Periodization komthetho wamaRoma, izigaba zazivelela

Le Ukudaleka periodization umthetho waseRoma - iingqiqo zokuqala kuphononongo lwamacandelo zomthetho, njengoko kwaba umthetho waseRoma Ndizuze ixabiso jikelele. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuba aphume nasemagumbini izithethe abantu omnye ngaphezu kwexesha similise iseti jikelele kwemithetho zehlabathi lamandulo. Periodization komthetho wamaRoma kwenza kucace ukuba kwenzeka njani oku. Yilaa nto iza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

period lwakudala

Periodization lwemithombo komthetho wamaRoma:

• umthetho ongabhalwanga.
• amasiko ezinyanya namasiko.
• imithetho yokumkani.

Ngo-510, ukumkani (iRex) ekubhukuqweni republic kusungulwe eziquka abemi mahala (civis). Ngenxa yoko igama "ilungelo civil", oko kukuthi ngesisa.

ixesha Predklassichesky: i ifundwe yokuqala

Periodization ifundwe komthetho wamaRoma iqala onesethi yokuqala - "Laws iitafile-12." Umzabalazo inkululeko nje kunye patricians baseRoma kwakhokelela ukuvela 451 BC. e. imithetho yokuqala eRoma. Kakade ke, abazange ngokukodwa Bacinge, yonke imithetho bezikhona ngaphambili kwi ngohlobo nezithethe ezahlukeneyo, kodwa patricians baba nayo, kuba oko kwakuya ukuzihlutha abona kuhlukunyezwa ezahlukeneyo eluntwini. Ngoku zonke ubudlelwane ezisisigxina ngokusemthethweni.

"Imithetho iitafile 12" walungisa uthumo okhethekileyo decemvir, leyo iminyaka kuye wasebenza ngazo.

Arch amelwe kunokuba sokubandakanya norm exubeneyo: impahla, procedural, zolwaphulo-mthetho nkqu eminye imithetho amapolisa. Kodwa ke phezu kwalo, isakhiwo baqhubeka thematically: ekuqaleni wahamba imithetho yenkqubo, ngoko kwafika etafileni yemixholo ukuba imimiselo kobudlelwane usapho, wesibhozo - amalungiselelo mthetho, ngolweshumi ubungangamsha imiqathango ngexesha emngcwabeni, nto leyo eyenza masithi ukuba uluntu yamaRoma ukuba yonke le ngxaki, kwaye t. d.

Eli qumrhu waba njengomzekelo elizayo ifundwe imithetho, njengoko bazenze zambi conciseness kunye nokucacisa.

Periodization umthetho zabucala baseRoma evela apha. "Imithetho iitafile 12" okwesihlandlo sokuqala ipropati yabucala ukuba zikhuselwe phantsi intlungu yokufa, kwaye ngokusemthethweni ubukhoboka.

Periodization komthetho wamaRoma: le ntetho ulwazi Pontifical zomthetho

Pontiffs nje ababingeleli baseRoma, njengoko abantu abaninzi becinga, kunoko, kuba amagqwetha yokuqala nokunika iingcebiso kubemi. Baba ukumangalelana ifomula utolike umthetho. Akukho zenzo ngaphandle kwezo ezibekwe "Iitafile 12", akabanga amandla omthetho.

Pontiffs waba ububange phezu ukucaciswa kwemimiselo yomthetho arch, njengoko zonke iifayile baba etempileni likaSaturn. Kwakhona ngokusesikweni acacise isicelo imithetho kunye amagama kwezinye iimeko engabandakanywanga umthetho. Oko Kwandile enze umsebenzi iibhodi mihla yeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwilizwe lethu.

Ukuqhela namajaji

Tyala periodization komthetho wamaRoma busuka emva 367 BC. e. kunye zokwamkelwa komthetho, umqalisi leyo yaba stolons waka noLicinius. Ngokutsho kuyo, enye consuls ezimbini (indawo ephezulu) kufuneka ngoku zikhethwe kwi nje. Awonwabanga patricians ezilahlekileyo yayisongamela amandla aphezulu sikarhulumente. Ngenxa "intuthuzelo ibhaso" baye benza nokudalwa kwindawo entsha ngokwakhe - le praetor ezidolophini, umncedisi consuls, ngubani ngugqirha ngokusesikweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwabiwo kwamaziko urhulumente omtsha - kweenkundla.

nemisebenzi praetor

Pretor wayekuthanda igunya elikhulu kuloo mzi, walandela ubomi bezoqoqosho, iintengiselwano zorhwebo, ukuba enze isigwebo.

Kakade ke, umsebenzi wakhe lusekelwe kwimithetho ekhoyo, kodwa kakhulu izigqibo zakhe baya kubahlangabeza. Ngamanye amaxesha imigwebo yethu yanamhlanje ayikho efanele nayiphi na ingcaciso. ngumgwebi ezahlukeneyo namhlanje, njengokuba ngoko, kuba iimeko ezifanayo banike izisombululo esahlukileyo.

Periodization komthetho wamaRoma uquka isiganeko esibalulekileyo - Hydrangea Act, yomhla we kunyaka 287 BC. e. Ngokutsho kwakhe, zonke izigqibo vo kufuneka athobele bonke abemi. It is a uhlobo kukhethwe yowiso- waseRoma Republic. Ngoku ngokusesikweni nje wayekwisikhundla ilungelo, njengoko isigqibo sequmrhu ummeli nikhonkxwe ngabantu bonke. Patricia akazange unelungelo lokwenza imithetho. Le nje benamalungelo kunye nezikhundla, kuba bekuthanda onke lo gama kugcinwe wedwa welifa woomantyi abangenakwazi.

Ukuvela "amalungelo abantu 'kwaye ulwabiwo lokugqibela Bakomkhulu amalungelo

Periodization yembali komthetho wamaRoma kwiimbalasane ixesha predklassichesky kunye nelungelo kuthuthwa Bakomkhulu lokusekwa ekuthiwa-amalungelo abantu. ERoma wamoyisa Carthage waza wazenza lonke eItali, baqala ukwandisa imida yayo ehlabathini lonke. Nyanzela ekwaziyo ukusimisa ikoloni, oko akukho ngaphezu.

Ngokungafaniyo komthetho wamaRoma - bhetyebhetye, lithathelwe izinto ezintsha. abantu amatsha ngamnye yezomthetho inkqubo, inkcubeko kunye namasiko. Ukumanya lonke ihlabathi phantsi kwemithetho umzi engenakwenzeka.

Phantsi kwezi meko, ngowe-242, ulwabiwo yemeko elikhethekileyo Praetor, ukugcina ucwangco ubudlelwane phakathi ngabemi abangamaRoma Pellegrino (abantu basemzini).

amagunya enkundla siphathiswe ijaji zabucala ekufuneka enze inkqubo ngokungqinelana indlela ekhethekileyo (per ifomula). Ngaphezu koko ifomula (iinkqubo) efakwe edicta ezithe wavakalisa esithi, leyo ulwalamano ziya kukhuselwa ngethuba kwisikhundla Undlunkulu welizwe. Ngamanye amazwi, umisele imithetho yenkqubo, kwakunye uhlobo komthetho lesibini ngumntu othile. I Praetor entsha, le lwemithetho yangaphambili, kodwa uze wenze entsha. Wokulandelelana wayengekho kuyimfuneko.

Praetor ayikwazanga kwenza ntswela kunye "Iitafile 12" kunye neminye imithetho vo neNdlu Yeengwevu, kodwa ke uphuhliso mihla kwenkqubo yezomthetho yenza kucace ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukumisela iikhowudi onke amalungiselelo. umcimbi sezomthetho - inkqubo ngamnye bokuqonda yayo. komthetho wamaRoma kunye imingxuma zomthetho kuphela, imithombo kuzo i "Iitafile 12" izisombululo vo kwaye ezinye Senates akwazi kufikelela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. imeko enzima "ilungelo lweentlanga" ngexesha ukwandiswa kwempembelelo yamaRoma kwezinye iindawo.

Konke oku wanika bamabutho ithuba lokwenza izigqibo zabo zihlandlo onengxabano impikiswano. Kodwa eneneni imithetho yakhe abazange esemthethweni. isandulela yezeejaji akuthathwa njengomthombo yomthetho. Yonke into yatshintsha nge zokwamkelwa uMthetho Ebutsiya kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka wama-II. BC. e. Wavumela amanyathelo omthetho oomantyi egwebayo.

Nokufika komthetho pretorskogo kwifomu yayo yokugqibela ukhutshwe ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo propati yabucala, njengoko izikhalazo ezininzi koomantyi enkundla nakubalandeli amatyala nempahla. Kuye ke ngoko labelwe i Praetor okhethekileyo, ukuba nenxaxheba iimbambano noqoqosho phakathi kwabahlali eRoma Pellegrino.

Periodization wophuhliso komthetho wamaRoma kuquka inyathelo elibalulekileyo - ukwamkelwa kwemithetho ngo-Agasti 17 BC. e., apho irhoxisiwe ukumisa njengemithetho yabo ngokusesikweni Praetor ngamnye omtsha. Zonke iinkqubo zaye ngoko enobunye, kunye nenkqubo yomthetho unenzondelelo uguqulelo kancinane, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, systematization.

Oku kuyimfuneko, ekubeni eRoma uhulumeni isixhobo enkulu. imithetho ngonyaka ukutshintsha kunye neefom yeenkqubo mandundu kuphela zorhwebo nolawulo zolawulo. Nangona Pelegrin wakwazi ukufumana kwiphondo elikude, kuye kwafuneka ukuba utshintshe imithetho. Fast uyamnika utshintsho rhoqo kwemithetho eziyimfuneko ukwimeko encinane. Xa uyila ubukhosi inkulu, phezu koko, kwakufuneka ulondolozo kunye nomanyano zonke iinkqubo.

Iimpawu yexesha lakudala

Eminye periodization komthetho wamaRoma kuquka ixesha kwethuba yamandulo. Ngowe-27 BC eRoma wambumba Principate. bonke imithombo komthetho bagxila kuphela ezandleni mlawuli nge-siseko (constitutionis principium). Bonke bephela ukuhlangabezana neengxaki yangoku karhulumente kwaye yahlulwe fomati 4:

1. Lwemithetho - imithetho jikelele.
2. Imimiselo - izimiso kwimiba ethile.
3. Rescripts - nokutolikwa ngemiba enzima.
4. Amagunya - iinkcazo zemisebenzi kwamagosa.

Iimpawu kuphuhliso umthetho kwixesha post-classical (284-476 gg. BC. E.)

Periodization komthetho wamaRoma Postclassic iphela. Oku lama wokwehla lokugqibela komthetho kunye wobugcisa wezomthetho. Ukuba ixesha ezaziwa zabo-yokwenza umthetho ezinxulumene unyango kunye nokuphuculwa siseko komlawuli, kwisithuba post-classical, ngokubhenela amagosa eziqhelekileyo.

Kukho periodization omtsha komthetho wamaRoma onxulumene nokwahlulwa bamaRoma kwi-West, waza wayithimba yi bakhona, naseMpuma.

amalungelo Development ezinxulumene umlawuli we-Eastern bamaRoma ngu uConstantine, iququqzelele iKhomishini of bewenza. Phakathi kwiminyaka 5 bathe bakuyila 3 ifundwe:

1. Amaziko - sikhokelo esemthethweni ezikolweni umthetho omiswe.
2. Dagesty - ingqokelela yonke imisebenzi bewenza baseRoma.
3. Code - ingqokelela yemithetho komlawuli (uMgaqo-siseko).

Ngexesha Justinian Code lugqibelele, eziquka iinoveli - siseko Justinian (kungoko igama elithi "okusesikweni").

Periodization kunye nezigaba engundoqo nasekusungulweni komthetho wamaRoma

1. ixesha lwakudala (753-451 BC.) -. ookumkani 7 bolawulo. Imithombo Main: icala umthetho okanye umthetho ongabhalwanga, nemithetho kakumkani kunye nezithethe.
2. Development of ilungelo yoluntu (451-449 BC.) -. Ukudalwa "Laws of XII Tables", ububange utoliko ilungelo pontiffs.
3. ixesha Predklassichesky (3-1 BC ngenkulungwane ...) - ukwenzeka pretorskogo ekunene kwaye wakha 'abantu nokunene ".
4. ixesha Classical (27 BC - .. 284 AD ..) - umthombo kuphela siseko soMhlekazi.
5. Postclassical (ukususela 284 AD ..) - ukwehla yomthetho e West eRoma, kwanokubhalwa kileyo bayanda Byzantium.