Indlela yokusombulula iingxaki yemfuza biology?

Isifundo imithetho esisiseko kwimfuza kunye Umahluko eziphilayo ngomnye wemingeni nzima kodwa ethembisa kakhulu zijonge inzululwazi yanamhlanje. Kweli nqaku sijonga indlela nezimaphambili ezingundoqo sethiyori postulates ezenzululwazi, yaye uya kujongana indlela yokucombulula iingxaki yemfuza.

Ngokufaneleka kolu phando kwimfuza

kwamasebe amabini aphambili bezenzululwazi - amayeza kunye nokuzalana - ziphuhliswe zemfuza uphando. Isiyalo efanayo kakhulu eziphilayo, igama apho yaphakanyiswa yi ISAZINZULU IsiNgesi W. Betsonom ngo-1906, ayikho kangako theoretical component siyasebenza. Wonke egqiba ukuqonda nzulu indlela ilifa mpawu ezahlukeneyo (ezifana umbala iliso, iinwele, igazi), kuqala kufuneka bafunde imithetho yofuzo kunye ukwahluka, ngokunjalo ukuchaza ukuba yokusombulula iingxaki yemfuza zabantu. Oko ke mba siza kuyenza.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kunye ngokoMthetho

isebe nganye ethile, abayinqobo kuphela kuyo, iseti iinkcazelo ezisisiseko. Xa sithetha ngalo isayensi lifunda iinkqubo ukudluliselwa imikhwa ilifa, siyayiqonda loo magama alandelayo yi le yokugqibela: isakhi, kweejini, phenotype, iintaka umzali, ibhastile nto, gametes, njalo-njalo. Kunye ngamnye kubo sidibana, xa sifunda imithetho, sixelele indlela yokucombulula iingxaki eziphilayo, imizila yemfuza. Kodwa ekuqaleni siza kufunda indlela Hybridological. Ngapha koko, kuba sisiseko izifundo yemfuza. It yaphakanyiswa liGosa naturalist Czech G. Mendel ngenkulungwane ye-19.

Indlela ilifa iimpawu?

Imithetho iimpawu ukudluliselwa umzimba kwafunyanwa yi Mendel ngokubonisa ngee-eksperimenti ukuba beqhuba kwisityalo esaziwa-kakuhle - i-ertyisi. indlela Hybridological i ekudibaneni iiyunithi ezimbini, eziya kwahluka enye kwenye elinye iperi iimpawu (monohybrid cross). Ukuba nokuhlola ibandakanya izinto eziye ngababini ezininzi ezizezinye (malunga) umqondiso, ngoko ukuthetha poligibridnom wakudala. Le Isazinzulu wacebisa le notation stroke hybridization alandelayo zezityalo ezimbini ertyisi ukuba imbewu owahlukileyo wekoki. A - ipeyinti etyheli, yaye - oluhlaza.

Kulo F1 Ngokushicilela - kwaqanjwa the (I) sizukulwana sokuqala. Bonke uniform ngokupheleleyo (enye), kuba ziqulathe ekhonyayo gene A, ukulawula imbewu umbala omthubi. Ungeno ngasentla ekwafanekisa le yokuqala umthetho Mendel (uMthetho F1 ibhastile efanayo). Ukwazi echazela abafundi indlela yokuxazulula iingxaki yemfuza. Grade 9 inkqubo eziphilayo, nto leyo ifundwa ngokweenkcukacha Hybridological indlela kuphando lwemfuzo. Ixilonga kwakhona kwaye yesibini (II) ngokubanzi Mendel ebizwa umthetho yocalulo. Ngokutsho kuyo, le ngxilimbela F2, elifunyenwe ukunqumla ibhastile isizukulwana ezimbini zokuqala kunye namanye, lwahlukane kwi umlinganiselo 3 1 phenotype kunye kweejini 1 no-2 ukuya-1.

Ukusebenzisa indlela ngasentla, uya uqonde indlela yokucombulula iingxaki izakhi ngaphandle iimpazamo ukuba iimeko zabo luzakufakwa kuqala okanye sele eyaziwa umthetho II Mendel kaThixo, njengoko kwibhulorho lwenzeka xa ukongamela okupheleleyo omnye zofuzo.

Umthetho uthi imiqondiso ezizimeleyo yokudibanisa

Ukuba abantu lobuzali kwahluka ngababini ezimbini zabalinganiswa ezizezinye, ezifana nombala imbewu imilo, ukususela izityalo ezifana i-ertyisi, ngoko ngethuba yokuwela yemfuza kufuneka zisetyenziswe Pinneta grille.

Ngokupheleleyo zonke ngxilimbela, ezo isizukulwana yokuqala ukuthobela ulawulo efanayo Mendel. Oko kukuthi, ukuba tyheli, kunye kumphezulu kakuhle. Ukuqhubeka umnqamlezo phakathi isityalo F1, sinokucela ngxilimbela-isizukulwana yesibini. Ukuze ufumanise ukuba yokucombulula iingxaki kwi yemfuza, grade 10 eklasini eziphilayo usebenzisa irekhodi ukusukelwa-hybrid ezimbini, ngokusebenzisa indlela yokubala ye kokusasaza phenotypically 9: 3: 3: 1. Phantsi komqathango wokuba zofuzo zilungiselelwe ngababini ezahlukeneyo zingasetyenziswa Mendel postulate sesithathu - mthetho yokudibanisa iimpawu geqe.

Njengokuba iqela igazi ilifa?

Indlela ukudluliselwa enjalo njengoko iqela yegazi ebantwini, ayingqinelani nemithetho ngazo ngaphambili. Oko kukuthi, kaloku abawuthobeli umthetho wakhe wokuqala nowesibini Mendel. Oku kungenxa enjalo njengegazi, ngokutsho izifundo Landsteiner, olawulwa yi alleles ezintathu: A, B no 0. Ngako genotypes zezi zilandelayo:

• iqela lokuqala - 00.
• Second - AA okanye A0.
• iqela lesithathu - BB okanye B0.
• Okwesine - AB.

0 isakhi allele sofuzo kwi zofuzo A no B. Iqela lwesine kodominirovaniya japan (ubukho macala yemfuza A no-B). Kuyimfuneko ngokwesiqhelo kwi ingqalelo, ukwazi indlela yokucombulula iingxaki kwi yemfuzo lwegazi. Kodwa loo nto bonke. Ukumisela kweejini kwabantwana ngegazi, awabazalelwayo abazali kunye namaqela ayo ahlukeneyo, sebenzisa le theyibhile ingezantsi.

imfundiso Morgan kaThixo kwimfuza

Ukubuyela kule candelo kwinqaku lethu "Umthetho geqe imiqondiso yokudibanisa", apho siye saxubusha indlela yokucombulula iingxaki yemfuza. umnqamlezo Dihybrid, njengoko wenza umthetho III Mendel, nto na isifundo, isebenza yemfuza allelic, zofuzo homologous sele kwisibini ngasinye.

Ngenkulungwane ye-20 sezakhi T. American Morgan uye walwela ukuba uninzi iimpawu elawulwa yemfuza, leyo ibekwe chromosome efanayo. Bathi yomgama ifomu ilungiselelo nedibanisa amaqela. Kunye nenombolo yabo kanye iseti haploid zofuzo. Xa inkqubo meiosis, ekhokelela ukuyilwa gametes, iiseli sex kufika yemfuza olunye, wacinga Mendel, kwaye wonke kwizakhiwo zazo, ebizwa uMorgan amaqela clutch.

crossover

Ngexesha prophase I (okwabizwa ngokuba Iqela lokuqala meiotic) phakathi chromatids yangaphakathi zofuzo homologous zaba iinxalenye (lukusami). Le nto ibizwa ngokuba crossover. Oku sisiseko yokwahluka kwemfuza. Crossover kubaluleke ngokukodwa ukuba isifundo of biology echaphazelekayo kunye isifundo ukuphazamiseka zofuzo zabantu. Ukusebenzisa iinkolelo ezibekwe theory chromosomal kwimfuza Morgan, thina ezichaza algorithm uphendula umbuzo kwe indlela yokucombulula iingxaki yemfuza.

amatyala ilifa enxulumene ngesondo-i kwimeko ethile ukutshintshwa yemfuza, leyo ibekwe chromosome efanayo. Umgama olukhoyo phakathi zofuzo kumaqela nedibanisa wathi njengepesenti - iiyunithi mephu. A amandla coupling phakathi zofuzo umlinganiselo ngqo qelele. Ngoko ke, inkoliso owelela kwenzeka phakathi yemfuza, apho ibekwe kude enye kwenye. Cinga isenzeko ilifa edityaniswe banzi. Kodwa ukubuyiswa ekuqaleni into imiba kwimfuza onoxanduva iimpawu ngokwesini eziphilayo.

zofuzo sex

Xa karyotype yabantu babe isakhiwo esithile: amabhinqa thaca lo X enye zofuzo amabini, xa amadoda sibini ngokwesini, ukongeza kwi X chromosome, kukho kwakhona U-uguqulelo, efaka zombini ifomu kunye iseti yemfuza. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho homologous ukuya X chromosome. Ezo zifo zofuzo yabantu ezifana kubazali bakhe, kunye nombala ubumfama kuvela ngenxa kwi "ngokuqhekezwa 'iiseli ngamnye kwi-X chromosome. Umzekelo, umnini kumtshato kubazali kunye umntu, waphila unako kuzalwa mva.

Le khosi ingentla kokuwela yemfuza uqinisekisa ukuba isakhi clutch ezilawula igazi ekunqandeni, kunye sex X chromosome. Olu lwazi lwenzululwazi isetyenziselwa ukufundisa abafundi ubuchule, nokumisela indlela yokucombulula iingxaki yemfuza. 11 iklasi enenkqubo eziphilayo, ejongisisa iinkcukacha amacandelo afana "yemfuza", "Medicine" yaye "imizila yemfuza zabantu". Ivumela abafundi ukuba bafunde ngezifo ilifa kwaye ukwazi izizathu zokuba zivela.

Ukusebenzelana gene

Ukudlulisela iimpawu amafa - inkqubo kunokuba nzima. Ezi izikimu ngaphambili kucaca kuphela xa abafundi ezisisiseko nolwazi ubuncinane. Kuyimfuneko, njengoko libonelela neendlela ukuba awuphendule lo mbuzo njani ukufunda ukusombulula iingxaki eziphilayo. izifundo Genetics ukusebenzisana neefomu yemfuza. Le epistasis Polymer, complementarity. Siza kuthetha okungakumbi ngabo.

UMZEKELO ilifa ezindlebeni zabantu ibonisa olu hlobo yentsebenziswano njengoko complementarity. Kwecala kulawulwa ngambini ngezakhi ezahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala unoxanduva lokuphuhlisa eqhelekileyo ngecochlea kwindlebe engaphakathi, yaye okwesibini - kuba nokusebenza luvo eziviwayo. Umtshato kwabazali abangevayo, ngasinye sazo homozygous sofuzo ngalinye omnye ngambini kuzo yemfuza, abantwana bazalwa kukuva yesiqhelo. Ezi genotypes abakhoyo yemfuza ezimbini lubalaseleyo ezilawula uphuhliso eqhelekileyo nabantu abangevayo.

pleiotropy

Eli tyala umdla sofuzo intsebenziswano apho omnye gene abakhoyo kweejini, ibinzana phenotypic kuxhomekeke iimpawu ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, xa ngakwintshona Pakistan wafumana inani labantu kwezinye abameli. Abanawo amadlala ukubila kwiindawo ezithile apha emzimbeni. Ngelo xesha abantu abanjalo baye kwafunyaniswa yokungabikho imihlathi ethile. Babengenako enabo ngexesha ontogeny.

Kwezilwanyana, umz, iigusha karakulskih langoku lubalaseleyo gene W, elawula uboya imibala kunye nophuhliso okuqhelekileyo isisu ngayo. Cinga indlela W gene into njengelifa kulo iminqamlezo abantu ababini heterozygous. Kubonakala ukuba abantwana babo ¼ amatakane kweejini WW, uyafa ngenxa mgaqweni kuphuhliso yesisu. Kwangaxeshanye ½ (kunye noboya gray) heterozygous kunye inokwenzeka, kunye ¼ - ke abantu inombala omnyama kunye nophuhliso okuqhelekileyo nesisu (kweejini lwabo WW).

Kweejini - inkqubo yokulwa

neziphumo ezininzi zijini poligibridnoe yokuwela, into enxulumene ilifa ukukhonza ubungqina obupheleleyo into yokuba yeseti zofuzo emzimbeni wethu kukuba inkqubo epheleleyo, nangona limelwe alleles ngabanye yemfuza. Zingakotshwa esasulela kwimithetho Mendel, nokuba okanye ngeso kunxulunyaniswa ngokuthobela iinkolelo kwengcamango uMorgan. Ukuqwalasela imigaqo onoxanduva indlela yokusombulula iingxaki yemfuza, safumanisa ukuba phenotype nawuphi ephilayo iphenjelelwa zombini allelic kunye zofuzo non-allelic nefuthe uphuhliso iimpawu omnye okanye ngaphezulu.