Reactions phawu Eqhelekileyo. Yintoni ireyithi yokusabela?

Xa zomzimba yezifo ummiselo nasekulinganiseni Dynamics kwezalathisi kummandla morphology, ngamachiza kunye ukusebenza komzimba womntu. Bonke babe ingohluka ngokuxhomekeke umgangatho kokusingqongileyo. Xa imeko eqhelekileyo inkqubo yebhayoloji avumelane phantse nayiphi na imeko, nto leyo ethetha ngobuhle ngokupheleleyo ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuqiniseka uhlobo zokuhamba inkqubo eziphilayo uthetha ukusebenza iphezulu imisebenzi yokhuselo ngexabiso ubuncinane amandla. Imeko umzimba kunokwenzeka kusoloko ukumisela, ngokusekelwe umba izinga ngayo.

Umahluko phakathi abasabela eqhelekileyo engaqhelekanga

Uluhlu yokwahluka zofuzo, leyo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi kokusingqongileyo kunokwenzeka - oko kukuthi izinga yokusabela. Pathology uthathwa karhulumente kunye degree ayoneli okanye ngokugqithiseleyo awasabela kwinqanaba eziphilayo. Indlela Eqhelekileyo inokuba nomahluko.

Ubunzima nokuchaza ezi ngongoma kukuba le Ukwahluka yemida ezisebenzayo pathways - kuxhomekeke kwi imeko umntu emzimbeni. Kukwabalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba xa uphuhliso inkqubo zophendlo lwezifo kusoloko kukho ngokubange- kunye nomonakalo nokhuseleko. Kukho amaxesha xa le miqondiso reincarnate omnye komnye.

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba impilo kuthiwa imeko yentlalo-ntle kunye ngongoma ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwasengqondweni nemali, kungekhona nje ukungabikho sifo okanye isiphene lwangaphandle. iimvavanyo ezininzi zokugonya nokuthintela uhlolo oluchanekileyo komzimba womntu. Kwiingxowa yendlela - kuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo uxilongo.

Yintoni uvavanyo Pirke (Mantoux)

Bonke abantwana benze "iqhosha" emva kunyaka wokuqala wobomi, ngoko yonke le nkqubo basesikolweni. Isampuli kuthathwa ukuvavanya umzimba womntu ubukho bacilli TB. Mantoux umiselwa ubungakanani komtshiso kuyo inaliti. Kwi esikhumbeni ngoko nangoko emva kovavanyo, ungabona aphazamiseke kancinane - nto yokusabela ethile kongezwa tuberculin. Le nkqubo kubangelwa sisenzo zikhusela lymphocyte T - ezi amasuntswana igazi onoxanduva amajoni omzimba kwinqanaba zeselula. Kakuhle eli uvavanyo kukuba ukusungulwa mycobacteria zezona umazibuthe ezincane eyingenelo, kubenze umgama kufutshane kumphezulu esikhumbeni. Usoloko i modem ayisebenzi tuberculin lymphocyte kuphela, "waqhelana" kunye necandelo tuberculosis lokugonya. Phambi inegciwane eziphilayo Goch yokusabela iya kuba lukhulu. Ngako oko, kulo mzekelo, uvavanyo unalo iziphumo ezidibanisayo.

Ukuchaneka kovavanyo

Ukudumba ukuqaliswa tuberculin kugqalwa uhlobo inkqubo komzimba. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iisampuli HIV akusiso ubungqina ubukho isifo - kucetyiswa ukuba baqhube izifundo eneenkcukacha ezininzi, ezifana esifubeni x-reyi kunye isikhohlela. Kuphela emva kokuba kufunyenwe zonke iinkcukacha ezifunekayo, oogqirha ukuchonga uxilongo ngqo.

abasabela uNorma abantwana nabantu abadala yenziwa Pirke isampuli yahluke kakhulu ngobukhulu. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba abo badala kunqabile eyipasile uvavanyo lwesifo sephepha.

Mantoux: omdala oluqhelekileyo

Ngaphambi kokuqeshwa i Pirke isampuli ingcali liqhuba uviwo lokuqala. Ukuba kukho iimpawu zesi sifo kule nkqubo, kodwa ke iingcali ezininzi zisebenzisa-X ray inokwenziwa njenge omdala diagnostic.

Ngaba zinokohluka Mantoux uvavanyo. omdala Normal - papule, ogama ubukhulu ayidluli 21 mm. Uvavanyo isetyenziselwa ukuchonga izigulane ezinesifo, kodwa uyagula. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umntu oselemdala unako ukufumana TB ukuba rhoqo ka Mantu, ngoko ngendlela eyiyo ukujonga esifubeni X-reyi uthathwa.

ufuzo

izinto ezininzi zinokutshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo kokusingqongileyo. Kuba omzimba ethile kunokuba iirhafu ezahlukileyo yokusabela phawu, kodwa zange iya ngaphaya eqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ubude, ubunzima kunye namandla obusemzimbeni kuxhomekeka kumgangatho ekutyeni, kwaye umvundla umbala woboya ilifa. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto eziphilayo ilifa iimpawu hayi ezithile kwaye ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ezinye iimpawu ezahlukeneyo iimeko. Izizukulwana ngezizukulwana reaction ingeniso norm isici.

Ukwahluka lohlobo ukuguqulwa

Wide asabela norm - oku ngeempawu lobuninzi elawulwa polygenes (ubunzima, ubisi umgangatho, ibala lesikhumba). INTSIMI Ukwahluka nga zinokohluka. Indlela abasabela Ummiselo emxinwa ubonakalise ezinye iimpawu kwaye kancinane kakhulu (uhlobo lwegazi okanye umbala wamehlo) iguqulwe kancinane.

basabele umchamo

Le factor ngezifo ephambili zancitshiswa okanye ukwanda iasidi (pH). UNorma bume uric iqatshelwe ukusetyenziswa ukutya ekunene. Kulo mzekelo, indlela uthathwa ukuba abe ngoondilele (pH = 7) okanye asidi kancinane (pH yahluka ukusuka 5 ukuya 7). Ezi zikhombisi asetyenziswa isifundo abantu abadala kunye nabantwana abo banikwa ukutya ukutya exutyiweyo. Zonke iintsana nursing banikwa ukutya amasi, uye wasabela cala okanye ialakalin. Le asidi kuxhomekeke ukutya. Xa awana kunokwenziwa isigqibo ekusetyenzisweni izixa ezikhulu imifuno, soda okanye isonka. Asidi kwenzeka emva nokudla kwiproteni uyadinga zokutya, isonka esimhlophe, kwaye kananjalo ngenxa kuzilwe ukutya ixesha elide. Ukuba nokwenzeka basabela ngendlela eyahlukileyo umchamo, izinga ngexesha elinye iyatshintsha.

Ukuxinana kwezi lomchamo

Okwangoku, kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu kuphando. Umntu siphilile ukuba amanani asukela 1003 ukuya neeyunithi 1028. Kulo mzekelo, izinga avumelekile indlela - oku ukususela 1001 ukuya 1040. Ngomhla tshintsho luchaphazela ukutya okufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa mali ezaneleyo yamanzi. Ukwanda komsebenzi kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni inyama, amandla, ukugabha okanye ukurhuda. nciphisa mninzi inokunxulunyaniswa imifino.

Intsingiselo kwezinto eziphilayo lomchamo

Le Cya imithetho isici nomahluko. Urinalysis unika amagqirha umfanekiso opheleleyo anenani elifunekayo into ephilayo. Amaninzi ezichongiweyo ezifana amacandelo njenge:

• protein;
• yibilirubin;
• glucose;
• urobilin;
• cholic uhlobo acid (zombala);
• Indican;
• imizimba ketone.

Ezi zinto bemvelo kumiselwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, uhlobo ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo of analyzers automated kunye iziqwengana uvavanyo. Uhlobo lokuqala unako ukubonisa ngokukhawuleza ukufumaneka kwezinto eziphilayo, kwaye indlela yesibini lisetyenziswa kuphela yokuqingqa ukuhlolwa kwaye inika impendulo ngohlobo "ayisekho isakhiwo / offline organic Umchamo". KwiSithethe kwi capture kulingwa lomntu esempilweni inokuba iproteni (0.03 grams) kunye urobilinogen (6-10 micromol ngosuku). Zonke ezinye ezi izinto ngasentla engekho umchamo, kungenjalo ibonisa ubukho sifo. kusoloko kukho iimeko, ezifana kolayisho olunzima rhoqo, emzimbeni okanye nobushushu, iimvakalelo ngokugqithisileyo - zonke ngokulula evusa ukwanda neprothini 3-5 g, kodwa ibonisa ukuba indlela umchamo eqhelekileyo. Ukwandisa izinga lwesi sakhi mhlawumbi ukuba zibangelwa yi-isixa esikhulu erythrocytes, leukocytes okanye neentsholongwane.

Le kwenze kwi lomchamo

Xa sele kugqityiwe oko ke ukuqinisekisa iimpawu ezibonakalayo zokufunda kuthathwa kuyo kunye nobukho kwezinto eziphilayo asebenza ngendlela icentrifuge ekhethekileyo ulwelo. Le kwenze kwaphumela kuqhuba uphando elabhoratri ngemicroscope. Loo inkqubo kunceda ukumisela inani ngqo ezi eziphilayo izinto, leukocytes, erythrocytes, iisilinda, epithelium, ziikristale ityuwa, iintsholongwane anodaka.

Ulwazi malunga izinto zemvelo ezike umchamo

Uhlalutyo jikelele unika umfanekiso opheleleyo umxholo kumzimba izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, inani apho lula ukubona ubukho sisifo.

leukocytes

Udidi iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi onempilo kuthathwa ukuba ube:

• 0-3 - abantu;
• 0-5 - kwabasetyhini.

Ukuba isampuli umchamo waphawula ukwanda kakhulu elements somgquba data, kukhuselekile ukuqinisekisa ubukho ukudumba emzimbeni womntu.

erythrocytes

Xa engekho izinto isibetho asiqhenqethanga kuvandlakanywa onesiphumo pellet okanye iiseli enye yangoku. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kukho oonobangela zophendlo lwezifo kunye nokomzimba ezi izinto. Le ukhetho lokuqala ezinxulumene izifo yenkqubo genitourinary. ezibangela bokuphila zezi: umthambo ngokugqithiseleyo; urhulumente elide emi; abafumana iziyobisi sulfa okanye iziyobisi anticoagulant uchwetheza. ongakhetha ezinjalo ukuthini imithetho kumahlandinyuka kwaye ayisoloko ibonisa ubukho sifo.

cylinder

Ezi zinto zezi zilandelayo:

• hyaline;
• granular;
• angwevu, anencindi;
• epithelial;
• leukocyte;
• erythrocyte.

Zonke izinto ngasentla, ukongeza kowokuqala, kufuneka ndingekhoyo ezike umchamo. uhlobo cylinder hyaline angenzeka onempilo phantsi kweempembelelo:

• amanzi abandayo (ishawa, eyothi, etc ...);
• inkqubo ngokomzimba;
• bacaca;
• ukusebenza kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu (iintlobo eshushu imveliso, imozulu ishushu ngaphandle).

Kule meko, iyeza elibhaqiweyo aluthathwa ngezifo, kwaye luphawulwa ukuhla njengesiqhelo, kulo mzekelo, kakhulu, sisebenza ingqikelelo "Indlela eqhelekileyo".

epithelium

Ummiselo kwi ezike wokuchama kukufumana kwiseli enye, ngokokuqhelekileyo kulingane ezintathu. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo-bio-data:

• urethral moya (i urethra);
• inguqu, ibekwe nezi ntso, ureters kunye isinye;
• zezintso.

Xa engekho amanyathelo yococeko aphantsi kwabasetyhini bangafumana izinga of epithelium carcinomas. Amaninzi, ukwanda kwenani iiseli ibonisa ubukho ngezifo. Livela kwiintlobo sezintso epithelial zinokubonisa izifo.

ngebhitumene

UNorma yencindi umxholo kubantu abasempilweni - ukungabikho kwalo. Ukwenzeka element ibonisa ubukho leengxaki kwi amalungu kwinkqubo womchamo.

bacteria

Ezike wokuchama ngumntu esempilweni eqhelekileyo engekho iintsholongwane, kukuvela apho kunokwenzeka kuphela ngexesha losulelo kule nkqubo zokuzala.

Iityuwa kuzo phaya kuhlalutyo

In ezike wokuchama ezi ntlobo zilandelayo kwezinto zebhayoloji: oxalate, urate, trippelfosfaty. Imbonakalo ziikristale kwi kulingwa achaphazelekayo utshintsho kwizidlo okanye ubumuncu izinto walidla imali ethathwe ulwelo nangaphezulu. Umzekelo, kukho inani elikhulu iitumato emitsha ukutya kukhokelela imbonakalo ye oxalates kwi yokuchama. kusetyenziso rhoqo of, inyama chocolate iwayini (ebomvu) kwaye ikhokelela urate. Ezinye ziikristale ityuwa eyele ezike kuphela kwimeko asidi, kwaye kukho izinto kwenzeka kuphela xa obrak. Kulo kulandela ukuba utshintsho asidi kwi wokuchama medium ke njengesiqalo crystallization of neetyuwa. Ngaphambi koko, ukuba ithe yachithwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ezichongiweyo ekuhlalutyeni.

Emva kokufunda le nto, uya kuba nako ukuphendula umbuzo ngokuqiniseka ukuba udidi yokusabela.