Karl Kautsky - German ngezoqoqosho, umbhali-mbali sobulumko

Kwihlabathi kwethiyori kwezoqoqosho ziyathandwa zezoqoqosho isiJamani, zobulumko. Enye yamadoda ongasoze ulityalwe ixesha wakhe uKarl Kautsky. imisebenzi yakhe ukuba zininzi izinto esifana ngazo imisebenzi Marx, kodwa iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka ezizodwa ezenza iimbono sobulumko German ngendlela yakhe ekhethekileyo. Wakwazi ukutsala abaxhasi amaninzi kwaye ezinye umsebenzi wakhe esasebenza. Ke kaloku iinkokheli Ekunene-nephiko ncwadi isebenzisa kwiingcamango avakalisa Karl Kautsky.

biography

Ubomi ngezoqoqosho elizayo iqala e Prague yamandulo kulapho lo mntu mkhulu wazalwa ngo-1854. Ngelo xesha, Central Yurophu wakhokela ubomi noko cwaka, kunye namaziko ayo emfundo akhuphisana kunye neeyunivesithi owaziwayo yaseBritani. UKarl Kautsky wafumana imfundo esemagqabini kwiYunivesithi yase Vienna. Ngoxa umfundi, wabe izimvo wobusoshiyali kwaye simazi kwimibhalo uKarl Marx. Ukususela kowe-1870, wabe izimvo Marxists amaninzi. Ngokukodwa, ekuthiwa umbuzo kwezolimo iqala umdla wakhe kunye awohluke intshukumo ukusebenza kunye nokulawulwa revisionism. umhleli Indawo zithandwa lowu «Die iNeue Zeit» kunegalelo ukunwenwa izimvo yali kwi-Central kunye neNtshona yeYurophu, nangona abafundi bakhe wabonisa ezinye pedantry umsebenzi wakhe kunye Ukuthanda scholasticism zenzululwazi.

ze of Marxism

Ngowe-1885 -1888, uKarl Kautsky owayehlala eLondon, apho yena ukunxibelelana Engels kunye nabaxhasi of Marxism. Ukususela ngowe-1890, wafudukela eJamani, apho waqhubeka ukupapasha amaphepha ngemiba eyahlukeneyo Marxism. italente Utitshala kunye virtuosity wenza umsebenzi elifutshane Kautsky uyathandwa kakhulu phakathi abaxhasi iintshukumo yobusoshiyali kunye olukhulu. Phakathi bakhe analysis imisebenzi Thomas More kunye ekuboneni kwakhe (1888), "Comments Inkqubo Eksfurtskoy" (1892), "ezandulela kwiSocialism Entsha (1895).

Kautsky and ubuKristu

Omnye imisebenzi yakhe, lo yezoqoqosho waseJamani sobulumko abazinikele ukuvela nophuhliso kakhulu elikhulu-scale intshukumo zonqulo ixesha - Christianity. Kwincwadi yakhe, Kautsky uthi ngoonobangela zoqoqosho nezentlalo ezibonakalisa imfuneko lo loluntu ukholo entsha, ucacisa ukubaluleka izinto zembali kunye sihamba yamaYuda, sibonga ngalo ubuKristu Kwavela njengonqulo eyahlukileyo. Umsebenzi "The Origin of ubuKristu" kakhulu nok bexesha lakhe, nangona, kwaye ngoku ebangela eninzi impikiswano phakathi amakholwa kunye naphakathi kubukho bukaThixo.

umsebenzi wezoqoqosho

A Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho sasigcinwe nguye ngo-1887. "I-Economic neemfundiso Karla Marksa" mhlawumbi umsebenzi edume kulo nzulu. Kuyo ulwimi lula noluqondakalayo simisela iingongoma eziphambili i "Capital" odumileyo. Iindawo apho Kautsky uchaza ingcamango eyinkunzi, zinika imifanekiso ecacileyo zobugcisa zifikeleleke kubantu kude lisuswe kwimfundo kwezoqoqosho.

nemboni

imibono of capitalism kwezolimo krelekrele kutyhilwa encwadini Karl Kautsky, "Lo mbuzo kwezolimo." Apha uchaza iintsingiselo eziphambili eziye kancane kancane ezinxulumene kubunini bomhlaba ixesha elide, ukusuka kwinkqubo feudal lwezoqoqosho era mihla capitalism phambili. Economist bakwazi ukufezekisa nezichazayo izinto statistical waseJamani, kuzo ixesha aqokelelwe ubunzima enkulu. Xa umsebenzi wayo, Kautsky lusekelwe kwidata esemthethweni asuka kuphando ezahlukeneyo kunye nobalo olwenziwe eNgilani, eFransi, eUnited States, eJamani. Ukuhamba kakuhle ibali ubudlelwane yokuqala feudal kwezolimo mihla ibonisa indlela ezolimo ngexesha elifutshane siye savela ukusuka kwamadoda ukuya iiklasi inzululwazi, ukuphumeza inzuzo enkulu. Yonke akhe kulala ngokugqibeleleyo izibalo Marx kunye izikhalazo zakhe kwezoqoqosho.

Utyeshelo lomqathango ukususela iingcinga Marxism

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane kwaye kuyanda ngakumbi ingcamango yokuba ubuzwilakhe sabasebenzi. Ingcamango ukutshintsha isakhiwo kwezoqoqosho bevuthela kwi II Congress of the RSDLP, eyaqala ngo-1903 e Brussels, waza waqhubeka esebenza eLondon. Kautsky ngokusondeleyo walandela seengxoxo eendwendwe, kodwa umgwebo wakhe wathabatha Mensheviks (i-anti-Iskrists). Ngesi sihlandlo, uKarl Kautsky wapapasha imisebenzi ezininzi abhalwe umoya Marxism. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho "Indlela to Power", "I nokuxubana Revolution." imisebenzi yezoqoqosho German motivations VI Lenin, ababesoloko ocatshulwe kubo intetho yakhe. sihloko sithi uLenin Kautsky kaThixo zazisoloko epapashwe kwi "Iskra".

Ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi

zokwazisela chu iingcamango uKarl Marx yenza Kautsky ukuhambisa kude kwiingcamango Idabi kunye nentshukumo yokusebenza-class. Yena uqhuba nkqubo yoxolelwaniso kunye abahlaziyi ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, oku akuzange ayeke naye emsebenzini wakhe ukuxhasa intshukumo liquidators phakathi Russian Social-Democrats. Kwakhona kuphika imigaqo Party-bulumko abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, yokunika imbeko iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yoqhankqalazo neorganizatsionnym. socialism Scientific umsebenzi wakhe ezama co-zikhona iingcamango non-abangabaxhasi bakaMarx bulumko. izimvo Kautsky bakaThixo bajamelene inguqu ebonakalayo. Ukushiya nembono olululo Marxism, uzama ukucacisa nokukhuthaza imigaqo zentlalo-chauvinists.

Kautsky ngo-1917

Ebutsheni bowe-1917, Kautsky ebandakanyeke ngqo ekudalweni esitsha nhlangano, ogama iimbono yena ekwabelwana ngokupheleleyo. It ezimeleyo Social-Democratic Party of eJamani, nto leyo kumjikelo wokuqala wonyulo kuye kwatsala iivoti. Kodwa October Revolution, Kautsky akathandanga ukuba bayayichasa usasazeko abasebenzi amandla kunye nabalimi, lo gama kugcinwe imigaqo yenkululeko yamaphephandaba.

Ngelo xesha izidubedube zezopolitiko eziphambili eJamani, wahlala ikhosi yoxolelwaniso phakathi capitalism kunye neengcamango yobusoshiyali. Indawo nzulu German kulo mba kwakhona iinkcukacha wagxeka VI Lenin, kwinqaku lakhe "uyazazi Revolution kunye Kautsky bonakele."

Njengoko kudla ngokwenzeka, iingcamango sobulumko German liyalambatha ngamaseko angaphakathi anika umdali wayo. In post-imfazwe iJamani yaba inkqubo lubalaseleyo nkulu. umntwana Favorite Kautsky kaThixo (Social Democratic Party) ezifumana iimpawu ezoyikisayo. Xa Fascism e Central eYurophu wakhangela phezulu, Kautsky ayikhange yenzeke ngokupheleleyo ukuba yintoni imiphumo ebuhlungu oku kungadala. Ngowe-1938, e Vienna intanda yakhe ngamaNazi, yaye uKarl Kautsky kwafuneka ukuba bafudukele Prague uze emva koko Amsterdam, apho akugqiba umsebenzi wakhe.