Ngubani na Aristotle? Yintoni eyaziwayo, engobomi, igalelo kwinzululwazi

Imvelaphi Aristotle kuhlangene ne eMakedoni. Ngo-384 BC. e., akuba ezelwe, urhulumente wayesendleleni eya nempumelelo yabo. kwaba Apha isixeko apho uAristotle wazalwa. Biography lo bulumko yaqala kwindawo ekuthiwa Stageira (kukho kwakhona izipelingi "Stagira" okanye "Stagira"). Ngokutsho ngoko namasiko abantu eqina igama yesibini, livela umzi lweenkobe. Ngoko ke, Aristotle nayo eyaziwa ngokuba Stagirite.

usapho

Wazalwa kwi Halkidiki lizwe. Ngoku ke kumantla eGrisi, yaye ke ngoko nje ngaphandle behlabathi lamaGrike. Kufuphi nalapho kwakukho eThrace zasendle. Apha babephila labemi engumxube, ukususela kwiminyaka zempilo nwe bakhona, ugalelwe kwafika amaGrike. Kodwa Aristotle yayizalwa olunyulu zinegazi elibandayo yabemi zaseAttica. Uyise Nicomachus wayengugqirha odumileyo owayehlala kwinkundla wokumkani Macedonian.

umsebenzi sakhe kakhulu ohlonitshwayo kuthakazelelwa ngamakhoboka. KwanamaGrike ngokubanzi ukuba bonke oogqirha bayinzala uthixo UAsclepius. Ngoko ke, intsapho-sobulumko yaba isengqiqweni odumileyo. Sazi ngokwakhe lamkela ezi iimbono kunye nabo ingqalelo ngokwakhe descendent ezikude UAsclepius. Konke oku kubonakala nalwazi, kodwa ke ngelo xesha loo zengqondo babekhona kakhulu. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba Aristotle ikwazile ukudibanisa ingqondo enzulu nokholo nehlelo babantu oothixo Olympian.

Inkangeleko e Athens

ababephila ubungqina ifudusiwe nzulu ngezinto imbonakalo. Ngenxa mfana waba ofana nabanye. Xa ndandineminyaka eli-17, yena kuqala watyelela eAthene - kwiziko zenkcubeko nezopolitiko Greece kaThixo. Ngeli xesha kukho inkcazelo kakhulu zale ncwadi. Kukholelwa ukuba lo mfana ke wayesebenza kokuchitha legacy kayise, wada wenza lwako ebekho emkhosini. Trading of amachiza ezonyango, okokuqala wakhwela kokusingqongileyo zobulumko kunye nabo bathatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo.

KaPlato Academy

Ngubani na Aristotle? Waba wayedume umsebenzi wakhe yengqondo. umhlaba omhle kule Wenza Academy, apho wayeneminyaka engama-18 ubudala. Apho ngokukhawuleza waba ngomnye wabafundi eziphambili kwenye sobulumko enkulu - uPlato. Ngomfanekiso Yaduma Raphael kaThixo "I-School of eAthene" kubonisa ezi iinkcuba ezimbini kwengxoxo emnandi, yazinyaswa ngabo bonke abafundi yale Akhademi.

Kulapha ukuba lo mfana iqala ukwenza uphando ithiyori, babhala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala zoncwadi. Uhlobo lokuqala ukuba yoncutshe - iingxoxo bulumko. Oku kwenziwa elandela umzekelo katitshala uPlato, naye waqala olu hlobo kwiincwadi.

Enye iingxoxo edume ngelo xesha njenge "Eudemus okanye Kwi umphefumlo." It Aristotle ubalisa ibali omnye wabafundi zikaPlato, ukugxothwa Academy.

ubugagu

Ukongezelela ukuqonda, yintoni na uAristotle, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba imisebenzi yokuqala yale Akhademi ziquka uphuhliso inokusebenza. Ukukwazi ukuthetha phambi kwabantu nokunxibelelana kubo ingcamango yakhe kuthakazelelwa kakhulu Greece yamandulo. Ngoko ke,-sobulumko ozibandakanye kuphela kwithiyori kodwa into emandiyenze rhoqo, kuquka i-Academy, apho njengento inkosi elidlulileyo le art. italente yakhe kwaqatshelwa zizithethi ezininzi amaxesha ezilandelayo, kuquka uCicero, yaqaphela impembelelo enkulu izimvo Aristotle zikaThixo.

I-zahlukane nenkqubo kaPlato

Kulo nyaka-347 wafa, uPlato. Naye e Aristotle ukuba isixa esikhulu ukunganyamezelani, kodwa ngutitshala oluphezulu omgcinayo zamabanga aphantsi kunye nenkxaso. Sazi ayikwazanga ukufumana ulwimi ngokufanayo nabanye abafundi yale Akhademi. Kungekudala ngaphambi koko, i-Macedonian ukumkani uFilipu kwidolophu babulala Stageira bulumko, emva koko waphulukana izihlalo nje ezimbini ukusondela kuye. Ngoko ngokukhawuleza Aristotle wemka eAtene, waya Asia Minor. Kwathi ngexesha lentlekele yayo yangaphakathi.

Nkqu ke kubhaliwe kwathiwa imisebenzi emininzi, leyo eye -bulumko Aristotle. Ngokufutshane, ukuba eqokelelwe kuAndroniko yaseRhodes emva kokufa umbhali kwaye simanyene "ezikhona".

Uchitel Aleksandra

Ixesha lokuqala emva nyathelo, wahlala eAso kunye Mytilene, leyo ababalulwa kwiincwadi zakhe. Emva koko waye kwisiqithi saseLesbos, apho imisebenzi Aristotle baba ekufundiseni. Lo msebenzi wenzeka phambi kwamehlo, kwaye bulumko wamenyelwa enkundleni Filippa Makedonskogo, eyayibulindile utitshala unyana wakhe Alexander. Lo mfana umphathi efanayo, kwixesha elizayo uwine isiqingatha ihlabathi lamandulo.

Nangona isibakala sokuba uAristotle wazalelwa eMakedoni, uye bekusoloko ingqalelo ukuba ungumGrike. Sazi babekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba ubukhulu inkcubeko yamaGrike unokuquka onke amazwe angabamelwane. Ngeli xesha, amaGrike wahlala kutyeba kakhulu kwaye ukhululeke ngakumbi nabamelwane zayo ezininzi. abemi abafundileyo waba isiseko uhlobo olutsha yoluntu.

Zonke ezi iingenelo Aristotle ingqalelo. Iincwadi sobulumko ukuqhubeka ingcinga. Ekuphela kwento oko akwanelanga of Greece ibumbane nokwandisa, ngokwembono yakhe, - ukumkani womelele kwaye womelele unothanda. Oko akumbona inkwenkwe sobulumko Alexander. Aristotle waba imfundo rhoqo kwaye olubanzi bomntwana.

Sobulumko unethemba ichaphazela zombini ukumkani kunye nonyana wakhe. Ngokomzekelo, umntu udla wadamba umsindo irascible Alexander, owayezama ukumamela uluvo katitshala. Ukusuka Aristotle wathabatha phezu kuphela ulwazi yentanda kwaye buciko, kodwa umdla zenzululwazi zendalo, kuquka amayeza kwaye apho isohlwayo wawuqondiswa ukuya kwixesha lakhe. Kumaphulo yakhe, Alexander ebezisoloko ikopi Iliad, leyo uAristotle wenza ngenxa kuyo.

Lyceum

Ngo-336 BC, uKumkani uPhilip wabulawa ungumngcatshi phakathi nonogada bakhe. Alexander kwafuneka eme intloko karhulumente, emva koko akazange abe nexesha lokufunda. Ngoko ke, Athens waphinda wazibonakalisa ukuba indawo apho Aristotle wahlala. Biography of bulumko wenza isangqa waza wabuyela yokuqala. Kodwa akazange abe utitshala the Academy, njengokuba ngaphambili. Isizathu soku iyantlukwano amaninzi kunye nabafundi zikaPlato, ukulawula la maziko.

Ngoko ke, eAthene, isikolo esitsha - Lyceum, nto leyo eyaba intloko Aristotle. Iincwadi sazi nomfundisi udumo lwakhe kwatsala inani elikhulu labafundi. Igama leziko yathatyathwa ngenxa kufutshane itempile Apollona Likeyskogo. Njengoko unokuthekelela, kungoko eli gama sele iphumile "kwisikolo esiphakamileyo."

Thelekisa ne Academy

Lyceum kunye Academy ziye zibe ngamaziko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zemfundo yamandulo. Ngelo xesha linye babe isakhiwo efanayo. Umzekelo, i-Lyceum edityaniswa uthixo Apollo kunye Academy of aseAthene waba itempile. Isikolo ngasinye waba yokuzilolonga yayo. Yaba iziko, apho wafundisa iziseko lokufunda nokubhala, kwakunye ukwenza uqeqesho emzimbeni. E Greece yamandulo, ngokubanzi bachuma ukunqulwa indlela yokuphila esempilweni kunye nemidlalo. zobulumko ezininzi ziye leembaleki, abanye bade Wabonakala kweMidlalo YeOlimpiki ngokubaluleka.

Odumileyo Aristotle, ukuba ingqalelo zabo iingxaki zempilo, ngokokuba naye waba ngugqirha. I-Academy ibekwe namadlelo kumntla-ntshona aseAtene, lo gama i-Lyceum yayimi kwindawo ngasempumalanga kuwo umzi kufutshane esangweni Dioharovymi. Ezi zindawo saziwa imithombo yayo amanzi okusela acocekileyo. izimvo Aristotle baye waphefumlela nguAntisthenes bakhe umfundi ukuseka omnye kwisikolo esikufuphi. Yaba Kinosarg.

Emsebenzini nsuku sobulumko kunye nentloko isikolo ubuntu ngendlela. Ngentsasa elandelayo, wayeqhuba yeeklasi ngabafundi kuphela, italente owahlukileyo kunye nengqondo elibukhali.

Wayelandelwa isidlo kunye nabahlobo, nayo leyo indlebe izazinzulu, apho ulawulo wayeze yaphuhliswa. Ngokomzekelo, kanye ngeentsuku ezilishumi Ndaba usihlalo "ibandla". Kamva emva kwemini utitshala wachitha intetho elandisiweyo okanye isifundo lwezakhono ukuthetha esidlangalaleni ukuba uluhlu olubanzi abaphulaphuli.

I Lyceum yaba ithala leencwadi elikhulu, nto leyo kwatsala abafundi ukwazi. Uye kwasinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kodwa imisebenzi lokusinda kubhaliwe Lyceum, abe inani elikhulu loqhagamshelo kwabanye ababhali kunye nemisebenzi. Oku akumangalisi xa khumbula ukuba ngubani na Aristotle kuba Greece ngoko. Waba utitshala ka-Alexander, ngubani wakhona nokuxhaswa. ngegolide Macedonian ukuthenga iincwadi ezinqabileyo zexabiso, ezibe abakho kaPlato Academy.

umgaqo-nkqubo

Kwiminyaka yobomi lakhe Lyceum, uAristotle wabhala omnye umbhalo yakhe edumileyo kurhulumente. Yayibizwa ngokuba "Politics". Uqulathe eyona kwiziseko kwithiyori yolawulo ngurhulumente, kwakunye nemibuzo lobukhoboka, ubumi, usapho yinxalenye yoluntu, njalo-njalo. Imisebenzi D. Aristotle kaThixo ezazijoliswe ukuqulunqa ulwakhiwo polis efanelekileyo.

Eyokuqala imbali yahlulwe iincwadi 8. Ngamnye kubo ibandakanya nomba othile ukwakhiwa karhulumente. Umbhali liphuhlise iingcamango uPlato, umzekelo, wathelekisa idemokhrasi kunye oligarchy, ngokunjalo wayethetha malunga nokufundiswa kwabantu abatsha. Konke oku ukuthandela bulumko Aristotle. Yena gqaba ngokutsha ezibangela ingxabano eluntwini kunye nguzwilakhe. Kwakhona ngumbhali okokuqala wacela ukuba ukwabelana amandla ube zahlulo zithathu: iijaji, amagosa kunye esemthethweni. Oko kukuthi, oku kukuthi isixokelelwano esifumana okwangoku ikhona kumazwe amaninzi. Ukuba oko odumileyo uAristotle, kwenkcazo ulawulo yenkampani kakhulu elungeleleneyo kunye nempumelelo.

Ukubaleka Athene nokufa

Ngo-323 BC, wafa uAleksandr Makedonsky. Kwathi eBhabhiloni - ikomkhulu lakhe elitsha. Okokuqala ngqa, waya eMpuma, ukumkani akazange abuyele kwilizwe lawo okanye ubuncinane eGrisi. Wafika imida of India. amandla akhe entsha uye wahlanganisa abantu abaninzi. Bonke waphoselwa Hellenism. Noko ke, amaGrike ukuba baseMakedoni baphatheke kakubi.

Ngoko ke, emva kokufa Alexander eAtene baqalisa iintetho ubuzwe. Aristotle phantsi ukusekelwa wokumkani. Kodwa emva kokuhamba kwakhe nobomi sobulumko ubudala ndibe nako ukukunyamezela kuhlala elikomkhulu eneenkani Greece. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba sobulumko esisebenze esikolweni sakhe yaye akazange wahlukana uPawulos neAtene ngaloo minyaka, oku kuseyinto wangaphandle ngenxa imvelaphi Macedonian.

Lyceum wayengekho zonke elo xesha impahla yakhe ngengqiqo ngokungqongqo yeli gama. Umhlaba ke andingowawo sobulumko, ekubeni yayingekuko ummi Athene. Ukuba abemi ningazi bacelwa ukuba ngubani na Aristotle, baphendula ukuba ukgumhambi. Lowo babona kabuhlungu.

Iminyaka Aristotle nokufa yaphela kwisiqithi Euboea, apho wagqiba ukuba kukhangela yoxolo wedwa. Kwathi ngomnyaka 322, oko kukuthi, ngonyaka kuphela emva kokushiya eAthene. Kukho uguqulelo engaqinisekiswanga into enzulu ingxaki sobulumko tyhefu ngokwabo aconite. Kuyinto isityalo esinetyhefu, ithamo zincinane isicatshulwa apho kunokukhokelela ukusilela intliziyo.