Northern Renaissance kunye neempawu zayo

Igama elithi "Renaissance» ( «rinascita») bobabo mbali yobugcisa Dzhordzho Vazari. Kamva, lo gama wenyuswa waba yi-French yaye similise Renaissance (Renaissance) - ngoko ukwabizwa ngokuba xesha. Ixesha elibekiweyo kunzima ukumisela: kukholelwa ukuba waqalisa isibetho enkulu 1347 kwaye baphela kokufika New Age, owokuqala revolution yongxowankulu. Yintoni waphila ebudeni beli xesha? Vasari wacinga ukuba umoya wobulumko wamandulo zobulumko zamaGrike kunye nenkcubeko amaRoma. Konke oku kuye yakhula eItali emva "yobumnyama '- ngoko mbali ebizwa ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi. Transalpine okanye Northern Renaissance weza kamva Italian, kwaye iimpawu zayo azalwa kuphela kuye.

Ukuya emantla Alps in Western and Central Yurophu ixesha elide kwinkcubeko ngukumkani Gothic, leyo ifikelele incopho yayo kwinkulungwane XIV ( "Flamboyant Gothic"). Nangona kunjalo, xa Ekuveleni XIV kunye XV iinkulungwane eBurgundy, aqalile kuvela ngabapeyinti kunye abakroli Abatyekayo izinqumo ye-Gothic esulungekisiweyo. Oku ikakhulu Limbourg Brothers nomkroli K.Slyuter. Nangona Duchy of Burgundy unabela ngaphaya kwiphondo langoku French zagutyungelwa Belgium nase-Netherlands. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba Renaissance Northern kakhulu ephawuleka kuloo mazwe.

Ukuba ekuqaleni Italian Renaissance zinamakhonkco kokuwa kweConstantinople kunye ukufika eItali iqela elikhulu iimbacu ezivela baseByzantium uBukhosi, bekwelo nabo inkcubeko yamaGrike, ilizwe apho ekhulu Northern Renaissance kamva - eNetherlands, eJamani, eFransi, eNgilani kunye nezinye elide negcinwe aphakathi Outlook. Ukuba wenza anthropocentrism, kumantla kwiiAlps eItali, intanda-inginginya - pantheism.

Pantheism ibamba ukuba uThixo udlulele kwindalo, kodwa ufanele phambili kwi Isinikezeli njenge uphawu lukaThixo kuba landscape na. Uhlobo Italian Renaissance yengxoxo, ngokukodwa anqunyulwe iinkcukacha esengqiqweni kwaye likholisa njenge sizoku ukuba umfanekiso. Northern Renaissance, efuna ukufaka iintlobo yokwenene, idala i uhlobo elizimeleyo yokudweba - landscape. Ingakumbi lo mkhuba kubugcisa bezinto ezibonakalayo kwatyatyamba phantsi brush artists German A. Dürer, Lucas Cranach A. Altdorfer, Zh.Fuke Frenchman, umDatshi J. Patinir.

Umfanekiso - olunye uhlobo apho kakhulu ngokucacileyo wabonisa Northern Renaissance. Amagcisa H. Holbein Jr kunye Dürer eJamani, Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck e Niderdandah, uJ F. Clouet Clouet, uJean Fouquet eFransi ozama ukuyidlulisela akanguye ubuhle bobuso, kodwa psychology of umntu kubonisiwe kwi ngelaphu, ukufezekisa imiva enkulu emphefumlweni yomfanekiso. Emva bayo aphakathi kwe "babi", inkosi elibi basoloko sebenzisa into eyodlula ezininzi Ieronim Boskh.

uhlobo yesibini yabangela Northern Renaissance, le imifanekiso ngemihla. E Italy, umthengi enkulu zobugcisa wenza Church, nto leyo efuna ukubona imifanekiso isigcawu zeBhayibhile. ENetherlands, ngakumbi yaye ivelela kwezopolitiko lodidi koohlohlesakhe kuthatha phezu ikhuni: imifela yomthengisi iivenkile wobugcisa ethengwe artists eni zabo ngokuchasene ngokwemvelaphi isixeko sakowabo, leyo, idityaniswe ngokuvela yomhlaba, idala imifanekiso yohlobo. Inkosi inkulu ngeziganeko uhlobo - Pieter Bruegel Elder, ekwabizwa ngokuba "umlimi", ngenxa yokuba wayethanda ezibonisa imiboniso zobomi Sasungulwa. Kuba yena kunye namanye 'ezincinane Dutch "luphawulwa i virtuosity engaqhelekanga kunye neenkcukacha prorisovyvanie ngokucokisekileyo.