Ngubani na iVolga amaJamani: Imbali kwabemi German

Kakhulu kunzima ukuba azi ukuba ngubani na iVolga amaJamani. Ezinye iingcali cinga nobuhlanga yinxalenye yohlanga waseJamani, lo gama abanye - uhlanga yantlandlolo, leyo kwakheka kwi kummandla Russia. Ngoko ke ngubani na iVolga amaJamani? Imbali olu hlanga kuya kusinceda siqonde ethnogenesis yayo.

Izizathu sokuba alungise iVolga amaJamani

Makhe sijonge izizathu ezabangela ukuba isibakala sokuba amaJamani aye ahlala kummandla Lower iVolga.

Kakade ke, kukho indima ebalulekileyo izinto ezimbini. Okokuqala, abantu yoBukhosi baseRashiya akazange avumele ukugcwalisa ngokupheleleyo kwaye usebenzise ngendlela eyiyo njengoko yonke indawo karhulumente. Ukuba bavale nokunqongophala kwawo, watsala bokufika abavela kwamanye amazwe. Amaxesha amaninzi, le ndlela iye isetyenziswe ukususela Catherine 2. babeziindleko ezinkulu kuBukhosi obubanzi Russian kuhlala Bulgarians, amaGrike, Moldovans, nama kwaye, kakade, amaJamani, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi. IVolga Lower libhekisela nje kule mimandla akufane abantu. Kutshanje, kwakukho ephila Nogai mkhosi mkhulu kunene, kodwa eRussia buyanceda ukuphuhlisa ezolimo kula mazwe.

Into yesibini obalulekileyo isizathu sokuba lokusekwa amaJamani nobuhlanga kummandla iVolga, wakhonza nobuninzi eJamani, apho ngelo xesha zazimela iqela ithi ezininzi ozimeleyo, ngokusesikweni simanyene ekuthiwa- oyiNgcwele Roman Empire of the Nation waseJamani. Ingxaki engundoqo yabantu yaseJamani yaba ukunqongophala komhlaba bonke abafuna ukusebenza kuyo. Ukongeza, amaJamani baye nengcinezelo ebonakalayo kwezoqoqosho, abasemagunyeni kwiidolophu kunye norhulumente Russian wanikela iingenelo nanto.

Ngenxa yoko, i-uBukhosi Russian efunekayo eqela labasebenzi ukusingatha babeziindleko yayo enkulu kunye amaJamani kwakufuneka ilizwe bakwazi ukuhlakulela ukondla iintsapho zabo. Loo kuqondana umdla yakhokelela yokushiywa ubunzima labemi German kummandla iVolga.

manifesto

uphawu ngqo ukubana abantu baseJamani kunye nezinye izizwe eRashiya waba imanifesto uCatherine 2, yakhululwa kuka 1762. Wavumela iintlanga ukuba ahlale ngokukhululekileyo kummandla bukhosi.

ehlobo elizayo, olu xwebhu zincediswe ngomnye Manifesto ithi bolunye ngokunokwabo ukhethe indawo yabo nokuhlala phakathi kwemida Russia.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba Catherine ngokwakhe 2 kwaba German ngokuzalwa kunye ngozalelwe kuloo ubulawuli ka-Anhalt-Zerbst, ukuze wazi ukuba abantu eJamani, lokuzibona imfuneko ilizwe, kuqala isabele kubizo yookumkani Russian. Ukongeza, yena wayesazi zemibutho ulondolozo kunye nokukhuthala kwayo ka amaJamani ayikho ngondiva.

iinzuzo ababevela

Ukutsala abantu, uCatherine 2, urhulumente wanika nabo inani benefits. Kwimeko yokunqongophala kwemali ukususa abahlali Russian thina amazwe kwafuneka ukuba banike izixhobo eziphathekayo ngokwaneleyo ukuba uhambo.

Ukongeza, onke bezithanga babengenanxaxheba kubuncwane imiqathango eyahlukeneyo irhafu, ukuba bathe bahlala kwiindawo ezithile, ingakumbi kummandla Lower iVolga. Amaninzi uxolelo elide iirhafu, wayelingana kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ebangele ukuba amazwe ngokukhawuleza kumazwe angaphandle ezinye yoBukhosi baseRashiya, waye kunikezelo mboleko umdla-simahla abafudukayo iminyaka elishumi. Kuye senzelwe ukuba kwakhiwe izindlu kwiindawo ezintsha zokuhlala, izindlu kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

Abasemagunyeni Russian ukuqinisekisa non-uphazamiseko kwi lwangaphakathi kwimicimbi amagosa ababevela. Ukuseka ubomi kwi amathanga kunye nentsebenziswano yawo kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente elungiselelwe umbutho elohlukileyo ibhodi igunya.

Nokugaywa abafakwa

amagunya State ayiphelelanga ekuboneleleni nje ngamathuba nokuhlaliswa kunye kunikezelo eziliqela iinzuzo nomtsalane ababevela. Baqala ke ukuba balandele umgaqo-nkqubo iivoti esebenzayo. Ukuze wenze oku, ngomhla ummandla mazwe baseJamani baqalisa ukusasaza amaphephandaba kunye amaphetshana kunye nezinto ze. Ukongeza, eJamani esetyenziswa kwiqumrhu inxaxheba ekufumaneni abasuka kwamanye amazwe. Aba bantu baba njengoko abasebenzi bakarhulumente kunye noosomashishini, ebizwa njalo-"Summoner", nto leyo bangena kwisivumelwano ne-arhente zikarhulumente malunga nokugaywa ababevela.

Iminyaka emine, ukususela ngowe-1763, xa ukuhamba lamanene yaba yeyona kakhulu, njengoko bezithanga malunga nama-30 amawaka. Abantu bafika eRashiya. Malunga nesiqingatha kubo aqeshwa yi "ufu-". Uninzi uzimisele ukuya kuhlala eRashiya wayevela eBavaria, Baden kunye Hesse.

Umbutho we zokuhlala yokuqala

Ekuqaleni, lo bezithanga abantu abangeniswe eSt Petersburg (kamva Oranienbaum - Kwihlomela-capital), apho ndaze wayeqhelene nobomi kunye nenkcubeko Russia, kwaye wanika isifungo sokuzinikela kumlawuli. Kuphela ke baya kwilizwe kwingingqi South iVolga.

Kufuneka ke ukuba le indlela zicwadi kunzima kakhulu kwaye iyingozi. Ngeli hambo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, yaza yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama amawaka amathathu, okanye phantse 12.5% yabo bebonke.

Zokuhlala yokuqala, leyo walungelelanisa amaJamani ngoku Russian waba thanga Lower Dobrinka, umfana waseJamani ebizwa Moninger. Yasungulwa ngehlobo lowe-1764 kufutshane Tsaritsyno.

Abangama-105 amathanga kwabemi German iye yabanjwa i-Lower iVolga. Kwezi, 63 amathanga ezisekelwe "Summoner," wumbi 42 - imibutho yoluntu.

Gen. amakoloni

Ukususela ngoku iVolga amaJamani ngokuqinileyo bahlala phezu kumhlaba Russian, waqala ukuseka indlela yobomi ngokuthe ngcembe nokuzibuyisela kubomi bentlalo ubukhosi, lo gama ngokungasilibali iingcambu zawo.

Abahlala beza nabo izixhobo zolimo ezininzi, ngelo xesha ayizange isetyenziswe eRashiya. Kwakhona esebenzayo ukujikeleza intsimi-amathathu. Iinkcubeko eziphambili bazibonise iVolga baseJamani ukudla okuziinkozo, neflakisi, iitapile, hemp, icuba. Ezinye iintlobo zezityalo ezweni elibanzi-scale kwegazi kuBukhosi Russian zaqaliswa kanye ngenxa yesi sizwe.

Kodwa akukho ophilayo kuphela ukufuya iVolga amaJamani, nangona eli shishini yaba sisiseko imisebenzi yayo. Le kufika abantu baqala ukwenza ekusetyenzweni mveliso imveliso kwiifama zabo, ingakumbi imveliso mgubo, udityaniswe namafutha kajongilanga. Ukongeza, kwingingqi iVolga waqalisa ukuphuhlisa ngenkuthalo imicu.

Malunga ubomi hlobo wahlala iVolga bezithanga German ngexesha XVIII-XIX eminyaka.

Umbutho we Ukuzilawula Republic

IiBolsheviks weza amandla ngokwesiseko utshintsho ubomi kweli lizwe. nomthelela omkhulu esi siganeko saba phezu ubomi iVolga amaJamani.

Ekuqaleni kwabonakala ukuba ukufika ndawonye zesithembiso amaJamani ngakumbi ukuxhobisa self-amakhono. Ngowe-1918, phezu inxalenye amaphondo yangaphambili Samara kunye Saratovka wadalwa iVolga German Ukuzilawula Soviet Socialist Republic, leyo kwada 1923 waba ubume izimele. Le mfundo yayiquka ngqo kwi RSFSR, kodwa ndandikuthanda self kunethuba elikhulu.

Iziko yolawulo iVolga German Ukuzilawula Soviet Socialist Republic yaba Saratov yokuqala, yaye ukususela ngowe-1919 - Marksshtadt (ngoku isixeko Marx). Ngowe-1922, elo ziko ekugqibeleni safudukela kwisixeko Pokrovsk, nto leyo 1931 wafumana igama Engels.

Ugunyaziwe engundoqo yaba CEC ye Amaqumrhu kweli lizwe, yaye ukususela 1937 - kwiBhunga Ephakamileyo.

German lasetyenziswa njengolwimi lwesibini le ofisi. Ekuqaleni kuka-1939, malunga ezimbini kwezintathu salapha emfundo iVolga baseJamani.

collectivization

Noko ke, asimele sinokuthi iVolga amaJamani bakwazi ukuphila phantsi kolawulo lweSoviet. Ukuba inkoliso yabantu yamahlwempu of Russia esasikade ngamakhoboka kunye emva kokuba inkululeko serfdom, kwi kakuhle, kuba abalimi ilizwe-amahlwempu, phakathi amaJamani ukuba ipesenti ephezulu yabanini lezityebi. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba iimeko yommandla iVolga kwamathanga ebekumele ukuba ukunika abantu amaphecana umhlaba. Ngoko ke, kwakukho kumakhaya amaninzi oluthe lwaqwalaselwa ngabasemagunyeni yamaBolshevik njenge "kulak".

IVolga baseJamani - abantu eRashiya, phantse ubunzima kakhulu ukusuka 'ukuhluthwa' yale nkqubo. amalungu amaninzi eli qela uhlanga babanjwa, bavalelwa, yaye ziqhutywa inkqubo collectivization. ngenxa iimpazamo imibutho yolawulo esihlanganyelweyo ayikwazanga ukusebenza kunye ekhulwini isabelo ukusebenza ngayo watshabalalisa uqoqosho wasebenza.

indlala

Kodwa akukho nto embi kubomi iVolga German. Ngowe-1932-1933 lo mmandla bayamkela indlala ibonwe. Wayeneminyaka nje kuphela ngenxa isilimo, kodwa ke into yokuba iifama nemibutho compulsorily kunyanzelekile ukuya kunikezela lonke iinkozo kurhulumente. Isikali indlala owatshabalalisa kummandla iVolga, ofana kuphela ukuba into efanayo, ezenzeka ngexesha elifanayo kwi kummandla Ukraine Kazakhstan.

Inani ngqo ababulawa yindlala baseJamani kunzima kakhulu ukufumanisa, kodwa ke kuqikelelwa ukuba izinga lokusweleka jikelele kwi kwiriphabliki abazilawulayo 1933 ifikelele kwi 50.1 amawaka. Abantu, ngoxa ngowe-1931, lingana ne ukuya 14.1 amawaka. Abantu. Iminyaka emibini indlala babathabatha, okungcono, amashumi amawaka ubomi iVolga amaJamani.

kwabathile

Igalelo lokugcina esafumana amaJamani Russian evela kolawulo kaStalin, iye ukugxothwa kwabo ngenkani.

Eli nyathelo lokuqala ekujoliswe ingcinezelo kubo baqala kwisiqingatha sesibini 30, xa ulwalamano phakathi eSoviet Union kunye ku Germany zaye shushu ngako. Stalin wabona usongo onke amaJamani, bewagqala njengoko arhente ezinokwenzeka Reich. Ngoko ke, onke amalungu bolunye uhlanga elinikiweyo, ukusebenza kwishishini ukuziphendulela le, okanye ukukhonza emkhosini, kwimeko ngeyona ugxothiwe, yaye ngokufuthi baye babanjwa.

Ukuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwakuthetha twist entsha ukufa kabuhlungu kwabantu enokuzeka kade. Kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka wama-1941 - ukugxothwa iVolga amaJamani yenziwa kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-1942 ukusuka kumakhaya abo ezisemagqagaleni imimandla Kazakhstan, eSiberia Central Asia. Kwaye ukuqokelela usuku lwabo zanikwa, yaye savunyelwa ukuba ligcuntswana kuphela izinto zakho. Ekufuduselweni lwaqhutywa phantsi kweliso NKVD.

Ngexesha lo msebenzi, aye athunyelwa phantse zizigidi 1 amaJamani abasuka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo USSR, kodwa inkoliso yabo ngqo abemi bommandla iVolga.

Imeko yangoku

Zinganakwa iVolga amaJamani ngenxa becala azikhange zikwazi ukubuyela ekhaya. Bazama ukuba balungiselele ukuzimela yayo Kazakhstan kwi ekupheleni 70s, kodwa wadibana ne ukumelana nabantu basekuhlaleni. Imizamo ukubuyela yokunikana kummandla iVolga emva kokuwa elalisakuba yiSoviet nazo nakanjani, kuba indlu apho babehlala iVolga amaJamani, kwaye ngoku kuhlala, abahlali abatsha, abangazange afune ukubuyela abanini zabo zangaphambili. Ngoko ke, baseJamani ezininzi uhlanga wemka eJamani. abanye babo kuphela bakwazi ukubuyela kwisixeko Engels. Ngoku iVolga asiyiyo indawo yokuhlala compact qela wathi uhlanga.

Okwangoku, malunga 500 namawaka iVolga baseJamani. Ahlale kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo Russia, malunga 180 amawaka. Qhubeka kuhlala ku Kazakhstan, kodwa abaninzi baya eJamani, USA, Canada kunye Argentina.

isiko

IVolga baseJamani ngaka banenkcubeko eyahluke mpela, leyo ngomlinganiselo ngokulinganayo kwahlukile zombini ezivela Russian, kunye nenkcubeko yabantu zomthonyama yaseJamani.

Inkoliso yale hlanga bangamaKristu imisinga ezahlukeneyo, ubukhulu becala amaProtestanti (amaLuthere, amaBhaptizi, ngamaMennonite, njalo njalo. D.), kodwa abaliqela kubo kunye Orthodox namaKatolika.

Nangona iminyaka ukugxothwa kunye ngokwahlukana, abaninzi iVolga amaJamani usabambelele kule inkcubeko nolwimi lwabo. Sinokuthi baba ezahlukeneyo uhlanga, Noko ke, leyo, lifana loo uhlanga, ukuba ngoku ohlala kwilizwe nelembali amaJamani ukutyhubela iinkulungwane yokuhlala ngaphandle eJamani.