Ukukhanya yelanga: usetyenziso, ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko kuyo

amandla elanga amaza, ezo zahlulo eziliqela spectrum:

• -X-reyi - kunye kwamaza imfutshane (ngezantsi 2 NM);
• UV Ubude igagasi ukususela nge-2 ukuya 400 NM;
• inxalenye ebonakalayo kukhanya kuthinjwa esweni abantu kunye nezilwanyana (400-750 NM);
• oxidative efudumeleyo (infrared) radiation (ngasentla 750 NM).

iqhekeza nganye ifumana isicelo yalo kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ubomi emhlabeni yaye zonke ngolunya yayo. Sicinga ukuba ray kuluhlu ukusuka NM-2 ukuya kuma-400, apho zisetyenziswa yaye yintoni indima kubomi babantu.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa radiation UV

Iimbekiselo zokuqala asusela ngenkulungwane XIII kwi iinkcazelo ze-sobulumko ukusuka eIndiya. Wabhala malunga ukukhanya iliso violet ongabonakaliyo, leyo babhaqiwe. Noko ke, izakhono zobugcisa ixesha oswele ngokucacileyo ukuqinisekisa oku ngokomfuniselo kwaye bafunda ngokweenkcukacha.

Oku kulawulwa njengoko amakhulu amahlanu emva koko, yamachiza evela Germany Ritter. Yaba nguye lowo kwenziwa amalinge kwi chloride yesilivere kuwohloka phantsi kwempembelelo radiation electromagnetic. Scientist wafumanisa ukuba ngokukhawuleza inkqubo ayikho kummandla wokukhanya, apho ngelo xesha sele wavula wabiza ke infrared, kodwa eyahlukileyo. Kwathi kanti le indawo entsha, nabangekafumani uphando.

Ngoko ke, imitha yelanga wafunyanwa ngo-1842, iimpawu kunye izicelo leyo ekugqibeleni yenza uhlolo olunzulu kunye olwenziwe ngabaphandi abahlukeneyo. Igalelo elikhulu oku kwenziwa ngabantu abafana Alexander Becquerel, Varshaver, iDanzig, Macedonio Melloni, uFrank, Parfenov, Galanin kunye nabanye.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Yintoni na imitha yelanga, ukusetyenziswa apho namhlanje ukuze ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezenziwa ngabantu? Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuba ityumbe into ebonakala esebenzayo uhlobo malumga sokukhanya kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ka-1500 ukuya ku-2000 ⁰ C. Kungenxa kule kuluhlu UV iziphumo umsebenzi incopho.

Yimvelo ebonakalayo kule yomtshangatshangiso magnetic, ubude apho yahluka kuluhlu kunokuba olubanzi - 10 (ngamanye amaxesha ukusuka-2) ukuya 400 NM. Uluhlu lonke radiation yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezimbini:

1. uluhlu Phakathi. Kuziwa emhlabeni kudlule emkhathini kunye ozone ukusuka elangeni. Kwamaza - 380-200 NM.
2. Kude (zidle). Ngenkuthalo wendele ozone, ioksijini, izakhi esesibhakabhakeni. Study ukuphatha kuphela izixhobo ezikhethekileyo lwepolitiki, apho wafumana igama lakhe. Kwamaza - 200-2 NM.

It has yokwahlukanisa yayo lweentlobo, nto leyo yelanga. Iimpawu kunye izicelo ngomnye wabo.

1. The Middle.
2. Kude.
3. Kakhulu.
4. I-avareji.
5. Cleaner.
6. Long-wave ukukhanya ezimnyama (UV-A).
7. shortwave esiluhlaza (UV-C).
8. wave Medium UV-B.

UV ombala iintlobo ngalinye lalo, kodwa bona imida kubonisiwe ngaphambili jikelele.

Umdla ke UV-A, okanye ekuthiwa ukukhanya elimnyama. Isibakala sokuba malumga unalo ngamaza 400-315 NM. Le ukwakweli kumda ukukhanya ebonakalayo ukuba Iliso lomntu unako ukufaka. Ngoko ke, lo radiation kudlula badluliselwe izinto ezithile okanye umcu ukuya kwindawo ebonakalayo ukukhanya nemisonto kunye nabantu umahluko njengoko abamnyama, amnyama eblowu okanye emnyama nombala purple.

Le spectra, nebonelela imithombo ultraviolet radiation ibe iindidi ezintathu:

• abelawula ngalo;
• okuqhubekayo;
• eziphilayo (Way).

Uphawu lokuqala athom, ion, iigesi. Iqela lesibini - kuba recombination, bremsstrahlung. Imithombo ye udidi lwesithathu ixhaphake kakhulu kuphononongo zegesi rarefied eziphilayo.

Imithombo yelanga

ukuba Eyona mithombo iphambili UV eyingozi yohlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu ezibanzi:

• zendalo okanye ezemvelo;
• ngumntu, ezenziwe ngumntu;
• laser.

Iqela lokuqala luquka uhlobo kuphela njengentsika kunye kwiradiyetha - ilanga. It orb unika enamandla olawula eli hlobo amaza bayakwazi ukuya kugqitha -ozone nokufikelela kumphezulu womhlaba. Noko ke, asingabo bonke ubunzima. Izazinzulu baye phambili ingcamango yokuba ubomi on Earth kwakuvela kuphela xa ikhaka ozone uye waba awukhusele umthondo ngokugqithisileyo eziyingozi kungomlinganiselo ophezulu radiation UV.

Ngeli xesha ngentsimbi nga khona molekyuli proteinaceous, ii-asidi acid ATP. Kude kube namhlanje ozone engena ngentsebenziswano olusondeleyo ubuninzi UV-A, UV-B kunye UV-C, benikela kubo nabungozi, ukungavumeli adlule. Ngoko ke, ukhuselo UV radiation le planethi - sempumelelo yakhe kuphela.

Yintoni egqibayo uyondelelwano lwee- wajula Umhlaba UV? Kukho izinto ezininzi ezingundoqo:

• imigodi ozone;
• ukuphakama ngaphezu kolwandle;
• injikalanga ukuphakama;
• kwiintsali uwabonisa;
• degree of reflection semitha ukusuka iindawo zomhlaba zendalo;
• imeko ilifu ekhasa.

eyingozi uluhlu radiation, ezendeleyo Umhlaba ukusuka elangeni, isusela ukusuka 200 ukuya 400 NM.

Le mithombo ilandelayo - aluchananga. Ezi zibandakanya bonke izixhobo, izixhobo, izakhiwo eziye zadalwa ngumntu ukuze kufikelelwe spectrum ezinqwenelekayo yokukhanya kunye parameters ekhankanyiweyo kwamaza. Oku kwenziwa ukuze ufumane imitha yelanga, ukusetyenziswa apho inokuba luncedo kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Kuba imithombo yokufakelwa ziquka:

1. isibane Erithema kokuba nokukwazi ukusebenzisa Yindibanisela ivithamin D eluswini. Oku kuthintela yamathambo kunye ayiphilise isifo sakhe.
2. Izixhobo kwezikhumba, apho abantu kuphela ezintle tan zendalo, kodwa zanyangwa izifo ezivela kukungabikho kwelanga open (ebizwa ngokuba yi-ubusika uxinzelelo).
3. Abasa attractants likuvumela ukuba silwe izinambuzane kwindawo ekhuselekileyo abantu.
4. isixhobo Mercury zwi.
5. Excilamp.
6. device Luminescent.
7. izibane Xenon.
8. Ikhulule isixhobo.
9. High-lobushushu plasma.
10. Synchrotron radiation ku accelerators.

Olunye uhlobo imithombo - laser. Umsebenzi wabo isekelwe phezu kwisizukulwana zegesi ezahlukeneyo - zombini egalelwe akukho. Le mithombo ingaba:

• nitrogen;
• argon;
• neon;
• xenon;
• scintillators Organic;
• kwakheka.

Kutshanje, malunga-4 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ukuba yaqanjwa laser abasebenza electron simahla. UV kulo ubude esilingana kuvandlakanywa cleaner. abasasazi laser UV ezisetyenziswa-biotechnology, izifundo ekuzakuqalwa, spectrometry abaninzi njalo njalo.

neziphumo Biological ku eziphilayo

Isenzo ultraviolet radiation kwizinto eziphilayo ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwelinye icala, esi sifo kwenzeka xa ayonelanga. Kwacaca kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela. zokukhanya ezingezizo ezizodwa UV-A kwi kwimigangatho efunekayo okwazi:

• ukomeleza umsebenzi sifo;
• ukuba ukuyilwa iikhompawundi ebalulekileyo vasodilator (histamine, umzekelo);
• nokomeleza inkqubo eluswini-kwimisipha;
• ukuphucula umsebenzi lung, oku kongeza amathuba exchange serhasi;
• kuchaphazela isantya kunye nomgangatho ukutya;
• ukwandisa ithoni umzimba isebenze hormone;
• ukwandisa permeability beendonga isitya ulusu.

Ukuba UV-A kwi imali eyaneleyo ithe yaginywa, ngoko loo nto onokugula okunjalo kukudandatheka okanye indlala ukukhanya zasebusika, kwakunye kakhulu kunciphisa ubungozi yamathambo.

Isiphumo eyingozi radiation kwi kwimeko ezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• bactericidal;
• anti-ukudumba;
• nokuphola;
• painkiller.

Le propati kakhulu ucacisa ukusetyenziswa kwezi UV kwizibonelelo zonyango naluphi na uhlobo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwezi iingenelo, kukho downsides. Kukho inani izifo kunye izifo kuthengwa, ukuba dopoluchaet okanye, icala, ukuba ngezixa kakhulu ingqalelo ngumtshangatshangiso.

1. nomhlaza wesikhumba. Le iimpembelelo ingozi yelanga. Wolusu uyakwazi lisekwa amaza impembelelo ngokugqithiseleyo nawuphi na umthombo - ezemvelo ezenziwe ngabantu. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa abalandeli mishini. Kwangomlinganiselo oluyimfuneko isilumkiso.
2. Imiphumo entshabalalo kwi retina le amehlo. Ngamanye amazwi, le cataract inokuphuhlisa, pterygium okanye ukutsha Shell. Imiphumo eyingozi UV kakhulu kwi iliso singqiniwe zizazinzulu ixesha elide kwaye kuqinisekiswa data zovavanyo. Ngoko ke, xa usebenza le mithombo kufuneka bathobele imithetho yokhuseleko. Esitratweni, Unokuzikhusela ngokusebenzisa elanga. Noko ke, kule imeko, kufuneka siyiphaphamele fakes, kuba ukuba iglasi abakwazi ne UV-mathumbu okucoca, isiphumo etshabalalisayo iya kuba namandla.
3. Eshe esikhumbeni. Ehlotyeni, ukuba unako ukwenza imali, ukuba ixesha elide engalawulekiyo esichengeni UV. Ebusika, ungafumana ngaphandle ngekhephu iimpawu zibonisa phantse ngokupheleleyo data otshangatshangiswayo. Ngoko ke, lo zokukhanya yokuqiqa ukusuka eLangeni, kunye ikhephu.
4. Ukuguga. Ukuba abantu kudala zaba phantsi kwempembelelo UV, ngoko aqala ukubonisa iimpawu ngokwaluphala ulusu lokuqala: iyalibala, Undintshwenyisile, komama. Lisuka yokuba umsebenzi ukhusela kweemakhishithi buthathaka kwaye eyaphukileyo.
5. Impembelelo neziphumo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ngaba ukubonisa iimpembelelo ezimbi hayi eselula, kunye ekufutshane ekuthatheni umhlalaphantsi.

Zonke ezi ziphumo imiphumo ukophulwa umthamo UV, ie Bona kwenzeka xa ukusetyenziswa ultraviolet radiation yenziwa esisiso, ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngaphandle ekuthobeleni imiqathango yokhuseleko.

yelanga: yesicelo

Imimandla ezingundoqo esiwasebenzisayo bakucaphukele iipropati eziphathekayo. Oku kuyinyaniso kwi radiation wave ecacicleyo. Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu eziphambili UV, osekelwe ukusetyenziswa kwayo, zezi:

• kwinqanaba eliphezulu chemical umsebenzi;
• ukusebenza bactericidal ku eziphilayo;
• ukukwazi ukuba chweba kwezinto ezahlukeneyo anemibala eyahlukeneyo ibonakala emehlweni oluntu (chweba).

Lenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu radiation ultra-Violet. Izicelo ziquka:

• Uhlalutyo spectrometric;
• Uphando ngeenkwenkwezi;
• imithi;
• kuna;
• kweentsholongwane amanzi okusela;
• photolithography;
• izimbiwa isifundo inethiwekhi;
• izihluzi UV;
• ukubamba izinambuzane;
• ukuba bahlukane kwiintsholongwane.

Nganye kwezi isebenzisa uhlobo oluthile UV spectrum kunye kwamaza yayo. Kutshanje, uhlobo radiation esebenzayo lisetyenziswa kwizifundo yemichiza emzimbeni (nokuzimisela electron uqwalaselo athom, iimolekyuli kunye crystal isakhiwo iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, umsebenzi kunye ion, uhlalutyo utshintshwano emzimbeni izinto isithuba ezahlukeneyo).

Kukho nenye inkalo imiphumo UV ngalo mba. Ezinye izinto polymeric bayakwazi ukubola phantsi kweempembelelo umthombo olukhulu esisigxina ngamaza data. Ngokomzekelo, ezifana:

• Polyethylene ukua;
• ezinepolypropylene;
• PMMA okanye plexiglass.

Yintoni eye ifuthe? Iimveliso ezenziwe ezi zinto balahlekelwe umbala wabo, iintanda, ebattery ekugqibeleni batshatyalaliswe. Ngoko ke, zibizwa neeplastikhi ezibuthathaka. Olu phawu we ukuthotywa chain carbon kwi iimeko zokukhanya yelanga basebenzise ngenkuthalo e zezenzululwazi, x-reyi iselangeni, kunye nezinye iinkalo abohlukeneyo. Oku kwenziwa ikakhulu lungisani uburhabaxa kumphezulu kweemveliso.

Spectrometry - indawo engundoqo ifildi yodibaniso onceda ekuchongeni iikhompawundi kunye nokwakhiwa kwabo ukukwazi ukufunxa ukukhanya UV ye kwamaza ethile. Kubonakala ukuba spectra ezikhethekileyo ubutyebi ngalinye, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba Cazulula iziphumo spectrometry.

Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa ultraviolet radiation esiluhlaza yenziwa bokutsala ukubulala izinambuzane. Intshukumo isekelwe ubuchule iliso ukuba zifake esi sinambuzane umntu ongabonakaliyo, elifutshane-wave spectra. Ngako oko izilwanyana zibhabha umthombo, apho baboniswa entshabalalweni.

solariums Ukusebenzisa - Ufakelo ezizodwa uhlobo nkqo nethe tyaba apho umzimba womntu ubethwa UV-A. Oku kwenziwa ukuphucula imveliso-bala lintsundu esikhumbeni, amnike umbala mnyama, behanahanisa. Ngaphezu koko, kukukrala omile kwaye atshabalalise iintsholongwane ezinobungozi phezu kwamanzi integument. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kukhuselo amehlo, iindawo ezibuthathaka.

kwezamayeza

Ukusetyenziswa ultraviolet radiation amayeza kwakhona zisekelwe ekukwazini layo ukuze atshabalalise iliso engabonakaliyo eziphilayo - kwiintsholongwane, naphezu iimpawu ezithi zenzeke emzimbeni ngexesha ukulayita abanobuchule radiation ngokwendalo okanye.

Yayibubungqina esingundoqo unyango UV kungachazwa nje iingongoma ezimbalwa:

1. Zonke iintlobo nangokurhala, amanxeba avulekileyo, iyabhiqiza kunye ezivuzayo ezivulekileyo.
2. Kuba ukwenzakala amathambo.
3. Kwimeko ukutsha, frostbite, kunye nezifo zolusu.
4. Xa izifo zemigudu, isifo sephepha, isifuba.
5. Imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwezifo ezosulelayo.
6. Xa izigulo, ephelekwa iintlungu eziqatha, neuralgia.
7. Izifo umqala kunye lweHo- ngeempumlo.
8. Yamathambo kunye trophic isilonda.
9. isifo amazinyo.
10. Regulation yengcinezelo omlambo wegazi, ukuba kuqheleke intliziyo.
11. Uphuhliso yamathumba ngumhlaza.
12. Yegazi, ukusilela kwezintso kunye namanye amazwe.

Zonke ezi zifo kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu ukuba eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, unyango kunye nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa UV - bebone unyango lokwenene, kungakongela amawaka kunye nezigidi ubomi babantu, balondoloze kwaye Úyawubuyisa impilo yabo.

Olunye usebenziso lwe UV ukusuka kwindawo zonyango bemvelo lwembono - na kwamagciwane kwizakhiwo, imiphezulu umsebenzi kunye nzala izixhobo. Intshukumo isekelwe phezu zikwazi ukunqanda uphuhliso UV kunye phindana iimolekyuli DNA, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni impilo yabo. Iintsholongwane, umngundo, lenyama kunye iintsholongwane ziyafa.

Eyona ngxaki inkulu nokusetyenziswa radiation enjalo inzala kunye kweentsholongwane maziko indawo izibane. Emva kokuba eziphilayo luyatshatyalaliswa kuphela kunye nefuthe ngqo kwamaza ngqo. Yonke into eseleyo ngaphandle, neqhubayo ukubakho.

umsebenzi kohlaziyo kunye neeminerali

Ukukwazi eyenza chweba ezintweni ivumela ukusebenzisa UV kulingwa ukubunjwa esemgangathweni izimbiwa kunye namatye. Kule nkalo, oko umdla kukho amatye anqabileyo, semi-obunqabileyo anqabileyo. Nguwuphi kuphela imibala babanike xa okufakwe ngamaza cathode! umdla kakhulu ngale wabhala Malakhov, yokwakheka odumileyo. umsebenzi wakhe ichaza kokuma ukukhanya color palette, ezinako ukuvelisa kwezimbiwa kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo radiation.

Umzekelo, netopazi, yaye kwi spectrum bubonakalayo ngombala omhle eziblowu xa izibane zokhanyo oqaqambileyo oluhlaza ne-emeraldi - ebomvu. Neeperile musani ukunika nawuphi na umbala ethile kunye ovame ebengezelayo. Le mbono yesiphumo nje kumnandi.

Ukuba Ukubunjwa iintlobo bafunda ziquka ubumdaka uranium, ngoko obumbeneyo njengembumbulu iza kubonisa oluhlaza. Elimsulwa yiMelita ukunika blue morganite - nombala purple okanye isibonda-purple.

ukusebenzisa amacebo

Ukusebenzisa amacebo okucoca siyasebenza yelanga esiluhlaza. Iindidi izakhiwo ezinjalo kunokuba ezahlukeneyo:

• eqinileyo;
• gas;
• ulwelo.

Isicelo ezingundoqo izixhobo ezo zifumaneka kushishino kwemichiza le, ingakumbi chromatography. Ngoncedo lwabo, unako ukwenza uhlalutyo esemgangathweni ukwimo uze uchonge ukuba ulilungu kwiklasi ethile oganikhi khompawundi.

Ukusela amanzi

UV kweentsholongwane amanzi okusela yenye yeendlela ezininzi zale mihla kunye nobulunga zokuhlanjululwa yayo ezingcolisa eziphilayo. Izinto eziluncedo yale ndlela zezi zilandelayo:

• ukuthembeka;
• ukusebenza;
• ukungabikho iimveliso zangaphandle emanzini;
• ukhuseleko;
• ukusebenza;
• ekulondolozweni iimpawu organoleptic amanzi.

Yiyo loo nto namhlanje le ndlela kweentsholongwane na inyathelo kunye chlorination yemveli. Intshukumo isekelwe phezu iimpawu ezifanayo - ngokutshatyalaliswa DNA ye yingozi kwi ekwakhiweni emanzini. Sebenzisa UV nge ngamaza malunga 260 NM.

Ukongezelela neziphumo ngqo kwi izinambuzane, yiultraviolet ukukhanya kuyasetyenziswa ngenxa yokwaphuka iintsalela zemichiza, okusetyenziselwa ukuthambisa, yokucocwa kwamanzi: ezifana, umz, chlorine okanye chloramine.

Black ukukhanya

izixhobo ezinjalo baxhotyiswa emitters ezizodwa, nako ukunika ubude wave elikhulu ikufutshane abonakalayo. Noko ke, zisekho enzima emehlweni oluntu. izibane ezifana zisetyenziswa izixhobo zokufunda iimpawu ofihlakeleyo UV umzekelo, zokundwendwela, amaxwebhu, engamaphepha njalo njalo. Oko kukuthi, iileyibheli zingabonakala kuphela phantsi kweempembelelo spectrum ethile. Ngoko ke umgaqo le detectors lwemali eyakhelwe, izixhobo zokutshekisha ngokwenene engamaphepha.

Ukubuyiselwa nokumisela ubunyani lwemizobo

Kwaye kule ngingqi ukusetyenziswa UV. igcisa nganye esetyenzisiweyo emhlophe, nganye ixesha epochal ixesha izinyithi ezahlukeneyo enzima. Ngenxa kwimitha kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane i ebizwa ngokuba underpainting, nezinika ulwazi malunga ngobunyaniso womzobo, kwakunye nobuchule ezithile, indlela yokubhala igcisa nganye.

Kwakhona, lacquer umboniso phezu amanqaku inxulumene neeplastikhi enovakalelo. Ngoko ke, uyakwazi ukukhula endala phantsi kwempembelelo ukukhanya. Oku kwenza kube lula ukufumanisa ubudala ezo zililo kunye obukhulu hlabathi zobugcisa.