Iimfundiso kunye nezinkolelo malunga nokubeletha okuye kwaduduza amabhinqa iminyaka eyiwaka

Ukubeletha kuyisiganeko ukuba onke amalungu entsapho omfazi okhulelwe alindele ngokuvuya. Kodwa kwakungekho njalo njalo. Imbali yokubeletha izaliswe ngamabini awaziwayo kwaye awakaliliweyo malunga nabasetyhini nabantwana abangenakukwazi ukusinda. Isikhundla esingalunganga somntwana, i-postpartum sepsis, kunye nokuzalwa kwezilwanyana nje ziyingcipheko embalwa ehambelana nokuqhubeka koluntu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo yemvelo yadlaliswa yimikhuba kunye neenkolelo. Abaninzi babo baye bahlala kwixesha elidlulileyo, nangona kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi abantu basebenzela imveli yenkcubeko, enokude kakhulu kwisayensi. Namhlanje siza kukuxelela kuphela ngenxalenye encinci yelifa lemveli yezizwe ezininzi.

Amasiko ase-Anglo-Saxon

Ama-Anglo-Saxon ayencike kwimithandazo kunye neengqungquthela, apho ziphefumlelwe zizikolo zobuhedeni kunye namaKristu. Abafazi abakhulelweyo, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuzalwa okulukhuni, baqhuba uchungechunge lweemfundiso zenkcubeko, ezibandakanya ukubandakanyeka kwabo babini nabaphilayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwakuqhelekileyo ukufunda imithandazo ekhethekileyo phezu kwengcwaba yomfi. Kwakukho namagama ayenokuba athethelwa, awela ngaphaya kwesinye sezihlobo zamadoda, ngokuqhelekileyo yindoda. Ukuba ibhinqa iyaqonda ukuba ukukhulelwa kwakhe kwakukhuselekile, kwafuneka aye kwicawa yendawo kunye naphambi kwesibingelelo ukuze abulele uYesu ngenxa yalo.

Kodwa kuthekani ukuba ayisebenzi? Iintsana ezizalwayo zazingabantu abaqhelekileyo kwiNgilani ephakathi, ngoko kwenzelwa isithethe esikhethekileyo ukukhusela iintsana ezinokuba zizalwe ngabasetyhini kwikamva. Ukuze ukukhulelwa okulandelayo kuphumelele, umama osilele kufuneka athathe ukungcola engcwabeni lomntwana wakhe, wimboze ngeengubo zeeboyile kwaye uthengise kumrhwebi. Ngokwemvelo, eli nyathelo lihambelana neqhinga elikhethekileyo.

Ukuba ibhinqa linomntwana ophilileyo, emva kokuhamba kwithuba lokuhamba emva kwakhe kwakufuneka aye ecaweni ehamba kunye nabafazi ababini abatshatileyo, benobuso obufihlakeleyo. Isithethe sasicinga ukuba sigqibezele ukuba lo mfazi wamenywa ebandleni lombutho ngumfundisi wendawo.

Abasetyhini bahlwayelwa ngenxa yesono sikaEva

Ngokutsho kweNcwadi yeGenesis, abafazi ngokwabo bayababeka ityala ngenxa yokuba bafanele banyamezele xa bebeletha. Kwimbali yeBhayibhile, u-Eva wamlinga uAdam ngeapulo emthini wolwazi, nangona kwakungavunyelwe nguThixo. Ngako oko, ngokwemvelo, uThixo wahlwayisa bonke abafazi "ngesiqalekiso sikaEva" waza wabaphoqa ukuba balalele bonke amadoda abo kukho konke.

Ababeleki besiNgesi baseMideni babethwala iindlovu ezininzi, iimpahla kunye nemifuno eyenzelwe ukukhusela loo mfazi ekuzalweni, kwaye wayesazi ukuba izihlwele zazifanele zinciphise umthwalo wesiqalekiso sikaEva. Zonke ezi zithethe zakhuthazwa yiCawa yamaRoma Katolika.

Ukuguqulwa kwamaProthestani, ngokuchasana nezinkolelo zamaKatolika, kwafuna ukuphelisa le mizi, eyayikholelwa ukuba iyathuthuzela umntwana ekubelekeni. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi baqhubeka bezama ukuzikhusela ngokwabo kunye nentsana.

UPliny Umdala kunye nesiluleko sakhe esinqabileyo

Kwixesha la mandulo ukubeletha kwaba yoshishini elibi kakhulu, kwaye izinga lokufa labomama nabantwana lahlala liphezulu kakhulu. Akumangalisi ukuba abantu abaninzi bazama ukufumana nayiphi na indlela okanye bafunde imfihlelo engayenza le nkqubo. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala AD Pliny Umdala wancenga inani elingaqhelekanga kunye nexesha elide linokuthi lincedise ukukhupha zonke iingxaki zokubeletha.

Ziziphi zakhe iingcebiso? Ngokomzekelo, wacebisa ukubeka i-hyena efanelekileyo kwi-belen yokubeleka esiswini ukuze ancede umntwana eze emhlabeni. Ngelo xesha, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba isebenzise i-paw ekhohlo, kuba yayingayibulala loo ntokazi. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba akukho zifihla eziseduze? Kwiimeko ezinjalo, uPliny wakhuthaza ukutshintsha i-paw yakhe nge-stylus okanye, kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, isikhumba senyoka. Ukuba ukuzalwa kwakunzima kakhulu, uPliny wacebisa ukubeka i-placenta entsha yejaji emathangeni alo mfazi. Kwakhona wanikela ukulungiselela izilwanyana ezinobuncwane, ezibandakanya ukuhlwayela i-litter exutywe nobusi newayini, i-sponge ye-sperm ixutywe namanzi, okanye i-liquid evela kwisibeletho sika-ferret. Apho intsapho yowesifazane kwakufuneka ifumane zonke ezi zinto, uPliny akazange achaze.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, icebiso likaPliny laphumelela phakathi kwabasetyhini xa bebeletha. Kutheni? Ngaphandle kwazo zonke iipilisi ezikule mixube, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwavumela ukuba oomama bakusasa baphephe ukukhulelwa kwamanzi, kwaye bajolise ekunyamekelweni kwempilo yabo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokushiya ikhaya.

I-Elixirs kunye neziphakamiso zokulula ukuhambisa

UPliny, ewe, wayengeyena yedwa oyingcali kwintsimi yabasebenzi, ngubani ocebisa ukuba abafazi bathathe amacandelo ahlukeneyo kunye nee-elixirs. Ngokomzekelo, amaTshayina asebenzisa i-opium kunye notywala ukunciphisa intlungu ngexesha lokubambisa, ngeli xesha amaYiputa amandulo ayesebenzisa i-fumes of burning turpentine.

KwiYurophu ephakathi, ababeleki basebenzisa "iindlela zokupheka" zokupheka kwee-elixirs ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezazihlala ziquka iwayini edibeneyo okanye ibhiya. Ezi ndlela zazisetyenzisiwe kuphela ngexesha lokuzalwa ngokwaso, kodwa nakwixesha lokubeleka, elongezelelwe inyanga. Ezi zokupheka zazisetyenziselwa kude kube phakathi kweXIXX.

Ngo-1853, uKumkanikazi u-Victoria wagxininisa ekusebenziseni i-chloroform ngexesha lokuzalwa komntwana wakhe wesibhozo. Ngaloo ndlela, uye wabonisa ukuthambekela kokulimaza abameli beklasi ukusebenzisa le sixhobo. I-Chloroform yayithandwayo kwizibilini kuze kube sekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Ukubeletha EYiputa YaseYiputa

Enyanisweni, ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala yexesha lethu, abaninzi abafazi baye basebenzisa isiluleko "silumkileyo" sikaPliny Umdala, kodwa kuthekani ngabafazi abasemsebenzini weempucuko ezindala?

EYiputa YaseYiputa, isisu sababhinqa sasixubusha ngomxube wefronta kunye nobhiya ukuze kubangele ukuzala, kwaye ibuyele ngeoli, esetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlanzi zivuselele i-lactation. Ukongezelela, izibheno zenziwe koothixo nakwizithixokazi.

Ukuzalwa KwamaNdiya Endala neChina

KwiNdiya yakudala naseTshayina kwakukholelwa ukuba xa ujikeleze umfazi okhulelwe ngezinto ezintle, uya kuba nomntwana ofanayo. Abafazi abakhulelweyo banconywa ukuba banxibe iimpahla ezixabisekileyo, badle izitya ezimnandi, sebenzisa ubugcisa kwaye uphulaphule umculo. Kwabesetyhini abakhulelweyo baze baququzelela amakhonsathi akhethekileyo, nangona bengenakunyulwa ukuba bahambe kude nekhaya.

Ukuzalwa KwamaGrike aseMandulo

Injongo kuphela yowesifazane wale xesha kwakuyimtshato kunye nokuzalwa kwabantwana. Ezi nqwenela zazingabantwana abancinci, kodwa intlekele yentombazana yayixhomekeke kwisigqibo sikayise: unokushiya umntwana kwintsapho okanye kumshiya aze ahambe kwindawo ethile inceba yabanye. Ukongezelela, kwakukholelwa ukuba isibeleko somfazi singazulazula kuwo wonke umzimba, kubangele i-malaise engachazwanga, isisombululo kuphela sokukhulelwa. Ngethuba lokubeletha, lo mfazi wanikwa inxaxheba ebalulekileyo, kuba bekukholelwa ukuba umntwana uphuma esibelethweni ngemizamo yakhe. Ukugxotha "isohlo elibi", umntwana wayehlotshiswe ngeengqungquthela zeembalo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye nakwegalikhi.

Postpartum sepsis

I-Postpartum sepsis, okanye i-fever's mother, abafazi bahlupheka ngenxa yeenkulungwane zeminyaka. Le ngenye yezizathu ezinokubangela ukufa ezihlobene nokubeletha. Esi sifo sibonakaliswe kwisithuba seentsuku ezintathu emva kokubeleka kwaye sinokubetha bonke abantu, abatyebi nabahluphekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, umfazi othandekayo kaHenry VIII, uJane Seymour, wafa ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kweso sithuba. Iimpawu zesifo esibuhlungu sisifo esinomkhuhlane, intlungu ebuhlungu, ukuhlaselwa kwe-mania, kwaye iphantse iphele kwiimeko ezibulalayo.

Kuze kube ngephakathi kweXesha le-XIX, oogqirha abazange bazi ukuba yintoni ebangela umkhuhlane wezabasebenzi. Kwakucatshulwa ukuba ityala malunga nakho konke okubangelwa ukukhulelwa. Ukugcina ibhinqa, isetyenziselwa igazi.

Ngoku siyazi ukuba umkhuhlane wokubeletha usulelo lwebhaktheriya olusasazekayo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ngezandla ezingakhuselekanga zababelethisi kunye noogqirha abathwala ubuninzi emini.