailovich xa kuthinjwe Kazan wahlatywa kakhulu, kodwa zange ashiye ledabi yaye waqhubeka ukulwa. I kufuneka bathi abaninzi ukulimala bekhubazekile kakubi impilo yakhe, waza wafa emva konyaka.

An into umdla kukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba mbali eninzi ukuze babhale Ivan IV, yaye uqinisekile ukuba ukukhumbula malunga Andrei Mikhailovich - mhlawumbi ummeli edume kakhulu nosapho lwakhe kunye nabo basondeleyo kakumkani. De kube ngoku, abaphengululi ukuphikisana ngokuba ngubani na ngokwenene Prince Kurbsky: umhlobo okanye utshaba Ivana Groznogo?

biography

Akukho iinkcukacha yeminyaka yakhe ubuntwana liyalondolozwa, kunye nomhla wokuzalwa Andrei Mikhailovich akukho mntu ngokuqinisekileyo akakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ukho omnye yemisebenzi yakhe ndayithi thsuphe kuyo. Ke yena wazalwa ekwindla ka-1528. Akumangalisi ke, okokuqala sisikhulu Kurbsky, ogama womfundisi ezinxulumene amaphulo zomkhosi rhoqo, amaxwebhu akhankanywe ngokunxulumene phulo elandelayo ngo-1549. I Tsar Ivan IV umkhosi wayebambe isikhundla sokuba umphathi.

Wayeneminyaka kodwa hayi engama-21 ubudala xa wathabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo lokulwa Kazan. Mhlawumbi Kurbski wakwazi nangoko waduma ngenxa uqulukubhode zakhe iingalo edabini, ngenxa yokuba emva konyaka umlawuli wamenza irhuluneli wathumela Pronsk ukukhusela imida womzantsi-mpuma lizwe. Kungekudala, njengomvuzo mhlawumbi ngenxa merit emkhosini, okanye isithembiso ukufika kutyelelo lokuqala yomdlalo wamajoni, Ivan Grozny wanika ilizwe Andrei Mikhailovich kufuphi eMoscow.

kokuqala

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Kazan AmaTatar, beqalela ngolawulo Ivan III, ngokufuthi kugqogqa zokuhlala Russian. Kwaye oku nangona Kazan saqaliswa ngokusesikweni ngokuxhomekeke abathetheli eMoscow. Ngowe-1552 umkhosi Russian waphinda wabiza edabini elandelayo kunye abemi enemvukelo Kazan. Ehlabathini ngexesha elifanayo ezantsi amagunya iphuma kwaye mkhosi iCrimea Khan kaThixo. akusondela amabutho esitha ukuba Tula, wayingqinga. Tsar Ivan Grozny wagqiba ukuba sihlale kunye nemikhosi eziphambili kufuphi Kolomna, kwaye nokuhlangula lomzi ongqingiweyo ukuthumela umkhosi 15000th, owawukhokelwa njana kunye Andrei Kurbsky.

amajoni IsiRashiya ukuya imbonakalo yazo ezingalindelekanga Khan kubanjiswa singalindelanga, ngoko kwafuneka ukuba siphumele. Noko ke, kufuphi Tula kwakusekho ngamava enkulu Crimeans, mercilessly exutha elumelwaneni lwaloo mzi, engazi ukuba imikhosi eziphambili Khan waya emaqeleni. Andrei Mikhailovich nangoko bagqiba ukuhlasela utshaba, nangona amadoda isiqingatha. Ngokutsho amaxwebhu ukusinda, ukulwa yathatha nesiqingatha seyure, weza Prince Kurbsky ngaphandle kwaso winner.

Isiphumo sale mpi yaba ilahleko inkulu-mkhosi wotshaba, ukusuka 30,000th isiqingatha squad wabulawa ebudeni imfazwe, kwaye uninzi mhlawumbi kwikhompyutha okanye batshoniswe xa bewela Shivoron. Kurbsky walwa ecaleni baphantsi kwabo, ngenxa abasamkelayo amanxeba eziliqela. Noko ke, emva kweveki kwakhona Wema kule nkqubo yaye bamisa iinkampu. Eli xesha, indlela yakhe ndamhambisa kulo ilizwe Ryazan. Phambi kwakhe kumi umsebenzi - yokugubungela amandla iphambili ngequbuliso uhlaselo emathafeni.

Nasekuxinweni Kazan

Ekwindla 1552, kwafika amajoni IsiRashiya ukuya Kazan. Ekati kunye Kurbsky wamiselwa umphathi webutho, isandla sokunene. iiyunithi zawo zibekwe ngaphesheya komlambo Kazanka. Le ndawo evezwa, ngoko webutho, wabandezeleka ilahleko enkulu ngenxa avulela kuwo umzi. Ukongeza, amajoni Russian kwafuneka ukubetha ukuhlaselwa Cheremisses wayedla evela ngasemva.

Okwesibini kaSeptemba nkobe Kazan, apho Prince Kurbsky kunye namagorha akhe kwafuneka ukuma Elbuginyh esangweni ukuya wayingqinga ayikwazanga ukubaleka baphume kuwo umzi. iinzame ezininzi ukuba atyhudise amabutho esitha zaye ekhuselweyo kwicandelo ikakhulu kubonakala. Kuphela inxalenye encinane amajoni utshaba wakwazi ukubaleka enqabeni. Andrei Mikhailovich namadoda akhe wamnika ezithendeni. Ngesibindi balwa, yaye kuphela ukulimala kwanyanzeleka ukuba ekugqibeleni aphume edabini.

umcebisi kakumkani

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva Kurbski kwakhona waya ilizwe Kazan, eli xesha lokuba iyamcamagusha abo bavukeli. Ndimele ndithi, yaba eli phulo nzima kakhulu, njengoko amajoni kwafuneka ukuba bawele off-kwendlela, balwe kwindawo enehlathi, kodwa umsebenzi Duke iindlebe, emva koko wabuyela ikomkhulu nge ngoloyiso. Kungenxa yale feat ka Ivan Grozny, zayenza ukuya igosa lakomkhulu.

Ngeli xesha Kurbsky Prince yenye yezona kufutshane ebantwini Tsar Ivan IV. Ngokuthe ngcembe, waba wahlobana Adasheva kunye uSylvester, abameli wabaHlaziyi iqela waza waba ngomnye Abacebisi kakumkani zibaliwe ziThandwyo rada. Ngowe-1556 wathabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo elitsha emkhosini nxamnye Cheremisses wabuya wabuya eliphumelelayo phulo. Ekuqaleni, wamiselwa umphathi ngeZandla Left webutho, apho wayemi kwi ukulungela ukusebenza, yaye kamva wathabatha phezu umyalelo webutho, isandla sokunene, waba Kashira.

Kwemfazwe Livonia

Le meko ngenkani Andrey Mikhailovich kwakhona ukuba abuyele kwinkqubo yokulwa. Ekuqaleni wamiselwa ukuba umthetho Storozhev, yaye kamva phambili kunye webutho, athe wathabatha inxaxheba kuthinjwe St George kunye Neuhaus. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1559 wabuyela eMoscow, apho kungekudala uya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba uthumele ukuba inkonzo ukuya kumda osemazantsi karhulumente.

A imfazwe noloyiso kunye Livonia ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Xa ukungaphumeleli waqala ukuwa omnye mnye, ukumkani wabiza Kurbsky waza wamenza irhuluneli wonke umkhosi, ukulwa Livonia. Ndimele ndithi ukuba umphathi omtsha ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukwenza isigqibo. Ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba amandla ephambili, waqala wahlasela squad utshaba usondele Weissenstein, waba uloyiso ukudilika.

Ngaphandle yokucinga, Kurbsky Prince kuthatha isigqibo entsha - ukulwa amajoni lutshaba, leyo yena siqu inkosi adumileyo Order Livonian. amajoni Russian bayicezele utshaba ngasemva kunye, nangona ebusuku, bamhlasela. Kungekudala yezulu Livonians yaba melee. Usindiso yaba Kurbski apha. Emva khefu imini-ezilishumi, imikhosi Russian ezakwenza.

Osewufikelele Fellini, inkosana wayalela ukuba aqhumisele namadlelo ayo, uze ukuqala singqingiwe njalo ke isixeko. Kule mfazwe, ibanjwa yathinjwa landmarshal Order F. Schall von Bell, khawuleza sisebenzisa le ongqingiweyo. It nangoko wathumela eMoscow kunye neleta ecacisayo evela Kurbsky. It Andrei Mikhailovich wandicela ukuba ukubulala landmarshal, kuba ndandicinga ukuba ekrelekrele, bame isibindi. Lo myalezo uthi isikhulu Russian wayeyindoda onesidima ubengamazi kuphela ukulwa njani kakuhle, kodwa ngembeko enkulu ngabaphikisi befanelekile. Noko ke, nangona oku, Ivan Grozny nangoku ebulawa Livonians. Yaye akumangalisi, kuba ngeenxa xesha Adasheva kunye norhulumente uSylvester yasuswa, kwaye abacebisi ngokwabo, abahlobo kunye nabahlobo babo - zabulawa ngokugwetywa.

yokwehlulwa

Andrei Mikhailovich wathabatha Fellin inqaba kangangeeveki ezintathu, emva koko waya Vitebsk, uze emva koko Nevel. Apha luck wabuya kuye, waza woyiswa. Noko ke, imbalelwano wakomkhulu Prince Kurbsky icebisa ukuba Ivan IV thiki yokummangalela umbuso. Andiqondi ukuba noburhalarhume yena kukumkani komzamo wasithimba isixeko Gelmet. Inyaniso kukuba, ukuba lo mcimbi kubaluleke kakhulu esiqhotyoshelweyo, ngoko oku kuchazwe kwenye yeencwadi zakhe.

Noko ke, kwaba ngoko ukuba i-Prince kuqala wacinga ukuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni kuye xa ukumkani ufumanisa malunga yamashwa wakhe yabehlela. Ukwazi kakuhle ngumsindo yomphathi, wayesazi ukuba iintshaba ziya kuphumelela, akazange asongele, kodwa kwimeko boyisiwe, ukuba unako ngokukhawuleza iwe ubabalo ndize block kugawulwa. Nangona, enyanisweni, kodwa nemfesane lihlazo, akafihli nto ityala.

Xa yokuba emva kokoyiswa kwi Nevel Ivan IV wamisela umphathi Andrei kaThixo e St. George, ukumkani thiki kumvelela yena. Noko ke, inkosana Kurbsky ingqumbo kakumkani basaba ePoland kuba ndandicinga ukuba kungekudala emva koko, ubushushu kakumkani iya kuwa phezu kwentloko yakhe. UKumkani eyathatha II Augustus wayithanda uqulukubhode ingalo kwenene, yaye ngenxa yoko wamthiya kanye ukuba inkonzo yakhe, emthembisa wondamkela elungileyo kunye ntofontofo.

flight

Kurbski eliya baqalisa ukucinga phezu ukuthembisa yokumkani Polish, kude kube sekupheleni kuka-Apreli 1564 wagqiba ekubeni asabe Wolmar. Naye wahamba abalandeli bakhe kunye abakhonzi. Eyathatha II wafumana kakuhle, yaye isikhulu yanikezelwa kunye nelungelo kwempahla ngamafa zamafa.

Emva kokuva ukuba sikhulu Kurbsky Wabaleka benyuka ubushushu bokumkani, Ivan Grozny bonke ubushushu bayo Ukushiywa izalamane eseleyo apha Budker. Bonke ubunzima nxi kakhulu. Ukuthethelela Kurbsky yabo inkohlakalo wayetyhola uMbuso, ukophulwa ngokuphuzana umnqamlezo, kwakunye kunokuxhwilwa umfazi wakhe, Anastasia, kwaye umnqweno walawula Yaroslavl. Ivan IV angaba kuphela iinyaniso ezimbini zokuqala, abanye kuyabonakala ukuba wenza ukuze ukuthethelela izenzo zabo emehlweni Polish kunye nezidwangube Lithuanian.

Ukuphila ekuthinjweni

Sangena inkonzo kaKumkani eyathatha II, Kurbski phantse nangoko waqalisa ukuqhuba kwizikhundla eziphezulu emkhosini. ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu, uye kulwa impangele. Amabutho Lithuanian ke inxaxheba kweli phulo Enkulu uLuka kunye Volhynia elikhuselayo nxamnye Tartars. Ngowe-1576, uAndrew M. umthetho wona ezininzi, nto leyo eyinxalenye imikhosi Grand Prince Stefan Batory, ngubani walwa Russian Ratiu of Polotsk.

In Kurbski Poland phantse lonke ixesha abahlala Milyanovich ukuba Kovel. Lawula emazweni abo, wayala trustees. Ekuhambeni kwexesha yakhe spare amaphulo zomkhosi yena wabandakanyeka zophando lwezenzululwazi, kuqalwa imisebenzi kwimathematika, ngeenkwenkwezi, intanda yenkolo, kwakunye ukufunda iilwimi isiGrike kunye nesiLatini.

Kuyaziwa ukuba mbaleki Prince Kurbsky kunye Ivan Grozny baba imbalelwano. Le ncwadi yokuqala wathumela kukumkani ngo-1564. Bendimzisile eMoscow, abathembekileyo umkhonzi Andrei Mikhailovich Vasiliy Shibanov, ngubani wahlukunyezwa kamva waza wabulawa. Xa iileta zakhe, inkosana wacaphuka enzulu ngenxa yentshutshiso sikweni, kwakunye nenani nokubulawa ukuba akukho abantu abamsulwa ababekhonza * uKhesare ngokuthembeka. Kwelinye icala, Ivan IV waluthethelela ilungelo eliphelele, ngokubona kwayo ukuxolela okanye ukwenziwa naziphi na izifundo zakhe.

Imbalelwano phakathi bangi ezimbini lathatha iminyaka eli-15 yaye yaphela ngo-1579. Sami iileta, kakuhle eyaziwa iphamflethi, othi "Imbali ye-Grand Prince of eMoscow" kunye nezinye ulimi ukufunda nokubhala imisebenzi Kurbsky ebhaliweyo. Ukongeza, ukuba siqulathe inkcazelo ebalulekileyo kakhulu malunga ixesha wolawulo yomnye wakubaphathi kakhulu nkohlakalo kwimbali Russian.

Sele abahlala ePoland, umthetheli watshata okwesibini. Ngowe-1571 wathabatha umhlolokazi umfazi Kosinski osisityebi. Nangona kunjalo, lo mtshato zange ihlale ixesha elide yaye yaphela ngo mtshato. Ngokuba lixesha lesithathu Kurbski sele etshate umfazi kakuhle ngegama Semashko. Kule Manyano inkosana wazala unyana kunye nentombi.

Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, nesikhulu wathabatha inxaxheba kwelinye iphulo lokulwa eMoscow ekhokelwa yi Stefan Batory. Kodwa ke eli xesha akazange ukuba alwe - oluphantse kumda ne-Russia, waye wagula waze kwanyanzeleka ukuba babuye umva. Andrei Mikhailovich wafa ngo-1583. Yena wangcwatyelwa woonongendi, nto leyo ibekwe kufuphi Kovel.

Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe waba umlandeli wangumququzeleli wamasiko. Abanekratshi, lukhuni nabalinganiswa umnqwazi Kurbsky becala negalelo yokuba Imelwe oluninzi iintshaba phakathi wabanumzana Lithuanian kunye Polish. Waye rhoqo baxabana nabamelwane zayo yaye ngokufuthi bababamba namazwe azo kunye abathunywa bakomkhulu layigubungela gadalala Russian.

Kungekudala emva kokufa Andreya Kurbskogo wafa kunye nommeli wakhe Prince uKonstantin Ostrozhsky. Ukususela ngoko, urhulumente Polish iye ngokuthe uyayisusa impahla ukusuka umhlolokazi nonyana wakhe, de, ekugqibeleni, musa sithathe bese Kovel. zamatyala Court ngalo mbandela ubukho kangangeminyaka. Ngenxa yoko, unyana wakhe Dmitri waba nako ukuzifumana inxalenye yalomhlaba elahlekileyo, emva koko iguqulelwe kubuKatolika.

Prince Kurbsky Uphawu

Mbiko ngaye mzobo yezopolitiko, Indoda iphambene. Abanye bathi kuye endala mlilo abacinga elimxinwa kakhulu kwaye eliqingqiweyo, nto leyo kulo lonke izinduna yaye wayichasa lobuzwilakhe tsarist. Ukongeza, ebaleka eya Poland ithathwa njengokuba ezinye uhlobo ukubala, edibene nenzuzo enkulu obu bomi, ngubani wathethayo kuye Korol Sigizmund Agasti. Andrei Kurbsky wada orhanelwa nohanahaniso izigwebo zabo, nimisa abo bangento kulo imisebenzi eziliqela eziye swi ngokupheleleyo ngokugcinwa wamasiko.

mbali abaninzi uye ucinge ukuba isikhulu engekazani Ngomntu onengqondo kakhulu kwaye abafundileyo, kwakunye unyanisekile yaye uthembekile, usoloko kwicala okulungileyo nobulungisa. Kuba mpawu Kwazeka oko ngokuthi "ophikisana yokuqala Russian." Ngenxa ezibangela umahluko phakathi kwakhe Ivanom Groznym, kwakunye amavo ngokwabo Prince Kurbsky akukaqondwa kakuhle, impikiswano malunga ingubani le mzobo zezopolitiko adumileyo ixesha iya kuhlala ixesha elide.

uluvo lwakhe ngalo mbandela yabonisa kakuhle yaziwa heraldry Polish kunye mbali Szymon Okolski, owayephila kwinkulungwane XVII. abalinganiswa kwakhe Prince Kurbsky ndlela ilandelayo: ukuba ngokwenene indoda enkulu, hayi ngokuba nje ukuba enxulumene indlu yasebukhosini yaye wayebambe izikhundla zomkhosi kunye norhulumente senior, kodwa ngenxa anobukroti, njengoko waphumelela uloyiso eziliqela ezibalulekileyo . Ukongeza, umbhali-mbali, wabhala isikhulu nje umntu onwabe ngokwenene. Zigwebeleni ngokwenu: yokuthinjwa yakhe igosa lakomkhulu mbaleki, iimbeko engaqhelekanga wathabatha wakhe Polish uKumkani eyathatha II Augustus.

Kude kube ngoku, izizathu ukungathobeli ewolo inkulu Kurbsky abaphandi sele itsale umdla gqitha, njengoko ingubani le mntu luyathandabuzeka kunye ezininzi. ubungqina kakhulu ukuba Andrei Mikhailovich abe nengqondo emangalisayo, kwaye akhonze nje into yokuba, ukuba ningabi abatsha, wakwazi ukufunda Latin, apho de ngoko babengazi konke konke.

Xa umqulu wokuqala incwadi ebizwa Orbis Poloni, eyapapashwa ngo-1641 e Krakow, ngokufanayo Szymon Okolski wabeka ingubo iingalo Prince Kurbsky (kwi kwinguqulelo Polish - Krupskaya) kwaye wamnika ingcaciso. Wayekholelwa ukuba Umfuziselo imbali ka-Russian unemvelaphi. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba bamaXesha Aphakathi, umfanekiso wengonyama nga rhoqo afumaneka kwi iingalo yezikhulu kwi ithi ezahlukeneyo. Xa Heraldry yamandulo Russian njengoko esi silwanyana njengento uphawu ungunyana wabanumzana, isibindi, yokuziphatha kunye ngobuqhawe. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba ingonyama baboniswa ingubo lwesizwe benganga Kurbsky.