The State Hermitage Museum. Hermitage (St. Petersburg): yingqokelela lwemizobo

Ziziphi iindawo qho abakhenkethi, ukufika eSt Petersburg? Hermitage, Kunstkamera kunye Cruiser "Aurora".

I Hermitage yahlukile?

Kuyinto art inkulu ehlabathini kunye imyuziyam yenkcubeko-zembali. Waziwa kakuhle kwaye ethandwa njengoko Louvre, kwiMyuziyam yaseBritani kunye Museum Metropolitan. I Hermitage State ibamba 3 million imiboniso, kuquka Imizobo wedwa, kukho amawaka 15. Kuqikelelwa ukuba xa kunikwa into nganye kwi lolondolozo lwembali umzuzu 1 kuphela, ngoko ukubona zonke iingqokelela ze Hermitage imfuneko ... leminyaka esi-8! Kwaye unikwa kuphela imiboniso isigxina, kodwa imiboniso okwexeshana. Hermitage Ihlela elinesibini kwezi nyanga zonke. Kwaye bonke ubude mzila km 20. Kodwa Incopho iphambili yale myuziyam engekho kwisikali hayi inani egcinwe izinto zembali, kunye nento yokuba kukho ezininzi obukhulu yokuqala yokudweba zehlabathi kunye nezinye iintlobo zobugcisa.

Apho na?

Indawo Museum - on the Palace eweni. The State Hermitage - inezakhiwo ezintlanu (i-Winter Palace, i Hermitage New, Grand Hermitage, i Hermitage Small kunye Hermitage Theatre). Umnyango oluphambili ibekwe kwi Palace Square, 2.

ishedyuli

I Hermitage State ukulungele ukufumana iindwendwe ukususela ngoLwesibini ukuya ngeCawa, eqala ngo 10,30. End of umsebenzi - 18,00, kodwa ngoLwesithathu - 21,00. Usuku off - ngoMvulo. Kodwa phawula: stop cash ethengisa amatikiti ngeyure phambi kokuba sivale. Kungcono ukucwangcisa uhambo ngokusebenzisa Hermitage kwiiyure phambi sasemini evekini - abantu abambalwa. Kodwa kule veki ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka ume emgqeni iyure yonke.

amaxabiso amatikiti

Amatikiti e Hermitage akubizi. Kuba abemi Russia ixabiso iya kuba 100 engange, indodla, abafundi kunye nabantwana -. Free. Oonyana bolunye uhlanga baya kufuneka ukuba uhlawule imali engange-350. Kodwa zonke ngoLwesine wokuqala wenyanga - ngosuku engahlawulelwayo khona ukuze wonke umntu.

History of indalo

Ngowe-1764 uCatherine Omkhulu ezithengiweyo imizobo 225 ukusuka ingqokelela yonke yomrhwebi waseJamani yohanna Gotskovskogo. Le ngqokelela lwenzelwe ukumkani Frederick II Prussia, kodwa ngenxa yeengxaki zemali, akaba nako ngentlawulelo. merchant izama unikezele ukwenza ukumkanikazi Russian, waza wavuma ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukuze ukubonisa phambi lokumkani waseJamani. Ekubeni Gotskovsky akazange abe nolwazi olunzulu kwinkalo yobugcisa, ingqokelela iquka imizobo kunokuba laliphakathi (xa kuthelekiswa nezo zifike mva). Ezi ikakhulu misebenzi ezandleni iinkosi Dutch kunye Flemish, kwakunye eminye imisebenzi abaculi Italian kwinkulungwane XVII. Kodwa phakathi kwabo imveliso ye Khalsa nodonga.

Kulo nyaka (we-1764), kwaye igqalwa umnyaka isiseko Hermitage, nangona wayengekho imyuziyam ngengqiqo yanamhlanje yeli gama. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu, ukufumana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 600 imizobo ukusuka ingqokelela labucala Count von Bruhl. Kwakukho imiboniso ezixabisekileyo: "Umfanekiso an Man Old e Red" Rembrandt, "Perseus kunye Andromeda" yi Rubens nabanye.

Enye mizobo 400 yathengwa sokuqokelela French uPierre Crozat. Ngaloo eSt Petersburg "Family Ongcwele" Raphael, "uJudith" yi Giorgione, "danae" titian kaThixo "Umfanekiso mfani Infanta Isabella" Rubens, "Self-mfanekiso" yi Van Dyck.

Ukuze yokufumana Catherine ngayo obukhulu zobugcisa zehlabathi kwindawo yokuqala yaba isenzo lezopolitiko ukubonisa ukuba Russian uBukhosi - i emaziphuhliswe kunye lizwe non-abahluphekileyo abanako ukuhlawula iindleko zonyango. Ngowe-1774, xa ilifa uKumkanikazi yaba imifanekiso 2080, kodwa akazange ukwabelana ngazo. Eli xesha fanele ibinzana edume Catherine ukuba bayazithanda kwaye mouse kuphela. Nangona kamva ufikelelo igalari yavulwa, kodwa imvume ekhethekileyo.

Kamva Hermitage wafumana impahla zisuswe zokuhlala yezikhulu kunye nezinye izigodlo. Museum zazaliswa iingqokelela yabucala Yusupov, Stroganov, Sheremetev. Amanye amaziko adluliselwe imiboniso zabo Hermitage.

Ukuqokelelwa lwemizobo

Ngenxa avuleke ye Hermitage, unako ukufumana imbali yezobugcisa yehlabathi kwaye ubone indlela liphuhlise ubugcisa eNgilani, Belgium, Holland, Spain, Italy, France kunye namanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, xa intlanganiso zimelwe imizobo 7000 kuphela amagcisa baseYurophu kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye nesiphelo kunye kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngaphandle kokuba umboniso osisigxina, kubakho imiboniso okwethutyana. Hermitage na ulondolozo ngononophelo zelifa zexabiso lenkcubeko elidlulileyo, ngoko amanye iisampulu zivuleleke ofikelelo loluntu nje iiveki ezimbalwa yonyaka ukulondolozwa yabo.

Iiholo zobuciko Western ezihonjiswe eziqinileyo Umlibo neendawo, oko kukuthi, kwelinye imisebenzi eqokelelwe of ngabapeyinti ilizwe elithile kangangexesha elithile elide. Umzekelo, igalari yokudweba Italian kwiinkulungwane XIII-XVIII liyi kwimizobo ezifana "I Annunciation" yi-Simone Martini, "Madonna Benua" yaye "Madonna Litta" uLeonardo da Vinci kaThixo "The Holy Family" yi Raphael.

esisityebi kunene KUNYEnokutyhilwa Flemish zobugcisa entle XVII-XVIII eminyaka. Iqhayiya lokuqokelelwa - 32 imizobo ngu Rubens ( "i-Union of Earth and Water", "uBacchus" kunye kwimijikelo ezinkulu omkhulukazi bokuhombisa), 24 imisebenzi umfundi wakhe Van Dyck ( "Self").

Xa igalari Spanish ukupeyinta XV - ekuqaleni lwemizobo kwenkulungwane XVIII igcinwe El Greco ( "Abapostile uPetros noPawulos"), Velazquez ( "sakusasa"), de Goya ( "Umfanekiso Actress Antonia Zarate"). Kuyenzeka ukuba bagcine uphuhliso Gothic notyekelo eziyinyani kunye karavadzhizma.

Kakhulu zizityebi ukuqokelelwa mizobo (1000) abaculi Dutch, kuquka phambi kwexesha nasemva kwexesha Rembrandt.

Njengoko kwande njengoko womzobo Hermitage, IsiNgesi enikwe ngaphandle kwi UK ngokwayo. umdla kakhulu umsebenzi lo mfanekiso wenkundla. Enye mizobo edumileyo yi "Umfanekiso a Lady e Blue" uThomas Gainsborough.

Kwiholo yombhiyozo yokudweba French XV-XVIII iinkulungwane, yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yile classicist brush Nikola Pussena. Ingqokelela nemisebenzi kwisiqingatha sesibini XIX - ngenkulungwane XX igqalwa enye intle kwihlabathi. Ngoko kukho odumileyo impressionist Monet ( "Lady kwi Garden", "Waterloo Bridge") kunye Renoir ( "Girl nge Fan"), kunye Degas ( "Concorde"). Iqhayiya lokuqokelelwa - 38 originals 31 Matisse - uPicasso.

kandziyisa inkosi kwizikolo eBerlin kunye Munich kwiholo ya wena German. Kwakhona kwatsala ingqalelo lwemizobo imfazwe eyayinikelwe leMfazwe Patriotic ka-1812 kwaye umsebenzi Frederick kwi indlela Romantic.

Kutshanje, i Hermitage State uthenge "Black Square" yi Malevich. Lo ngomnye weyona misebenzi edume ngobugcisa Russian kwinkulungwane edluleyo.

Yintoni na isigqibo? Ungabona ixesha elide kwaye malunga ezikhumbuzo zokwakha, imifanekiso kunye malunga Hermitage. Kodwa ukufunda malunga obukhulu yokudweba lingaphantsi kumnandi kakhulu kunokuba unandipha wazibonela omhle. Ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ngaphandle kokuthandabuza ukuya bathenge amatikiti ukuya Hermitage ukuze yonke intsapho. Loo nto iya kumfundisa.