Mninzi Yomhlaba. Isifundo planethi

Umhlaba yinxalenye yenkqubo solar, imi kumgama ozikilometa million 149,8 ukusuka iLanga yeyona inkulu yesihlanu phakathi kwezinye iiplanethi.

A engencinane ngayo Earth umhlaba

Le Velocity yequmrhu yasezulwini ijikeleza iLanga 29,765 km / s. igophe elipheleleyo yenza iintsuku elanga 365,24. iplanethi yethu Umhlaba satellite enye. Le inyanga. Kuya Bajikeleza iplanethi yethu kumgama km 384.400. Mars ineenyanga ezimbini, noJupiter - mathandathu anesixhenxe. Embindini umndilili planethi yi 6371 km, ngoxa ezifanayo ellipsoid, atshabalalisa kancinane kwi nezibonda wazolula ecaleni ikhweyitha.

Ubunzima kwanokuxinana woMhlaba

ubunzima bayo ngu 5.98 * 1024 kg, kwaye ingxinano uMhlaba 5,52 g / cm ^3. Ngelo xesha inani kwi qweqwe lomhlaba ngaphakathi 2,71 g / cm ^3. Kulo kulandela ukuba lexinene i uMhlaba yandiswa ngokubonakalayo ukuya ubunzulu. Oku kungenxa kulwakhiwo lwalo.

Umhlaba avareji mninzi yokuqala ugqibe Newton, nto leyo iye ebalwa kwisixa-mali ka-5-6 g / cm ^3. nokubunjwa kwayo imichiza kuyafana iiplanethi ezisentlabathini, ezifana Venus ne iMars inxalenye Mercury. Ukwakhiwa umhlaba iron - 32% Oxygen - 30%, dust - 15%, MG - 14% sulphur - 3% Ni - 2% Calcium - 1.6% aluminiyam - 1.5%. Xa izinto eziseleyo isixa oluhlasela i-1.2%.

iplanethi yethu - mhambi Blue emajukujukwini

Ukufumana Umhlaba kufuphi impembelelo iLanga kubukho abo okanye ezinye iikhemikhali isekwimo elulwelo kunye sukube. Ngenxa nokwakhiwa komhlaba ezahlukeneyo, uMenzi umoya, kunye nomaleko. Umphunga iqulathe ncakasana ngomxube wegesi, nitrogen neoksijini 78% ne-21% ngokulandelelana. Kwakhona carbon dioxide - 1.6% sihlaziye izixa iigesi egalelwe ezifana helium, neon, xenon, kunye nabanye.

Kwehayidrosfere of iplanethi yethu amanzi kwaye ithatha 3/4 ye kumphezulu wayo. Umhlaba - iplanethi eyaziwayo kuphela kwinkqubo solar namhlanje, nto leyo iba kwehayidrosfere. Amanzi ludlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukuvela eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngenxa ezithile ukusasazwa yalo phezulu ubushushu kwehayidrosfere ilinganisa iimeko zemozulu kwi ezinezinga ezahlukeneyo, kwaye yenza imozulu-langa. Wakhe umela iilwandle, imilambo kunye komhlaba. inxalenye Solid iplanethi yethu wenziwa kumatye awenziwa ludaka, igranite abangelwe umaleko.

Ubume bale Umhlaba kunye nezakhiwo

Umhlaba nezinye iiplanethi ezisentlabathini na isakhiwo lwangaphakathi sekhombuya. kukho nucleus sesazulwini sayo. Oku kulandelwa ingubo enkulu, emi inxalenye ebalulekileyo ivolyum planethi, uze kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Luqokelelane phakathi maleko zahluke kumafa zabo. Kwithuba zempilo iplanethi yethu, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-4.5 billion ubudala, iliwa onzima kunye nezinto phantsi kwempembelelo womxhuzulane bagqobhoza udeske ukuya kumbindi womhlaba. Ezinye izinto, elula, wahlala kufutshane kumphezulu wayo.

Yobumbaxa nokungafumaneki esifubeni

Person kunzima kakhulu ukuba zingene nzulu kulo ihlabathi. Enye emithombo zinzulu eweva kwi Kola Peninsula. Ukujula kwawo ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezili-12.
Umgama ukusuka kumphezulu ukuya embindini planethi ingaphezulu kwe-6300 km.

Sisebenzisa izixhobo zophando ngqo

Ngenxa yoko izibilini iplanethi yethu, ibekwe kwindawo enzulu kakhulu, kuhlalutywa iziphumo zophando zenyikima. Yonke iyure komhlaba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwenzeka malunga ezilishumi oscillations kumphezulu wayo. Ngokusekelwe amawaka lwezitishi wenyikima uqhuba uphando data andise ngexesha inyikima. Ezi intlokoma ezityalwe ngendlela efanayo njengoko eba uphosa into. Xa yomtshangatshangiso lingena singene umaleko, isantya yayo utshintsha bulula. Ukusebenzisa le datha, abaphengululi bakwazi ukumisela imida kweqokobhe engaphakathi planethi. Ubume bale Umhlaba, kukho ngeengcamba ezintathu eziphambili.

qweqwe lomhlaba kunye neempawu zayo

Ephezulu Iqokobhe Umhlaba - oko kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. balo babulingana nesandla ziyahluka ukusuka kwiikhilomitha ezi-5 kwiindawo yolwandle ayi-70 ezintabeni kwiindawo nezwe. Ngokunxulumene wonke umhlaba eliqokobe njengento ezicekethekileyo leqanda, naphantsi kwayo naze umlilo komhlaba. Ntlokoma iinkqubo ezenza esivulekayo izibilini zomhlaba ukuba sibona ngokohlobo mlilo kunye neenyikima, abangele nembubhiso enkulu.

kuqweqwe lomhlaba - kuphela umaleko ofumanekayo ukuze abantu baphile kunye nophando ngokupheleleyo. Ubume kuqweqwe lomhlaba phantsi amazwekazi kunye neelwandle lohlukile.

eqweqweni umhlaba Continental xa ithatha indawo encinci kakhulu kumphezulu womhlaba, kodwa isakhiwo ezimbaxa ngakumbi. Liquka a sedimentary zangaphandle igranite abangelwe iimaleko emazantsi. Eqweqweni lizwekazi kudibana rocks-elide, ogama ubudala phantse neebhiliyoni amabini eminyaka ubudala.

Lothuli eqweqweni thinner, kuphela malunga ezintlanu kweekhilomitha, yaye iquka iileya ezimbini: i abangelwe ezisezantsi neziphezulu ludaka. Age kubangela yolwandle abazange ngaphezulu kweminyaka million 150. Kulo maleko, ubomi buba khona.

Imentile kunye into esiyaziyo ngayo

Phantsi esibekwa uqweqwe overlies kuthiwa yokwaleka. Umda phakathi kuyo kunye amaxolo kakhulu kabukhali kumakishwa. Igama layo Mohorovicha umaleko, kwaye ingafunyanwa kwi kubunzulu kweekhilomitha engathi imashumi mane. umda Mohorovicha ibandakanya ubukhulu becala abangelwe kunye silicates abakulo urhulumente esiqinileyo. Ezi nketho ezinye "iindima mlilo", nto leyo ikwimo yolwelo.

Ububanzi yokwaleka - phantse amawaka amathathu km. Lo maleko efana zifumaneka kwezinye iiplanethi. Kule kukho ukwanda icace sesiqhelo umda seismic ukusuka 7,81 ukuya 8.22 km / s. ingubo koMhlaba yahlulwe kumacandelo eliphezulu nengasezantsi. Umda phakathi umaleko data ikhonza geospheres Galitsina leyo kubunzulu omalunga 670 km.

Indlela ukwakha ulwazi malunga ingubo?

Emdeni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ekuqaleni Mohorovicha ngokunzima ngazo. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba kukho inkqubo nemetamorphic apho namawa akhekha ezixineneyo. Ezinye izazinzulu lungisa ukwanda elibukhali kwi wenyikima utshintsho wave Velocity okubhalwe yamawa ekukhanyeni kakhulu iintlobo nzima.

Ke kaloku lo mbono kucingwa ukuba nolwazi olusisiseko iindlela zophando kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Ngokwayo ingubo koMhlaba kukuba ngqo azifumaneki ukuze uphando ngqo ngenxa anzongonzongo-ukuxoka, yaye akazange eze kumphezulu.
Ngoko, ulwazi olusisiseko ifunyenwe ngeendlela geochemical kunye yesimo. Ngokubanzi, ngenxa kuvuselelwa imithombo ekhoyo - umsebenzi onzima kakhulu.
Ingubo abafumana imitha ukusuka kwiziko, yothani ukusuka izidanga 800 ukuya degrees 2000 phezulu kufutshane ngumongo. Kucingelwa, enyanisweni, ukuba kweziyobisi wementile siyahamba rhoqo.

Yintoni na lexinene yokwaleka ye Umhlaba?

Ukuxinana yoMhlaba ngaphakathi yokwaleka ifikelela malunga 5.9 g / cm ^3. Uxinzelelo kwandisa ejulile kwaye ukufikelela 1.6 million. ATM. Kumba yokufumanisa iqondo lobushushu kwi izazinzulu yokwaleka ukubuka ingacaci kwaye kunokuba ngokuphikisana, 1500-10000 degrees Celsius. Ezi ke uluvo okhoyo phakathi izazinzulu.

Ukusondela iziko, i eshushu

Xa nombindi Earth esithathwe yi kernel. inxalenye yayo ephezulu imi kubunzulu kweekhilomitha 2900 ukusuka kumphezulu (core elingaphandle) yaye malunga ne-30% ye-ubunzima zizonke planethi. Lo maleko na iimpawu ulwelo viscous kunye Unikezelo lombane. Iqulethe malunga-12% isalfure 88% yentsimbi. Xa umongo-yokwaleka umhlaba ezinoxinano ukunyuka kakhulu yaye ifikelela malunga 9.5 g / cm ^3. Xa nobunzulu malunga 5100 km ukuqaphela inxalenye yayo engaphakathi, kwirediyasi omalunga 1260 km, kwaye ubunzima - 1.7% ngokobunzima planethi.

Uxinzelelo kwiziko omkhulu kangangokuba intsimbi kunye nickel, apho kufuneka ukuba abe lulwelo, ngaba sikarhulumente esiqinileyo. Ngokutsho uphando, kwiziko le Umhlaba kukuba indawo nemiqathango Superextreme kunye noxinzelelo million 3.5 umoya kunye namaqondo ngaphezu degrees 6000.

Kulo mba, yentsimbi-nickel ingxubevange ke zidluliselwe kurhulumente ulwelo, nangona into yokuba ngongoma ukunyibilika lwezi methali ilingana no 1450-1500 degrees Celsius. Ngenxa xi omkhulu kwi embindini ubunzima kwanokuxinana Umhlaba kakhulu enkulu. Enye decimeter kathathu izinto Umlinganiseli neekhilogram malunga elinambini elinesiqingatha. Kuyinto unique nendawo kuphela apho lexinene-langa iphezulu kakhulu kunokuba nayiphi na enye na ebhedini yakhe.

Yandisa yonke indlela yentsebenziswano phakathi Umhlaba uza kuba nomdla nje kuphela, kodwa iluncedo. Besiya kuba kumiswa ecacileyo yezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nendawo zazo. Mhlawumbi bekuya ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo indlela kweenyikima eyayiza kwenza kube lula ngokuchanekileyo ukuba abaqononondise. Ngoku, ke akucingeleki, azise eninzi ukufa nokutshatyalaliswa. ulwazi Echanekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwemali පිළිතුරු iimpendulo kunye nonxibelelwano lwabo lithosfere, zinokuba luncedo ukukhanya kule ngxaki. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi elizayo kuya kuba umsebenzi elide, 'umdla yaye iluncedo eluntwini.