Ngeempawu kwamanzi olwandle. Naphi na apho elwandle, ziyafana?

Kudala kwaziwa ukuba amanzi olwandle egubungele uninzi phezu komhlaba wethu. Benza ukuba iqokobhe eqhubekayo zolwelo, oluhlasela kwama-70% ye-moya ngokwezelizwe. Kodwa bambalwa kuthi bayazi ukuba iimpawu kwamanzi olwandle ezikhethekileyo. Bona babe negalelo elikhulu iimeko zemozulu kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu.

Property 1. Iqondo lobushushu

Ocean amanzi yande ubushushu. amanzi Surface (malunga-10 cm ubunzulu) abambe isixa esikhulu ubushushu. Lupholile, ocean kumo ojikeleze asezantsi, apho iqondo lobushushu bephile komoya +15 ° C. Ukuba iplanethi yethu na elwandle, ubushushu avareji ayifiki ufikelela ukuya ku -21 ° C. Kubonakala ukuba ngenxa yokuba isakhono ezilwandle ukugcina ubushushu sifika umhlaba ekhululekile kakuhle.

Iipropati thermal wamanzi olwandle ziyahluka discontinuously. Umaleko Umphezulu eshushu ebegqwese entle ingxengelelwe ngamanzi enzulu, nto leyo nobunzulu meters ezininzi lobushushu idrophu elibukhali, yaye emva koko ngokuthe ngcembe iwela emazantsi. iilwandlekazi amanzi anzulu unamalunga imilinganiselo lobushushu efanayo ngezantsi amawaka amathathu eemitha ngokuqhelekileyo ukubonisa ukusuka-phinde ngo 2 ukuya 0 ° C.

Ke ukuba amanzi kumphezulu, iqondo lobushushu ixhomekeke inkululeko. Imilo ungqukuva planethi imisela engile izehlo ilanga phezu komhlaba. Kufuphi neikhweyitha, ilanga linika ubushushu ngaphezu kwi pole. Umzekelo, iimpawu amanzi olwandle of the Pacific Ocean axhomekeke ngqo kwiziphawuli iqondo lobushushu. Umaleko Umphezulu unalo iqondo lobushushu liphezulu avareji, nto leyo ngaphezu +19 ° C. Oku nje kodwa kuchaphazela-bume engqongileyo yaye phezu nezityalo nezilwanyana zasemanzini. Oku kulandelwa i-Indian Ocean, amanzi aphezu komhlaba avareji ogama seliphantse ukugqitha kwi 17,3 ° C. Ke Atlantic apho nani 16,6 ° C. Kwaye ke komndilili weqondo lobushushu iphantsi - kwi-Arctic Ocean - malunga +1 ° C.

Property 2. ophelelwe

Ziziphi ezinye iimpawu isifundo sokusebenza kwamanzi olwandle mihla izazinzulu? Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukuba abanomdla nokwakhiwa kwamanzi olwandle. Amanzi olwandle - cocktail abantu abaninzi imichiza, kunye nendima ebalulekileyo ngayo iityuwa abelwe. Amanzi anetyuwa kwamanzi olwandle ulinganiswa kwiindawo million nganye. «‰» ekuchazeni icon. PPM ithetha sewaka inani. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ilitha yolwandle yamanzi ine avareji etyuwa ka 35 ‰.

Xa isifundo kolwandle ehlabathini, abaphandi ngokuphindaphindiweyo imibuzo malunga neempawu kwamanzi olwandle. Naphi na apho elwandle, ziyafana? Ivula, ophelelwe, njengoko komndilili weqondo lobushushu, non-iyunifomu. Isalathisi iphenjelelwa eziliqela:

• imali ye kwezulu - imvula nekhephu ziyakwehlisa ngokubonakalayo etyuwa iyonke yolwandle;
• flow lwemilambo emikhulu nezincinane - ubutyuwa ezilwandle ezingqonge amazwekazi nezinto ezininzi imilambo ezinzulu, ngezantsi;
• ice ukubunjwa - inkqubo kwandisa amanzi anetyuwa;
• ukunyibilika komkhenkce - inkqubo lihlisa amanzi anetyuwa kwamanzi;
• komphunga amanzi kolwandle - ityuwa aphele ndawonye namanzi, kwakunye nokwanda etyuwa.

Kubonakala ukuba umahluko amanzi anetyuwa ezilwandle kungenxa lokuphakama, amaqondo obushushu amanzi angaphezulu kunye neemeko zemozulu. I-avareji etyuwa aphezulu amanzi Atlantic Ocean. Noko ke, eyona nto anetyuwa - uLwandle Olubomvu bobabo i-Indiya. izinga Osezantsi luphawulwa Arctic Ocean. liyabonakala Ezi iimpawu amanzi olwandle of the Arctic Ocean kakhulu kufutshane ekudibaneni lwemilambo emikhulu eSiberia. Apha etyuwa ngaphantsi kwe-10 ‰.

okunika umdla. Imali iyonke ityuwa elwandle

Oosonzululwazi baye bavumelana izinto kangakanani amachiza iqhawulwa kwamanzi olwandle. Mhlawumbe ukusuka iziqalelo 44 ukuya 75. Kodwa baqikelela ukuba ewonke elwandle nje izixa ngeenkwenkwezi wetyuwa, malunga nowama-49 quadrillion neetoni. Ukuba yonke emoyeni kwaye yome ityuwa, kuya kukugubungela umaleko womhlaba ingaphezulu kwe-150 m.

Property 3. Density

Le mbono "mninzi" sele efunde ixesha elide. Olu lulwahlulo ubunzima wenkqu, kule meko ubunzima kwamanzi olwandle ukuba umthamo ahlala. Ulwazi ubukhulu loxinano kuyimfuneko, umzekelo, ukuba bagcine ukubagcina noweenqanawa.

Kwaye ke ubushushu nokuxinana - iipropati ezingezo-uniform kwamanzi olwandle. I-avareji Ixabiso lokugqibela - 1,024 g / cm³. Le sesalathisi ilinganiswa i lobushushu netyuwa isiqulatho avareji. Noko ke, iindawo ezahlukeneyo iilwandle lexinene kuyahlukana kuxhomekeke kubunzulu womlinganiselo, lobushushu isabelo kunye sisongo sayo.

Ngokomzekelo, cinga iimpawu amanzi olwandle of the Indian Ocean, oko kukuthi utshintsho lexinene. Isalathisi enkulu oku Suez kunye Gulf. Apho kuziwa 1,03 g / cm³. Xa amanzi ashushu kunye ezinetyuwa of Indian the Ocean kumntla-ntshona kusithwa 1,024 g / cm³. Kwaye freshened isahlulo mpuma yolwandle kunye Bay of Bengal, apho imvula eninzi uwe, izinga wegumbi - malunga 1,018 g / cm³.

mninzi Amanzi angaphantsi, kutheni uhlale phezu kwamanzi emilanjeni kunye namanye amaqumrhu emachibini kube nzima ngakumbi.

Iimpawu 4 no 5. obala kunye nombala

Ukuba uchwetheze neselwa lamanzi olwandle, udibaniso luza kukhangeleka ngaphaya. Nangona kunjalo, ukwandisa umaleko amanzi Ububanzi iba Tint oluhlaza okanye oluhlaza. Utshintsho umbala kubangelwe ukufunxeka kunye ukusasazeka ukukhanya. Ukongeza, umbala oluludaka kuchaphazela amanzi olwandle zesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo.

umbala oluhlaza amanzi acocekileyo - ziziphumo kukufakwa ezibuthathaka inxalenye ebomvu spectrum ebonakalayo. Xa kungomlinganiselo eziphezulu ziiphytoplankton kwamanzi olwandle, kuba blue-oluhlaza okanye umbala oluhlaza. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba izilwanyana zidla ingxenye ebomvu spectrum kwaye ibonisa eluhlaza.

Selubala amanzi olwandle ngqo ixhomekeke kubungakanani izinto ezithile kuwo. Entsimini elubala yi Secchi diski. A disc flat ubukhulu esiqela ayidluli-40 cm, egxile emanzini. Ubunzulu apho iba libonakala, le yamkelwe ibonisa elubala kule ndawo.

6 no 7. iimpawu andise isandi kunye zombane

amaza omsindo kungawunwenisa amanzi phezu amawaka eekhilomitha. I-avareji andise Velocity - 1500 m / s. Eli nani kuba ulwandle amanzi ingaphezulu ngenxa entsha. Isandi usoloko kancinane kuphambuka ukusuka kumgca othe ngqo.

Ityuwa amanzi abe conductivity enkulu zombane ngaphezu amanzi. Lo mahluko - amaxesha 4,000. Kuxhomekeke kwinani ion ngeyunithi umthamo wamanzi nganye.