Ngoobani ke "red" kunye "white '? I-Civil War (1917-1922): i-Red Army kunye White

Apho ntoni igama elithi "red" kunye "white '? Le mfazwe yamakhaya eyaziwa ngokuba, "kabini" "green", "Socialist" kunye nezinye iimanyano. Yintoni umahluko ezisisiseko phakathi kwabo?

Kweli nqaku, siza phendula kuphela ezo mibuzo, kodwa aqhelane yimbali emfutshane ukusekwa ngamandla yiSoviet kweli lizwe. Makhe sithethe kokuphikisa oMhlophe Guard kunye Red Army.

Imvelaphi yamagama "red" yaye "white"

Namhlanje, imbali iLizwe loobawo ngaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi bakhathazekile kunye nolutsha. Ucwaningo, abaninzi une ingcamango ngubani Lenin, ukuba asingethi, kudane kweMfazwe ka 1812 ...

Noko ke, amagama afana kunye namabinzana njenge "red" kunye "emhlophe", "War Civil" yaye "Oktobha Revolution", omnye kwetyala. Noko ke, abazange uyazazi iinkcukacha, kodwa la magama ziyaviwa.

Makhe sijonge ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi kule ngongoma. Kufuneka uqale nesibakala apho kwakukho iinkampu ezimbini ezichaseneyo - i "white" yaye "red" kwi War Civil. Ngokusisiseko, kwaba nje ikhosi ezizinzululwazi ubuxoki eSoviet nto engaphaya. Ngoku wena kule puzzle wena.

Xa sibhenela iincwadi zezifundo neencwadi reference eSoviet Union, apho wachaza ukuba "white" - kodwa ke Whites, abaxhasi bokumkani eentshaba "red" le iiBolsheviks.

Njengabo bonke oko. Kodwa enyanisweni, lo ngomnye utshaba balwa qumrhu.

Ilizwe iminyaka emashumi asixhenxe, wahlala longquzulwano iintshaba wasentsomini. Ngabo aba "emhlophe", amanqindi, uhageleyo ongxowankulu nasentshonalanga. rhoqo nkcazelo engacacanga loo utshaba kusisiseko intlebendwane ikukudandatheka.

Okulandelayo, siza kuxubusha izinto ezibangela ukuba War Civil. "White", ngokutsho yamaBolshevik ideology, baba monarchists. Kodwa nantsi catch, waphantsa monarchists emfazweni wayengekho. Akudingeki ukuba kwakufuneka alwe, nembeko awehlelwa kulo. Nicholas II asiyeke, ke yona eyomninawa wakhe akazange athathe isithsaba. Ngenxa yoko, onke amagosa kakumkani bafumanisa ukuba ukhululekile isifungo.

Apho, ngoko, lo "color" umahluko? Ukuba iiBolsheviks ukuba ngokwenene ibe iflegi obomvu, ngoko kubachasi babo ayizange emhlophe. Impendulo siyifumana kwimbali kwenkulungwane enesiqingatha edlulileyo.

The French Revolution banika ihlabathi ngamaqela amabini aphikisanayo. amabutho Royal banxiba ibhena emhlophe, umqondiso amakhosi baseFransi. kubachasi babo emva ekuthatheni amandla hung ilaphu ebomvu kwiholo yedolophu njengophawu ekuqalisweni kwe window bokulwa. Ngaloo mihla, nayiphi na indibano yabantu ngabavela amajoni.

KwiBolsheviks bamchasa na monarchists kunye nabaxhasi eNdibano neqela (Democrats siseko, i kabini), anarchists (Makhnovists), "zelenoarmeytsy" (walwa "red",, abahlaseli "white") kunye nabo wayefuna ukuba lwamasebe ngaphakathi kummandla kwimo free .

Ngoko, igama elithi "white" lalisetyenziswa ngobuqili ideologists lokuhlahla lutshaba eqhelekileyo. oya kuyo yakhe ukuba nawuphi na Army red ngokufutshane isizathu sokuba lokulwa, ngokungafaniyo nabanye abavukeli. Oku watsala abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba iiBolsheviks, kwaye kwenza yokugqibela kukuphumelela War Civil.

zinto zifuneka kuqala ukulwa

Xa sifunda izifundo kweMfazwe Civil, itafile umele ukuba luphathwe kakuhle izinto. Ngezantsi kukho amanqanaba kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, nto leyo eya kukunceda uhambe ngcono kuphela nqaku, kodwa kweli thuba ezimbalini iLizwe loobawo.

Amanqanaba impi zomkhosi

izigaba	imihla	izenzakalo
1	Februwari-Matshi 1917	Ngokubhukuqwa lobuzwilakhe, ukwahlulwa kuluntu.
2	March-October 1917	Ukuqhubela longquzulwano eluntwini.
3	Oktobha 1917-Matshi 1918.	Ukungabikho Provisional kaRhulumente. Ukusekwa kwamandla Soviet. Ukunwenwa imfazwe.
4	March-Juni 1918	Ukwanda ugonyamelo ikukudandatheka. Formation of the Red Army kunye White.
5	Summer 1918, ekupheleni kuka-1920.	War ezibandakanya umkhosi rhoqo, kuquka amazwe. Le kwemikhosi yoqoqosho.
6	Ngowe-1921-1922.	Eziphango, kwasendaweni kunye ekupheleni kweMfazwe Civil.

Ngoku ukuba nina isigqibo ngubani "red" kunye "emhlophe", iMfazwe Civil, ngakumbi ngqo, lwalukumanqanaba alo, ziya kuqondwa ngcono. Uyakwazi ukuqhubeka ekusifundeni kubo. Kufuneka uqale kunye zangaphambili.

Ngaloo ndlela, esona sizathu eziyolweni ezinjalo, apho kamva yajika yaba seminyaka emihlanu imfazwe yamakhaya, zaye waqokelela ephikisanayo kunye neengxaki.

Okokuqala, inxalenye Russian Empire kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi watshabalalisa uqoqosho kunye nezibonelelo sisazama kweli lizwe. Ubuninzi yabantu into eyindoda phakathi komkhosi, ukwehla weza kwezolimo kunye namashishini ezidolophini. Amajoni udinwe ukuba anilwele siseko omnye umntu, xa izindlu intsapho olambileyo.

Isizathu sesibini yaba imiba yezolimo kunye nezoshishino. Kwakukho abalimi ezininzi kakhulu kunye nabasebenzi, abaye bahlala ubuhlwempu kunye nonxunguphalo. KwiBolsheviks wasebenzisa kuwo ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuze wenze ukuthatha inxaxheba kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kumzabalazo phakathi kwezigaba, amanye amanyathelo sele zenziwe.

Ekuqalekeni ube ekho iliza wokuqala phantsi kwesizwe lwamashishini, iibhanki kunye nomhlaba. Okulandelayo ukuba utyikitye Brest iSivumelwano, leyo waziphosa iRussia kungena enzonzobileni zokweyelisela ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuchasene yangasemva isiphithiphithi ngokubanzi Red Army ubambe uyoyikwa ukuba ngamandla.

Ukuze ukuthethelela yehambo yabo, ababelakhe le ngcinga kumzabalazo ochasene White Guards kunye interventionists.

prehistory

Makhe sijonge ukuba kutheni kwiMfazwe Civil waqala. Le theyibhile, oko sele ocatshulwe, ibonisa amanqanaba ungquzulwano. Kodwa siza kuqala kunye neziganeko ezenzeka phambi Enkulu October Revolution.

inxaxheba laphelelwa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ubukhosi Russian na ukuhla. Abdicates etroneni uNicholas II. Okubaluleke kakhulu, akubonakali ngathi ungaphinda ezihlangwini. Ngenxa yezi ziganeko eveliswa xesha, imikhosi ezimbini ezintsha - uRhulumente Provisional kunye yiSoviet of yamaSekela Workers '.

Luqala ukujongana nengxaki kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, kwiBolsheviks kwakhona ijolise ekunyuseni impembelelo yayo emkhosini. Le ndlela wabakhokelela ngaxesha ithuba lokuba amandla elilawulayo kuphela kweli lizwe.
Loo ukudideka kurhulumente kukhokelele kwinto yokuba bakha "red" yaye "white." Imfazwe Civil yaba apotheosis kwiiyantlukwano zabo kuphela. Yeyiphi kulindeleke.

I October revolution

Enyanisweni, lo yintlekele kweMfazwe Civil iqala ne-Oktobha Revolution. KwiBolsheviks bafumana amandla kunye nokuzithemba weza ngamandla. Phakathi-Oktobha 1917 ngo Petrograd waqalisa ukwenza imeko kakhulu.

October 25 Aleksandr Kerensky, intloko Provisional kaRhulumente, olahla Petrograd ukuya Pskov uncedo. Ezibonela ukuhlola neziganeko qhankqalazo.

In Pskov ubuza imikhosi Jikelele Dukhonin ukuba amncede. Kerensky ezifana kwaye ixhaswa Cossacks, kodwa ngequbuliso ephuma kabini yomkhosi rhoqo. Ngoku, Democrats bayala ukuxhasa intloko siseko karhulumente.

Hayi ukufumana inkxaso eyoneleyo Pskov, Alexander F. uya kwisiqithi mzi, apho wadibana ne-General Krasnov. Ngelo xesha eSt Petersburg eza Isiphango lakwaWinter Palace. Kwimbali eSoviet, esi siganeko lunikelwa isitshixo. Kodwa nakubeni ke akukho ukuxhathisa ngakwicala zamasekela.

Emva kokuba shot blank ukusuka Cruiser "Aurora" Noomateloshe, amajoni kunye nabasebenzi waya ebhotwe, bambamba wonke langoku kukho amalungu Provisional kaRhulumente. Ukongeza, Wabamba Second Congress of qumrhu, owamkelwa liqela izibhengezo ezingundoqo kunye irhoxisiwe isohlwayo ngaphambili.

Xa ucinga ngoko kwenzekileyo lika Krasnov wagqiba ukunceda Aleksandru Kerenskomu. October 26 kwicala Petrograd uya amahashe looding abantu amakhulu asixhenxe. Bekucingelwa ukuba esi sixeko baya inkxaso Junkers qhankqalazo. Kodwa ukuba bacinezelwa kwiBolsheviks.

Kule meko, kwaye kwacaca ukuba Provisional Government azisasebenzi. Kerensky wabaleka, Jikelele Krasnov bargained iiBolsheviks ukuba abuyele ngokukhululekileyo ukuya squad kwi Island.

Ngelo xesha, njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo Social aqala umlo olukhulu nxamnye iiBolsheviks, owathi, ngokoluvo lwabo, ndasisa eninzi ngamandla. Impendulo ukubulawa ezinye iinkokeli "red" yaba zizothuso iiBolsheviks, kwaye ukuqala kweMfazwe Civil (1917-1922). Ngoku cinga iziganeko ezilandelayo.

Ukusekwa amandla "red"

Njengokuba besesitshilo ngasentla, nentlekele kweMfazwe Civil siqalile elide phambi October Revolution. Eqhelekileyo nabantu, amajoni, abasebenzi kunye nabalimi zaye aneliseke imeko yangoku. Ukuba imimandla esembindini leeyunithi ezininzi lamabutho zibe phantsi kweliso close eethenda, kwi kwecala elisempuma kugcwele ngesimo eyahlukileyo kakhulu.

Ubukho kukho inani elikhulu imikhosi reserve nokungafuni babo ukuba baye emfazweni kunye iJamani yanceda iiBolsheviks ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwegazi ukufumana inkxaso phantse esithathwini-yomkhosi. 15 Kuphela izixeko ezikhulu yenqaba amandla "red", 84 njengoko yenyathelo yakhe kudlule ezandleni zabo.

An isimanga engalindelekanga ukuba iiBolsheviks ngokohlobo inkxaso enkulu evela ijoni edidekile, elibharhileyo, kwathiwa "red" ngokuthi "kumngcelele woloyiso kweli qumrhu."

Imfazwe Civil (1917-1922) iye isiba mandundu kuphela emva ukusayinwa ochithayo Russia Brest uxolo. Phantsi kwesivumelwano, ubukhosi owayesakuba ezilahlekileyo ngaphezu kwesigidi ezikwere zeekhilomitha yommandla. Ezi ziquka: i aseBalti, Belarus, Ukraine, neCaucasus, Romania, intsimi Don. Ukongezelela, kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule billion amathandathu German iimpawu indemnity.

Esi sigqibo yabangela baqhankqalaze zombini ngaphakathi elizweni kwaye kwicala le Entente. Kunye nokomelezwa kwiimbambano zengingqi ezahlukeneyo iqala ungenelelo yomkhosi lwamazwe Koloni kummandla Russia.

Engena mkhosi Entente luhlaziywe uvukelo of the Czechoslovak Legion eSiberia Kuban Cossacks imvukelo phantsi kobunkokheli General Krasnov. imikhosi Broken Abamhlophe kunye interventionists abathile baya Central Asia, kunye iminyaka emininzi kakhulu kumzabalazo saqhubeka nxamnye ngamandla eSoviet.

Ithuba yesibini War Civil

Kuyinto kwesi sigaba, kunazo esebenzayo aba Heroes White Guard kweMfazwe Civil. Imbali wasigcina amagama afana Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin, Yuzefovich, Miller nabanye.

Nganye kwezi iinjengele waba umbono wakhe elizayo kurhulumente. Abanye baye bazama ukuba basebenzisane kunye amajoni Entente ukubhukuqa yamaBolshevik nolawulo ukanti ukuba abize kwiNdibano neqela. Abanye babefuna ukuba silwe zasekuhlaleni. Ezi ziquka ezifana Makhno, Grigoriev, kunye nabanye.

Ukuntsonkotha eli xesha kukuba kwakuba kugqityiwe leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, imikhosi yaseJamani babeza ushiye kummandla Russia kuphela emva kokufika Amanyeneyo. Kodwa isivumelwano ngasese ngaphambi kokuba adlulele isixeko kwiBolsheviks.

Njengoko imbali ibonisa kwethu, le mfazwe yayingeka- emva ithuba enjalo iziganeko ifakiwe kwisigaba ekhethekileyo ugonyamelo gazi. Ukungaphumeleli kweenjengele, swi oorhulumente Western, sibe sibi abaswela amagosa abafanelekayo. Ngoko ke, Miller nempi Yudenich kunye nezinye iimanyano Wawa kuphela ngenxa kukunqongophala yabaphathi yoo-level uhuhamba ezingundoqo imikhosi weza evela oluBomvu Army amabanjwa.

Ingxelo kumaphephandaba zeli xesha luphawulwa eziphambili olu hlobo: ". Amawaka amabini amajoni evela imipu emithathu, wenyuka waya Red Army"

Isigaba sokugcina

Qala mbali badla ukunxulumana kwimfazwe Polish ngexesha lokugqibela imfazwe ka-1917-1922. Nabamelwane basentshona Pilsudski wayefuna ukwenza Confederation kunye loo mmandla kwiBaltic ukuya kuLwandle Black. Kodwa umnqweno wakhe ukuba ube nokufezekiswa. Army Civil War phantsi kobunkokheli Yegorov kunye Tukhachevsky walwa phambili ijula Western Ukraine wafika kumda Polish.

Oyise lo utshaba ekuphakamiseni umzabalazo wabasebenzi e-Europe. Ke zonke izicwangciso enesihlwitha Red Army ayiphumelelanga emva kokoyiswa etshabalalisayo edabini, nto leyo iye yagcinwa phantsi igama "Ummangaliso kwi Vistula".

Emva kokuba kwenziwe uxolo iimbambano umnqophiso kuqala phakathi qumrhu kwaye iPoland enkampini Entente. Ngenxa yoko, sinciphise inkxaso mali intshukumo "emhlophe", kwaye War Civil eRashiya iqala ukuya ezantsi.

Xa 1920 yokuqala, aba utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle lwamazwe Western kwakhokelela ekubeni eSoviet Union waqonda ukuba uninzi lwamazwe.

Heroes of Civil War, ixesha lokugqibela, walwa Wrangel e Ukraine, abahlaseli eCaucasus yaye Central Asia, eSiberia. Phakathi kweenjengele waziwayo kufuneka kuqatshelwe Tukhachevsky, Blucher, Frunze kunye nezinye.

Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa seminyaka emihlanu amadabi igazi elimsulwa kuBukhosi Russian waseka urhulumente omtsha. Kamva, iye yaba ukubangisana yesibini, oyimbangi kuphela lowo eUnited States.

Izizathu ukuba uloyiso

Masiqonde ukuba kutheni boyiswa "white" kwi War Civil. Sithelekisa Luqikelelo kwiinkampu aphikisanayo uze uzame ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo eqhelekileyo.

mbali Soviet sizathu siphambili wabona uloyiso yakhe yanika inkxaso ubunzima amacandelo abacinezelwa oluntu. egxininisa ngokukodwa yabekwa abo babandezeleka ngenxa ye revolution 1905. Ngenxa yokuba bayakholelwa ukuzimanya kwiBolsheviks.

"White", ngokuchasene noko, akhalazela yokunqongophala kwabantu bokusebenza kunye eziphathekayo. Kule wendawo kunye nabantu million, ababanga nako tirhisa nkqu ubuncinane kukukhwezela, ukuba ube nguye.

Ingakumbi manani umdla, esalinikwayo War Civil. "Red", "white" (jonga kwitheyibhile engezantsi) ngokukodwa ubunzima evela desertions. iimeko zokuphila amandla, kunye nokunqongophala iinjongo ezicacileyo bazenzela ngayo. Le data zinxulumene kuphela imikhosi yamaBolshevik, njengamanani ezahlukahlukeneyo White Guard eselugcinweni anayigcina.

Bamkelwe e Red Army 1919

ngenyanga	Inani labantu
February	Ngaphezulu kwama-26 amawaka.
March	Ngaphezulu kwama-54 amawaka.
May	Ngaphezulu kwama-78 amawaka.
June	Ngaphezu kwama-146 amawaka.
July	Ngaphezu kwama-270 amawaka.
August	Ngaphezu kwama-299 000.

Ingongoma ephambili, nto leyo kuphawulwa mbali mihla, ibe kwinqanaba lezopolitiko kwembambano.

Baye nabalindi White, kuqala, zange ube umyalelo esembindini kunye nentsebenziswano encinci phakathi kwezahlulo. Alwa ekuhlaleni, ngamnye izilangazelelo yayo. Olona phawu yesibini yaba kukunqongophala kwamajoni zezopolitiko inkqubo ecacileyo. badla La mathuba ayinikwe amagosa, ngubani kulwa kuphela, kodwa musa ukuqhuba izivumelwano.

I-Red Army kwakhona udale uthungelwano enamandla eceleni. phambili ingqiqo inkqubo obucacileyo, nto leyo bekuxelela iintloko yabasebenzi kunye namajoni. Nezilogeni ukuba ngisho baqonde abalimi bato, apho nguye onilwelayo.

Oku le nkqubo eye wavumela iiBolsheviks ukufumana inkxaso iphezulu yabemi.

imiphumela

Uloyiso i "red" kwiMfazwe Civil Le yayiyimeko kakhulu. It yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kuqoqosho. Eli lizwe walahlekelwa ummandla elinabemi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-135.

WezoLimo isivuno izivuno, ukuveliswa kokutya kwehle nge-40-50 ekhulwini. Irikhwizishini no "red-white" besothusa kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo ziye zakhokelela ukuba ukufa inani elikhulu labantu kwindlala, ukungcungcuthekiswa kunye nokubulawa.

Industry, ngokutsho neengcali, iye emphinini ukuya kwinqanaba yoBukhosi Russian ebudeni bolawulo uPetros Omkhulu. Njengoko abaphandi bathi, inani lemveliso sasiwe ku-20 ekhulwini ngo-1913, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, yaye ukuya ku-4 ekhulwini.

Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho sisixa omkhulu lwabasebenzi ukusuka kwizixeko ukuya ezilalini. Ekubeni kwakungekho ubuncinane ezinye ithemba hayi ndisifa yindlala.

"White" kwiMfazwe Civil yabonisa inkanuko wabanumzana kunye gaba ukubuyisela yakudala yobomi. Kodwa ukuzikhetha ukusuka mazwi yokwenene egqubayo abantu abaqhelekileyo, kukhokelele ukoyiswa lilonke umyalelo omdala.

Kubonakala inkcubeko

Iinkokeli kweMfazwe Civil zaye immortalized ngamawaka imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo - ukusuka cinema ukuya imizobo, ukususela amabali eqingqiweyo neengoma.

Umzekelo, yimveliso ezifana 'Days of turbines "," Ukuqhuba "," Nethemba Intlungu "Abantu ndantywiliselwa umoya eladlulayo lemfazwe.

Le film "Chapaev", "Red iidemon", "Thina ukusuka Kronstadt" ubonisa iinzame i "red" kwiMfazwe Civil ukuba uloyiso ngayo iinjongo zakhe.

indalo yoncwadi yaseBhabheli, Bulgakov, Gaidar, Pasternak, Ostrovsky ibonisa ubomi abameli kumacandelo ohlukileyo oluntu ngaloo mihla enzima.

Uyakwazi ukunika imizekelo phantse ngokungenammiselo, ngenxa yokuba intlekele yoluntu, nto leyo ekhokelele War Civil, bafumana intlokoma enamandla kwiintliziyo zamakhulu amagcisa.

Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza ukufumana phandle kuphela imvelaphi ingqiqo ka "white" yaye "red", kodwa wadibana nayo ngokufutshane kunye ikhondo iziganeko War Civil.

Khumbula ukuba zonke ingxaki ubamba imbewu utshintsho elizayo ukuba ngcono.