Ngubani amaSkitiya? babehlala phi? inkcubeko bamaSkitiya. AmaSkitiya: iifoto, inkcazo. ZamaSkitiya and Sarmatian

"Ihlabathi amaSkitiya." kwasekwa ngewaka BC 1. Zivela kumathafa Eurasia. Le ndawo yenkcubeko-embali kunye nezoqoqosho, elisuke laba ngomnye nesenzeko ongasoze ulityalwe kwihlabathi lamandulo.

Ngubani amaSkitiya?

Igama elithi "AmaSkitiya" yi ngemvelaphi mandulo zamaGrike. Oku kudla lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela zonke abasemathanga North Iranian. Malunga ngubani amaSkitiya, singatsho ngengqiqo elimxinwa ibende. Indlela emxinwa kuthiwa abemi kuphela kumathafa oLwandle Omnyama kunye North Caucasus, ngokuwahlula izizwe ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo - Asian Sakas, Dahae, issedonov kunye Massagetae, Cimmerians yaseYurophu kunye Savromats-amaSarmatia. Uluhlu olupheleleyo lwazo zonke izizwe zamaSkitiya, babazise ababhali lidala, iquka amagama kweshumi ambalwa. Asiyi uluhlu ezi ntlanga zonke. Hi ndlela leyi, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba amaSkitiya kunye nokuxubana ineengcambu eqhelekileyo. Noko ke, le mbono kuye bokuba, ngoko ke asikwazi ingaqwalaselwa njengemeleyo.

Bathethe apho AmaSkitiya waphila. Anazo kwintsimi enkulu ukusuka zeAltai ukuya weDanube. Ekugqibeleni kwizizwe zamaSkitiya ehlonyelwe nabantu basekuhlaleni. Ngamnye kubo zabo zokomoya ingakumbi inkcubeko eziphathekayo. Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi enkulu zamaSkitiya umanyaniswe imvelaphi efanayo kunye nolwimi, namasiko, kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, yamaPersi bakholwa bonke aba izizwe bantu banye. NeyamaSkitiya abe igama eliqhelekileyo basePersi - "Saki". Oku lisetyenziswa ngendlela emxinwa ukubhekisela kulo izizwe Central Asia. Ngelishwa, singakwazi kugweba kuphela ngokusekelwe kwimithombo ngqo oko amaSkitiya. Izithombe kubo, Kakade ke, ayikho. Ngaphezu koko, ulwazi yembali malunga kubo kangaka.

Inkangeleko amaSkitiya

Bomfanekiso ivazi yafunyanwa Barrow Kul-OBA, wanika abaphandi ingcamango yokuqala wokwenene wabantu ababephila ngayo AmaSkitiya, yindlela anxibe ngayo, baba abaxhobileyo kunye nenkangeleko ngayo. Ezi zizwe oneenwele ezinde, Mthovu kunye neendevu. Ukuba bambethe ilinen okanye yesikhumba impahla: iibhulukhwe elide kunye ingubo enombhinqo. Ngenyawo zabo ukuba iibhutsi yesikhumba, iirholithi namaqatha ingenelelwe. AmaSkitiya intloko waziva zagutyungelwa neekepusi ezinophahla. Ke ukuba izikhali, babe izaphetha neentolo, nekrele elifutshane, ikhaka isikwere neentshuntshe.

Ukongeza, umfanekiso yezi zizwe kumkhawulela kunye nezinye izinto ezifumaneka Kul-OBA. Umzekelo, njengemikhombe ababini, abo kusela rhytons thaca nelitye yegolide. Lo mkhosi ukubotshwa, makwazeke kuthi ubungqina ababhali bamandulo.

Iron Age kunye nenkcubeko zamaSkitiya

Imfundo inkcubeko amaSkitiya. kwenzeka ngexesha lonikezelo yentsimbi. Izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezenziwe olu ithabatha indawo ubhedu. Xa indlela wavula yokwenza ngentsimbi, ubudala zentsimbi ekugqibeleni iphumelele. Izixhobo ezenziwe ngentsimbi, baye benza revolution wokwenene kwimicimbi zomkhosi, yobugcisa kunye nezolimo.

AmaSkitiya, ummandla kunye nempembelelo kuzo yayintle, owayehlala Early Iron Age. Ezi izizwe aphantsi ubugcisa eliphambili ezithelekisekayo ezisetyenziswe ngeliny'ixesha. Baya angasusa intsimbi ukusuka ekrwada; ngoko kuzakuguqula yona kwi ngentsimbi. AmaSkitiya iindlela ezahlukeneyo Weld, carburizing, lukhuni, nasekuqiniseni. Kungenxa ezizweni ezi izizwe kumantla Eurasia badibana intsimbi. izakhono insimbi aye abolekwe kwamagcisa zamaSkitiya.

Iron kumabali Nart zinamagunya omlingo. Kurdalægon - mkhandi wasezulwini patronizes amaqhawe amaqhawe. Iminqweno kwendoda igorha ophila Nart Batraz. Yena wazalelwa ngentsimbi, waza ke sihamba ucimayo mkhandi wasezulwini. Nempahla, aze oyise iintshaba kunye bathimba izixeko zabo, zange ukuchukumisa leekore ngensimbi. Ngaloo Ossetic Epos kudala njengoko imozulu lwemifanekiso obugcisa, uphawu ngenxa ekuqaleni Iron Age.

Kutheni le mbuya?

Kule babeziindleko ezinkulu, ibekwe ngasentshonalanga Northern oLwandle Omnyama ibekwe ukuya ngasempumalanga Mongolia kunye zeAltai, ngaphezulu kwama-3 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo baqala ukuphuhlisa uhlobo yokuqala kakhulu kuqoqosho ephila. Ligcwale inxalenye enkulu Central Asia noMzantsi eSiberia. Olu hlobo ukulima indawo zinkomo ukuphakamisa-ungenzi kunye nendlela yokuphila. A ezahlukeneyo yezizathu yabangela iinguqu ezibalulekileyo ezifana. Phakathi kwabo - ukutshintsha kwemozulu, nto leyo ekhokelele emathafeni owomileyo. Ukongeza, izizwe kakuhle ekhwele ihashe. Ukubunjwa yemihlambi itshintshile. Ngoku baye baqala ukulawula ihashe kunye nempahla emfutshane, nto leyo bavelise yabo emfutshane khona ebusika.

Ixesha loonothwal yokuqala, njengoko kuthiwa, iye ungqamene isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali xa uluntu iye yenziwa linyathelo elikhulu yimbali - intsimbi yaba umbandela esingundoqo esisetyenziswe ukwenziwa lwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo.

impilo Nomani

Ubengo, ne uyazidela Nomani ubomi olugcinwe yi imithetho ezimaxongo kufuneka izizwe kobunini ukutshintshisana izakhono ezibalaseleyo emkhosini. Kwafuneka ukuba sikulungele na umzuzu ukukhusela ipropati yabo okanye ubambe yomnye umntu. Lo mqathango ezingundoqo kakuhle ukuba ngokuba Nomani waba iinkomo. Izinyanya yamaSkitiya enayamkelayo kuye yonke into oyifunayo: indawo yokuhlala, nempahla yokunxiba nokutya.

Phantse zonke emaqeleni Noma naseAsiya (ngaphandle namadlelo empuma), ngokutsho kubaphandi abaninzi, baba Iranian zeelwimi ezininzi kwixesha ekuqaleni yophuhliso lwayo. Ngaphezu iwaka leminyaka yathatha ukongamela kwi emathafeni abasemathanga Iranian: a 8-7 ngo. BC. e. ngenkulungwane yokuqala. e. eziqaphelekayo amaSkitiya. yaba zebhola zezizwe Iranian.

Imithombo, nto leyo kungabonwa kwizizwe zamaSkitiya

Okwangoku, kuphela elaziwayo imbali zopolitiko zale ezininzi kubo, kwakunye nezalamane zabo (tokhars, Massagetae, Dai, Saks, issedonov, Savromats et al.). Ababhali bamandulo bachaza ziyindlela isenzo zeenkokheli ezinkulu kunye namaphulo lempi ngamaSkitiya. Ezinye iimpawu zezi zizwe abanamdla. Malunga ngubani amaSkitiya, nguHerodotus. Kuphela kule umbhali, lowo uCicero ngokuba 'uyise imbali ", unako ukufumana kakhulu inkcazelo eneenkcukacha izithethe, inkolo kunye nendlela yokuphila ezi zizwe. Kangangethuba elide malunga nenkcubeko loonothwal North Iranian waba inkcazelo encinane kakhulu. Kuphela isiqingatha 2 kwenkulungwane ye-19, emva kumbiwa amangcwaba besive amaSkitiya (i-North Caucasus kunye Ukraine), kunye nohlahlelo aseSiberia ufumana kwabakho uqeqesho lwenzululwazi yonke ekuthiwa skifologiey. Abaseki bayo zithathwa abembi Russian ezinkulu kunye izazinzulu: V. V. masiv, I. zabelin, B. N. Grakov, MI Rostovtsev. Ngenxa yophando lwabo, siye safumana inkcazelo entsha ngubani na amaSkitiya.

Ubungqina commonality yemfuza

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umahluko inkcubeko kwizizwe zamaSkitiya yayimikhulu kakhulu, izazinzulu ziye zachongwa izinto ezintathu zithetha bangoobani yemfuza. Eyokuqala kuzo - neengcambu ihashe. Into yesibini ye Triad - iintlobo ezithile izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ezi zizwe (ngezinkempe akinakes kunye neentolo ezincinane). Eyesithathu - into yokuba kwimizobo zonke ezi amaSkitiya ephila namandla indlela izilwanyana.

Sarmats (sarmovaty) ibhuqiwe Scythia

Aba bantu kwi BC yesi-3. e. lenkosikazi kubuya mbuya. izizwe ezintsha satshatyalaliswa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye Scythia. Ukuba ndingabatshabalalisi wayengekayeki, yaye phantse lonke ilizwe eyaguqukayo yaba yintlango. Oku kungqinwa Diodor Sitsiliysky. Nabaphantsi kunye Sarmatian - izizwe owayevele empumalanga. uluhlu sarmovatov kakhulu olubanzi. Kwakhona ukuba kwakukho amaxhama ezininzi: Roksolana, Iazyges, Aorses, Širak ... Inkcubeko loonothwal iye ezifanayo ezininzi kunye bamaSkitiya. Oku kunokucaciswa noFaro iinkonzo zabo kunye neelwimi, oko kukuthi, lweengcambu. style Sarmatian impahla izithethe bamaSkitiya. umqondiso yakhe eceleni kuyaqhubeka. Noko ke, amaSkitiya kwaye amaSarmatia luphawulwa iimpawu zabo zobugcisa. In Sarmatian na uyaboleka nje kwaye isenzeko esitsha yenkcubeko. Lo yobuciko wenziwe yi ixesha elitsha.

uphuhliso Alans

Rise of the Alans, uhlanga olutsha North Iranian, ithatha indawo kwi AD ngenkulungwane 1. e. Baya isasazeka ukusuka iDanube ukuya yoLwandle Aral. Alans inxaxheba zathatha indawo kuMbindi weDanube iimfazwe marcomannic. Bathi agqogqa Armenia, kwelaseKapadoki, kunye Madiyu. Ezi zizwe bagcinwa phantsi kolawulo Silk Road. Ukuhlaselwa Huns, lwenzeka ngo-375 BC. e., ukuphelise ukubalasela zabo entlango. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-Alans wafudukela eYurophu kunye ngamaGoth kunye Huns. Ezi izizwe baye bashiya uphawu zazo ezahlukeneyo magama, apho zifumaneka Portugal, eSpeyin, Italy, eSwitzerland kunye France. Ekukholelwa ukuba Alans kunye yehlelo labo anobukroti zomkhosi nekrele, nentlangano yawo yomkhosi kunye nenkxalabo ingakumbi amabhinqa kwi imvelaphi zokulwa yaseYurophu.

Ezi izizwe lonke kumaXesha Aphakathi yaba sisiganeko ephawulekayo kwimbali. Legacy emathafeni zihlenga waziva kwimizobo yabo. Ngeniswa ezintabeni North Caucasus, inxalenye Alans igcinwe ulwimi. Baba ngenxa yohlanga kukwenziwa kwiiOssetian yanamhlanje.

Ulwahlulwa-AmaSkitiya Savromats

AmaSkitiya ngengqiqo emxinwa, okt i-European AmaSkitiya, kunye Sauromats (amaSarmatia), njengoko izazinzulu zikholelwa, lahlulwe ibe ngenkulungwane 7 BC. e. izinyanya zabo eqhelekileyo phambi xesha kumiwa emaqeleni neAsia. Kuphela emva kokuya kwamazwe ngaphaya eCaucasus, kwaye amaSkitiya Sauromats asasazeke. Ukususela ngoku, baza baqalisa ukuhlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Cimmerians neyamaSkitiya waqala ukuxabana. Longquzulwano phakathi kwezi zizwe ngenxa yokuba amaSkitiya, ukugcina ngokwawo uninzi kumathafa North abaseAfrika, wathimba yoLwandle kumantla Black. Cimmerians ayehlala apho, baya bayacalulwa ngenxalenye, bube kazwe-.

Sauromats efanayo ngoku belimiwe Urals emaqeleni, iVolga nommandla lweCaspian. Tanais River (igama mihla - Don) lowo umda phakathi impahla yabo Scythia. Mandulo yaba lamandulo ezithandwayo ngemvelaphi umtshato Savromats AmaSkitiya Amazons. Le ilejendi ichaza isizathu sokuba abasetyhini savromatskie wayenesikhundla esiphezulu eluntwini. Bakhwela phezu ngebande elinye kunye namadoda, kwaye nkqu inxaxheba ezimfazweni.

Issedones

Issedones kwakhona hlukile ukulingana. Ezi zizwe wahlala ngasempumalanga Savromats. Bona belimiwe kummandla Kazakhstan namhlanje. Ezi izizwe babedume ukujonga ukufaneleka kwabo. Bona kuthiwa iintlanga, ndingazazi ingqumbo nentiyo.

Dahi, Massagets kunye Saki

Dahi wayehlala kufuphi noLwandle lweCaspian, ngasempumalanga yomda wayo. Yaye ngasempumalanga kuwo, kwi semi-koozintlango kumathafa Central Asia, yacolwa Massagetae kunye Saks. UKoreshi II, umseki i Achaemenid emphaya, ngo-530 BC. e. Ndenza uhambo ukuya Massagetae ngubani belimiwe ndawo kuLwandle Aral. Ezi izizwe ukumkanikazi Tomiris imithetho. Akazange afune ukuba abe ngumfazi wooKoreshi, wagqiba ukunyanzela ukuba ukuthatha phezu ubukumkani. Umkhosi wamaPersi kwi imfazwe Massagets woyiswa, kunye uKoreshi wabulawa.

Njengoko kuba Saks kuMbindi Asia, ezi zizwe ziye zohlulwa imibutho ezimbini: Saki-Saki-haumavarga kunye tigrahauda. Ngoko ke wabiza namaPersi. Tiger Liguqulwe lithatyathwa Persian yamandulo lithetha "ezibukhali" kwaye Howdy - "isigcina" okanye "cap". Oko Saki-tigrahauda - Saks e iminqwazi etsolo (CAPS), kunye Saki-haumavarga - funda haomu (isiselo engcwele Aryans). UDariyo I, ukumkani wasePersi, ngo-519 BC. e. Wenza uhambo izizwe tigrahauda, ngokuphumelela kwabo. Skunha uyotywe yi kaSara wesikhulu uvezwa isiqabu, zaba nemikrolo ngokomyalelo lukaDariyo kwi Behistun eweni.

Inkcubeko amaSkitiya

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwizizwe zamaSkitiya ndikudalile kakhulu inkcubeko ophezulu ngexesha layo. Ukuba iveze indlela eya phambili uphuhliso yembali yeseti kwimimandla. Ezi zizwe inxaxheba ukuyilwa eentlanga ezininzi.

Xa ubukhosi ka Genghis Khan kugcinwa irekhodi namSkitiya, kwakukho iincwadi osisityebi zamaqhawe kunye namabali. Kukho isizathu sokuba nethemba lokuba uninzi lwezi buncwane ezigcinwe kule mini yokugcina ngokufihlakeleyo. inkcubeko namSkitiya, ngelishwa, ezihlaba kakuhle. Kumabali Indian wamandulo kunye Vedas, kwi imithombo yaseTshayina Persian wathi kumazwe eSiberia, Urals, apho kwakuhlala abantu ezingaqhelekanga. E Putorana yehewu, babekholwa, yagqitwa ibekwe yokuhlala woothixo. Ezi ndawo kuye kwatsala ingqalelo abalawuli India, China, Greece namaPersi. Noko ke, le nzala iye kudla ophele nge kwezoqoqosho, Ndingulo uvela emkhosini okanye enye uchuku izizwe ezikhulu.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Scythia ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ahlaselayo asePersi (uDariyo kunye uKoreshi II) India (Arjun kunye nabanye.), Greece (uAleksandr Makedonsky), baseByzantium uBukhosi, uBukhosi baseRoma, njalo njalo. D. Siyazi evela kwimithombo yembali kwaye ukuba nomdla kwezi izizwe ezivela Greece wabonisa: igqirha noHippocrates, esiphambili Hecataeus of eMileto, tragedians Sophocles kunye ubu, iimbongi Pandora Alkaman nzulu ngezinto Aristotle logograph Damask kunye nabanye.

legends ezimbini malunga ngemvelaphi Scythia, wathi ngu nguHerodotus

UHerodotus uthe amabali amabini malunga ngemvelaphi Scythia. Ngokutsho komnye wabo, neqhawe, ukuba apha, ndadibana kuLwandle Omnyama (kumqolomba zomhlaba Gilea) ibhinqa engaqhelekanga. inxalenye yawo asezantsi yaba yinyoka. oonyana abathathu bazalwa emtshatweni - Agathyrs, phenyane kunye Gelon. Ukususela Kolunye kuzo kwaphuma ngamaSkitiya.

Ngokufutshane chaza elinye amavo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kuqala emhlabeni umntu, ogama Targitai. Abazali bakhe baba nguZeyus kunye Borisphen (intombi emlanjeni). Ke wazala abanye oonyana abathathu: Arpoksai, Lipoksai kunye Kolaksai. I omdala kubo (Lipoksai) yaba eliphuma yamaSkitiya-avhatov. Traspie kunye katiary bavela Aripoksai. Kwaye Kolaksai, unyana omnci - paralaty egumbini. Ezi izizwe ibizwa ngokuba ngokuhlangeneyo Scoloti neyamaSkitiya baqala ukubabiza kumaGrike.

Lo mmandla lonke Scythia Kolaksai yahlulwe kuqala ibe zikumkani ezintathu, yawayo oonyana bakhe. Omnye wabo, apho ukugcina igolide, wenza kakhulu. Region ibekwe ukuya emantla kula mazwe ziyabandakanywa likhephu. Kufuphi I yeminyaka BC. e. nayiphi na ubukumkani bamaSkitiya. Yaba ixesha Prometheus.

AmaSkitiya connection ne Atlantis

Kakade ke, mayingabi sakhululwa ingqalelo imbali bezizwe amabali Scythia malunga emilibeni yokuzalwa ookumkani. Kukholelwa ukuba imbali yezi zizwe enemvelaphi yayo Atlantis, impucuko yamandulo. Kule bukhosi kuquka, ngaphandle iziqithi Atlantic Ocean, apho lalikhona ikomkhulu (UPlato wayichaza kwi iingxoxo 'Critias "yaye" kaTimeyu "), umhlaba ngasentla-ntshona Afrika, kunye eGreenland, eMelika, yaseScandinavia kunye eRashiya. Ukuze oko kusebenza zonke iindawo yonke ebeyiyiphahlile loo North Geographic Pole. amazwe siqithi kuthiwa Middle-umhlaba ibekwe apha. Bona kuhlale kwiminyanya amazwe ase Europe. Imephu G. Mercator, ezinxulumene 1565, thaca kwezi ziqithi.

AmaSkitiya kwezolimo

NeyamaSkitiya - uhlanga kabani zomkhosi ababephuma kuphela qho enamandla kwezentlalo noqoqosho. Baye isiseko. La mazwe amaSkitiya. ngaphezulu kwama-2.5 amawaka kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwakukho imozulu kunomzimba namhlanje. Phakathi izizwe yenziwe izilwanyana, ukulima, ukuloba, benza imveliso yempahla ngesikhumba kunye smectite, umqhaphu, iiseramikhi, intsimbi kunye neenkuni. Silwenza izixhobo zomkhosi. Umgangatho kunye nenqanaba iimveliso AmaSkitiya ongekho ngaphantsi kwanakumGrike.

Iintlanga zanikela ngazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko. Baye babandakanyeka kwi- extraction yegolide, isinyithi, ubhedu, isilivere kunye nezinye iimaminerali. Ukukhishwa kweSkthiya ukufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu. Njengoko uHerodotus wabika, ngubani owaqulunqa inkcazo yamaSkithe, ngekhulu le-7 BC. E., Ngaphantsi kweKumkani Ariante, ezi zizwe zenza i-cauldron enkulu. Ubungakanani bodonga lwayo lwaluyiminwe e-6, kwaye amandla ayenama-600 amphoras. Yayiphoswa kwiDesna, ngasezantsi yeN Novgorod-Seversky. Ngethuba lokuhlasela kukaDariyo, le ngqayi yayifihlwe empuma yeDesna. Apha, ukuchithwa kwemayini yethusi kwakwenziwa kwakhona. Iimpahla zegolide zeSikethi zifihliwe kwintsimi yaseRomania. Yisitya kunye nomlimi ngejoko, kunye ne-ax ehlangene.

Iintengiso zamaSkiti

Urhwebo lwenziwa kwintsimi yeScythia. Kwakukho iindlela zokuhweba zamanzi kunye nomhlaba kunye nemilambo yaseYurophu naseSiberia, i-Black, Caspian kunye neNyakatho yolwandle. Ukongeza kwiinqwelo zemfazwe kunye neenqwelo ezinamavili, amaSkthiya akha umlambo kunye nolwandle lwamaphiko ophiko olwandle olwandle kwimikhumbi ye-Volga, Ob, Yenisei, emlonyeni wePechora. UGenghis Khan uthathe kule ndawo i-master to create a fleet, eyenzelwe ukulwa neJapan. Maxa wambi amaSkiti awakha imigodi engaphansi komhlaba. Bawafaka phantsi kwemilambo emikhulu, basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beemayini. Ngendlela, eYiputa nakwamanye amazwe, imigodi phantsi kweemilambo yafakwa. Icandelo lokushicilela liphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwinqanaba elingaphantsi komhlaba eliphantsi kweDnieper.

Iindlela zokurhweba ezivela kwiIndiya, ePersia naseTshayina zadlula kumaSkitiya. Iimpahla zanikelwa kwimimandla ekumntla naseYurophu kunye neVolga, i-Ob, i-Yenisei, i-Northern Seas, ne-Dnieper. Le ndlela iqhutywe kude kube ngunyama we-17. Ngelo xesha kwiibhanki kwakukho imizi eneempahla ezibuhlungu kunye neetempile.

Ekugqibeleni

Wonke uhlanga uhamba ngendlela yawo yomlando. Ngokuphathelele amaSkitiya, indlela yabo ayifumananga. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwewaka, balinganisa imbali yabo. Kwaphela ixesha elide amaSkitiya ayengumbutho omkhulu wezopolitiko kwintsimi enkulu ephakathi kweDanube neDon. Ukufunda kwezi zizwe kubandakanye iimbali-mlando ezininzi kunye nabavubukuli. Uphando aluzange luyeke nanamhla. Baye badibana neengcali ezimelela iinkalo ezinxulumene (umzekelo, ii-climatologists kunye ne-paleogeographers). Unokulindela ukuba intsebenziswano yalezi zenzululwazi iya kunika ulwazi olutsha malunga namaSkithe. Iifoto kunye nolwazi oluchazwe kweli nqaku, sinethemba ukukunceda ukuba ufumane ingcamango jikelele.