Nobungakanani Physical - ukuba ... Ukulinganiswa eziphathekayo. inkqubo eziphathekayo

Physics njenge isayensi ufunda ngezenzeko zendalo, usebenzisa iindlela standard uphando. Izigaba eziphambili zezi: akubonayo, yeengcinga, ukwenza imifuniselo, ukufunda imfundiso. Ngexesha lokujongwa elisekwe iimpawu ezikhethekileyo isenzeko, ikhondo zawo, izinto kunokwenzeka kunye neziphumo. Hypothesis uyakwazi ukuchaza ekuhambeni iziganeko, ukuseka imithetho yayo. Liyakuqinisekisa wokulinga (okanye kuqinisekisa) liyavumelana. It ikuvumela ukuba ukucwangcisa ubungakanani ubuninzi ngexesha olu lingelo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusekweni kwe-izixhomekeki ngqo. amava engqinekayo kule khosi ye hypothesis kuba sisiseko kwingcamango yenzululwazi.

Akukho theory ndibange ukuba oluthembekileyo, ukuba ufumene isiqinisekiso ngokupheleleyo nangaphandle kwemibandela phakathi nokuhlola. Le yokugqibela unxulunyaniswa imilinganiselo eziphathekayo eziphawula inkqubo. nobungakanani Physical - sisiseko yomlinganiselo.

Yintoni le

Ke inomlinganiselo ebeza, leyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni hypothesis malunga nemithetho. nobungakanani Physical - inkcazelo yenzululwazi umzimba wenyama, ngokunxulumene qualitative leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba nobuninzi kwemizimba efanayo. Kuba umzimba ngamnye luphawu siphangaleleyo onombono ngamnye.

. Xa sibhenela uncwadi, ireferensi M. Yudin et al (uhlelo 1989) sifunda ukuba ubungakanani enyama "uphawu omnye iimpawu into ebonakalayo (inkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni, ngumkhuba okanye inkqubo), i uwonke esemgangathweni emzimbeni ezininzi izinto, kodwa ngokwamanani ukuba into nganye ngamnye. "

Ozhegov (edition 1990) sicacisa ukuba ubungakanani enyama - ". Ubungakanani, ububanzi, ubude object"

Umzekelo, ubude - ubuninzi emzimbeni. ephatha ubucukubhede ibanga elide, esebenzisa electrodynamics ubude wire kwi obizwa nobungakanani nelo kugqiba Ebubanzini iindonga nemithambo. Kakuhle eli ingqiqo kuhlala enye: ixabiso unit isenokuba enye, kunye nexabiso - ezahlukeneyo.

Eyona ukwahlula wobungakanani emzimbeni, umzekelo, ukusuka zemathematika, bubukho iiyunithi. Imitha, unyawo, iiyadi - iiyunithi ubude imizekelo.

iiyunithi zemilinganiselo

Ukulinganisa ubuninzi emzimbeni, kufuneka kuthelekiswa nexabiso wafumana unit nganye. Khumbula ikhathuni emangalisayo "izikhwenene engamashumi amane anesibhozo." Ukuseta ubude Boa, abalinganiswa Wabulinganisa ubude bayo izikhwenene, iindlovu, iinkawu. Kulo mzekelo, ubude Boa kuthelekiswa ekwandeni kwamanye abalinganiswa khathuni. Isiphumo buxhomekeke nangokobungakanani yereferensi.

Iyunithi kobuninzi ngokwasemzimbeni - umlinganiselo yomlinganiselo yayo kwinkqubo ethile leeyunithi. Ukudideka kula manyathelo kuvela nje ngenxa singafezekanga, amanyathelo iyantlukwano, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ngenxa iiyunithi isihlobo.

umlinganiselo Russian zobude - iiyadi - umgama phakathi umnwe ubhontsi. Noko ke, nezandla zabantu bonke abantu ezahlukeneyo, kunye iiyadi, kulinganiswa elingangesandla somntu, yahlukile kwi iyadi kwi ngesandla umntwana okanye ibhinqa. Ukungangqinelani efanayo phakathi ubude kwamanyathelo siphathelele ziifatom (umgama phakathi iincam iminwe yakhe bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye komnye iingalo) kunye ngengqiniba (umgama ukusuka ngomnwe embindini ukuya nengalo engqinibeni).

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kule shop stewards wathabatha abafo abanewonga encinane. Abarhwebi wengcibi wabasindisa zomzimba usebenzisa ezininzi ezincinane Meryl: iiyadi, ingqiniba sikuqonde.

omzimba

Loo ezahlukeneyo amanyathelo zikhona nje kuphela eRashiya kodwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukungeniswa kweeyunithi wayesoloko ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, maxa wambi ezi iiyunithi ziye zaziswa kuphela ngenxa lula ngokwemilinganiso zabo. Umzekelo, ukuba umlinganiselo womoya wazisa mmHg. Eyaziwa amava Torricelli, apho kusetyenziswa ityhubhu, mercury ngaloo swamping bavunyelwe ukuba ngenisa ixabiso engaqhelekanga enjalo.

amandla injini kuthelekiswa enjini (oko kwenziwa ngexesha lethu).

eziphathekayo Ezahlukeneyo kumetwa eziphathekayo ukwenza entsonkothileyo kuphela nokungathembeki, kodwa nzima uphuhliso yenzululwazi.

Inkqubo efanayo amanyathelo

inkqubo elidityanisiweyo eziphathekayo, ukhululekile futhi eliphezulu kuwo onke amazwe ahambele phambili, kuye kwaba yimfuneko. Isiseko ingcamango babusamkelwa ezikhethiweyo nani lincinane kunokwenzeka leeyunithi ngazo kubudlelwane imathematika lungabonakaliswa, kunye nezinye iimfundiso. amaxabiso ezinjengamanzi kufuneka ukuqiniswa omnye komnye, ixabiso yabo ekhethekile ezimisele kwaye ziqondwe nayiphi na inkqubo yezoqoqosho.

Sazama ukusombulula le ngxaki kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Ukudalwa enobunye kwenkqubo amanyathelo (Metric, GHS, ISS, njl) baye benza ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kodwa ke ezi iinkqubo alale okanye uluvo lwenzululwazi, nokuba lwasekhaya, izicelo zoshishino.

Lo msebenzi ebekwe kwi kwenkulungwane ye-19, kujike isigqibo kuphela ngo-1958. Kwintlanganiso inkqubo emanyeneyo ithiwe thaca kwi-kwiKomiti International of Legal leMitroloji.

Inkqubo elidityanisiweyo amanyathelo

1960 kwaphawula ntlanganiso zeKomfa Jikelele ngomhla nobuNzima Measures. Inkqubo unique, ebizwa «Systeme Internationale d'olusenza» (olufinyeziweyo SI) samkelwa isigqibo kule ndibano obekekileyo. Xa version Russian kwenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba System International (SI segama).

is he taken njengesiseko abo ezinkulu 7 no-2 ezongezelelweyo. ixabiso labo kwamanani umiselwa lokuma

Uluhlu izinto eziphathekayo of SI

Igama licandelo elisisiseko	measurand	abizwa
		sehlabathi	Russian
unit main
kilogram	ubunzima	kg	kg
imitha	ubude	m	m
okwesibini	ixesha	s	nge
ampere	yangoku	A	A
Kelvin	lobushushu	K	K
mole	imali wenkqu	Mol	mole
Candela	ngamandla ezikhanyayo	cd	cd
iiyunithi ezongezelelweyo
yelayini esuka embindini	angle flat	Rad	Sinovuyo
steradian	angle eqinileyo	Sr	cf.

Isixokelelwano asikwazi kuyilwa kuphela iiyunithi ezisixhenxe, njengoko ezahlukeneyo yeenkqubo ebonakalayo indalo ifuna ukuqaliswa amaxabiso amatsha ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ukuma kanye ayiboneleli kuphela intshayelelo kwamacandelo amatsha, kodwa ulwalamano lwabo ngohlobo ukunxulumanisa imathematika (kudla ngokuthiwa ifomula zobukhulu).

Iyunithi kobuninzi emzimbeni ezifunyenwe usebenzisa uphinda-phindo, exponentiation kunye ukulahlula units isiseko ezinemilinganiselo ifomula. Ukunqongophala okuza lwamanani kwezi zibalo kwenza inkqubo elula nje kuphela ngandlela zonke, kodwa lwesihloko (umz).

units eyenziwe

Iiyunithi kwakheka ka engundoqo, kwakusithiwa avela ezisixhenxe. Ngaphandle iiyunithi eziphambili ephuma, imfuno ukuqaliswa ezongezelelweyo (yelayini esuka embindini kunye steradian). imilinganiso zabo zithathwa ukuba uziro. Ukungabikho kwezixhobo ngenxa yabo yenza kube nzima ukuba umlinganiselo kubo. intshayelelo yabo ngenxa isicelo uphando theoretical component. Umzekelo, ubuninzi "amandla" ebonakalayo kwinkqubo ulinganiswa Newtons. Ekubeni amandla - umlinganiselo intshukumo efanayo lwemizimba phezu komnye, na isizathu angafaniyo nesantya kukho ubunzima bomzimba elithile, ngoko uyakwazi ukuchaza njengoko udibaniso iyunithi mass umlinganiselo ngeyunithi nganye, bahlulwe kwiyunithi ngexesha:

F = k0M0v / T, apho k - ukulingana factor, M - unit abaninzi, v - unit speed, T - unit ixesha.

SI Ubukhulu unika le fomyula ilandelayo: n = kg0m / ^2, apho kusetyenziswa iiyunithi ezintathu. Kwaye kilogram imitha, kwaye eyesibini ekubhekiswe kwinqununu. Le lomlingani ukulingana ilingana 1.

intshayelelo kunokwenzeka lwamaxabiso dimensionless, leyo ichazwe njengoko umlinganiselo omyinge efanayo. Abo ziquka 'ngumlingani ka zochuku, njengoko yaziwa, lulwahlulo amandla frictional nomkhosi xi yesiqhelo.

ULUHLU eziphathekayo livela esisiseko

igama unit	measurand	formula ntathu
esiyijowule	amandla	kg0m 2 0 -2
Pascal	uxinzelelo	kr0 m -1 -2 0C
tesla	kuFacebook magnetic	0A 0C kg -1 -2
volt	ombane	2 kg 0m 0m 0m -1 -3
Ohm	ukumelana zombane	2 kg 0m 0m 0m -3 -2
pendant	kagesi	A0 nge
watt	amandla	2 kg 0m 0m -3
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2
Esiyijowule Kelvin ngalinye	umthamo ubushushu	2 kg 0m 0m -1 -2 0K
Becquerel	Umsebenzi Radioactive	-1 C
Weber	ukubhobhoza magnetic	0kg 0m 2 m 0m -1 -2
Henry	inductance	0kg 0m 2 m 0m -2 -2
lwezinga	frequency	-1
Grey	umthamo ithathe	2 m 0m -1
Sievert	umthamo radiation esifanayo	2 m 0m -2
okuphambili	ukukhanya	m -2 -2 0kd 0sr
mithambo	ukubhobhoza ezikhanyayo	0sr cd
Newton	Amandla, ubunzima	0kg m 0m -2
Siemens	Unikezelo lombane	0kg -1 m -2 0m 3 0A 2
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2

units Common

Ukusebenzisa iimpawu zembali of non-SI okanye ziyahluka kuphela into lwamanani, oko kuxhomekeke amaxabiso yomlinganiselo. Oku Units Common. Umzekelo, mmHg, X-reyi, kunye nabanye.

Le okuza ngamanani esetyenziselwa ukuqaliswa omyinge ezininzi kunye submultiple. Ilungiselela abufani inani elithile. Imizekelo centi-, kilo-, Fulani, mega- kunye nabanye abaninzi.

1 ngekhilomitha = 1000 eemitha,

1 cm = 0,01 m.

typology lwamaxabiso

Makhe sizame ukucacisa izinto ezithile ezisisiseko akuvumela ukuseta uhlobo ixabiso.

1. Direction. Ukuba intshukumo ye wobungakanani emzimbeni enxulumene ngqo ulwalathiso, ibizwa ngokuba eya kumda, ezinye - scalar.

2. Ubukho nenkalo. Ubukho ubuninzi ebonakalayo kwifomula kwenza kube lula ukuba ukubabiza emangalisayo. Ukuba kwifomula, zonke iiyunithi kufuneka isidanga zero, ngoko ke kuthiwa dimensionless. Bekuya kuba ngcono ukuba ukubiza izixa zabo nenkalo alinganayo 1. Emva ingqiqo nobungakanani dimensionless nengqondo. Ipropati eziphambili - ledayimenshini - iye irhoxisiwe!

3. Ngokufaka amathuba. Additive ubungakanani, leyo kongezelelwa ixabiso, sisuswe, iphindwe into, njalo njalo (umz, ubunzima) - .. A ubuninzi emzimbeni, nto leyo integrable.

4. Ngokunxulumene nenkqubo emzimbeni. Olunzulu - Ukuba ixabiso layo ukuze kwakheke amaxabiso esezantsi. Umzekelo ndawo kulinganiswa kwi square metres. Ngokunzulu - ixabiso, apho ixabiso izimele le nkqubo. Kwabo ziquka lobushushu.