Isakhiwo Umhlaba

Umhlaba wethu - iplanethi kuphela kwinkqubo solar apho ubomi isuka. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ubukho kumacandelo amaninzi ngawo iqulathe, kwehayidrosfere, yaye umoya, kwakunye okukhulu iphenjelelwa isakhiwo lwangaphakathi umhlaba umgama kwangaphambili elangeni. Planet imele elipsopodobnoe umzimba eziquka amaqokobhe ezininzi ezingundoqo zesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, iikhemikhali kunye neempawu zomzimba.

Ubume bale Umhlaba kukho umbandela izazinzulu ezininzi ehlabathini lonke, kodwa bayifundisise inxalenye kuphela yayo ephezulu - kuqweqwe lomhlaba, kodwa kuthekani kwezinye umaleko, kukho kuphela Inkolelo theoretical component. Ojikeleze kwehayidrosfere ibandakanya sukube kwaye zolwelo umhlaba esingxotyeni. Kwaye ke isakhiwo lwangaphakathi zehlabathi amelwe amaxolo imentile kunye nomxholo.

Iqokobhe angaphandle - emoyeni. igesi iqulathe ncakasana oksijini nitrogen. Inkqubo elanga akusekho iplanethi kunye ikhemikali efanayo ukwakhiwa yeegesi, ezifanelekileyo ubomi babantu yaye zonke izinto eziphilayo. Oosonzululwazi bakholelwa imvelaphi japan walo elide ezizikhulelayo ngendaleko imichiza. Xa emoyeni, kukho iindawo ngezithako ezahlukeneyo amachiza, ubushushu, imeko emzimbeni, apho zifumaneka maleko tye. Kuba bokuphefumla lindle uluncedo kuphela umaleko lowermost, Ebubanzini leyo km ngaphantsi kwe 4-5. Ziqhubeka phezulu emoyeni rarefied ngakumbi. mninzi kwayo lifinyele kathathu zonke 8 km (ngobude) uhle kunye amaqondo obushushu, ngoko leyo eyandisa kwintaba ephakame-50 km kwi stratosphere. Olunye lobushushu Mesospheric ashiye kwakhona, kwaza ke esikhundleni termosphere (ngasentla 180 km) inyuswe kakhulu. Lisendaweni abangaphezu kwe-1000 km uqala exosphere. Ngawo neegesi aye avelisa ukusasaza emajukujukwini. Iqondo lobushushu unyuko amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye ionization zegesi esesibhakabhakeni - fomu maleko electroconductive, leyo ibizwa ngokuba ionosphere.

Omnye umahluko ebonakalayo Umhlaba kwezinye izijikelezi yendlela yethu linani elikhulu yamanzi aphezu komhlaba, leyo zabiwa ngokomlinganiselo imali kumazwe ezahlukeneyo udibaniso (eziqinileyo, sukube kunye ulwelo). Amanzi iqokobhe iplanethi yethu kuthiwa kwehayidrosfere. Oku ikhona phezu emhlabeni kunye namanzi lwangaphakathi.

isakhiwo koMhlaba - oovimba bayo, ukufunda ngokusebenzisa indlela zenyikima, njengokuba ngoku, ubuntu lifikelele kwinqanaba lokuba uyakwazi zobugcisa ukubaqhelisa ubunzulu kakuhle kwi kwesikhoko 12 kuphela km. Ngezakhi ukuhlola unikezelo kunye nasisihlo kwamaza e zosasazo ezahlukeneyo, kubunzulu ezahlukeneyo. Ukutshintsha sesiqhelo zabo refraction unganako ngokwakhe ukuyilawula le ukungafani kunye ezithile ngokwezinga le zomaleko enzulu planethi. Ukongeza, kukho iindlela ubuncinane ezisebenzayo eziliqela wenyikima, wafundela ngayo isakhiwo zejoloji Umhlaba. Phakathi kwazo, indlela gravimetric, indlela magnetometric njalo njalo.

kuqweqwe lomhlaba kukuba phantsi kwehayidrosfere okanye umoya. On oku kuxhomekeke sakhiwo yayo. Eqweqweni lizwekazi kwahlukile kumandla kolwandle kunye nokwakheka ezahlukeneyo. uqweqwe lothuli lugubungela malunga ne-56% ngaphantsi komhlaba. umthamo wayo phantse akukho ngaphezulu kwe 5-6 km, kukho ezona kummandla ehlabathini. Wenziwe ziimaleko amathathu: sedimentary, kunye abangelwe umaleko igneous holocrystalline.

Ebubanzini umndilili uqweqwe lizwekazi isusela ukusuka 35 ukuya kuma-40 km. Le nto ndiyibhalayo ngeengcamba ezintathu: intlenga, kumazwekazi uqweqwe ezikroziswayo granulite-basic.

Va neuron kwaye umphezulu yokwaleka yi Mohorovicic (Mokho). Kwilizwekazi kokuba kubekwe kubunzulu 25 km ukuya 75. Emva kokuba ingubo nguye Moho. Kuyo, kukho ngeengcamba ezintathu, ezahlukileyo kancinane omnye komnye:

• ingubo yokwaleka (ukuya kwi-410 km ngokunzulu);
• avareji ingubo (ukusuka 410 ukuya-670 km);
• ingubo engaphantsi (670-2900 km).

isakhiwo Umhlaba kaThixo lokuba ise embindini undoqo, equka iinxalenye ezimbini:

• inxalenye ulwelo engaphandle, sise ubunzulu ka-2900-5146 km;
• angaphakathi eqinileyo, ubunzulu bayo - 5146-6371 km.

izazinzulu ezininzi ithi intsimbi ingxubevange isiqalo isalfure, nickel, lesilicon. Intsimi engundoqo kazibuthe iplanethi yethu eyenziwe පිළිතුරු iimpendulo ongundoqo engaphandle.