Mlilo: mlilo isakhiwo, iintlobo nobungakanani benkonzo mlilo

Namhlanje sijonga lo mbandela umdla, njengoko mlilo. Ubume bale mlilo kunye nokuhlelwa zabo ichazwe ngokucacileyo kweli nqaku.

Mlilo got igama layo yi igama Vulcan, uthixo umlilo. Bamele zolwakhiwo mhlaba ukuba kwenzeka phezu imiphantsi kunye neentanda kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. mlilo esikhulu adlabhuke phambi kwamehlo akho, kungengalo intlekisa nanto. E ngaphantsi komhlaba ziqhekeza kunye nemijelo betekisi iziqwenga amatye mlilo kunye neegesi kumgqomo kumthombo ukubona. Mlilo bakutshelwe isongiwe iimveliso mlilo ezintabeni ngamnye. Ukuba uyakwazi ukufikelela kubude ngobukhulu ezinkulu. Umzekelo, i-mlilo inkulu eAfrika - kuba Kilimanjaro (5895 meters), Cameroon (4100 meters) kunye neNtaba Teide (3,718 meters).

mlilo eziphilayo, ahlala kunye esebenzayo

Kuba ngoku zezo iqhuma ngoku nqapha okanye ngokuqhubekayo. Umzekelo, i-mlilo ngoku Afrika - kuba yaseNyiragongo, Meru, Karisimbi, Phaco, Teide. Ubuthongo - ezi mlilo, apho kungekho kuqhume ulwazi, kodwa bona baye baqhubeka imilo kunye neenyikima zasekuhlaleni kwenzeka ngaphantsi kwabo. Ezingasekho wabhekisela ukufiphala kwaye zonakala, hayi mlilo. Iifoto ze-mlilo Arenal, ibekwe e Costa Rica, ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi.

Division fissure mlilo kunye central

Mlilo zahlulwe le fissure engundoqo kunye nokumila imiphantsi zokutyisa. Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo mlilo (scheme eboniswe ngezantsi), kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba namagumbi yokwaleka daka ephezulu inokuba kubunzulu omalunga 50-70 neekhilomitha (umz, mlilo ena Kluchevskaya Knoll). Kwakhona abe kolu qweqwe lomhlaba kubunzulu yeemitha 5-6 (Italian mlilo ntshava) okanye nzulu.

Zexesha elide kunye mlilo elifutshane elide

mlilo kunokuba elide (ukusuka kwiminyaka emininzi amakhulu iminyaka) kunye elide elifutshane, ezo kulinganiswa kwewotshi. It ekunokuthiwa izandulela zabo ngezenzeko yiacoustic, iinyikima mlilo, utshintsho ekwakhiweni kunye neempawu ngemagnethi fumarole iigesi kwakunye nezinye izenzakalo, iimpawu phambi mlilo qhuma. Ifoto ye-mlilo edubulayo ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi.

Indlela ukuqala i mlilo?

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuqala ukuba yokukhulisa lwenzeka iigesi. Ziza kuba sisisulu ngaphandle kuqala kunye esibandayo, esimnyama mlilo yimiwewe, uze ne red-shushu. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi ukukhutshwa zihamba ibanga ukuphuphuma mlilo. Ukususela km-1 ukuya ku-5, kuxhomekeke amandla ungadubula buyahluka isixa lift amaqhekeza mlilo of umphunga wamanzi ifumile nobushushu, iigesi. Kwaye ke mlilo dubulo inkulu inikhululele iimveliso kunye yebo kumaqondo aphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, kunyaka 1956 ena ngexesha kuqhambuko lo mlilo Akanalo ukuba ngeekhilomitha 45. Xa imigama ye amawaka ezimbalwa ukuya amashumi amawaka eekhilomitha kwiCEMIS izikhulu eziphathekayo. maxa wambi umthamo wayo ufikelela kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa cubic. Le xi emoyeni mlilo kwezinye kuqhume kunokuba kakhulu kangangokuba akukho bumnyama, efana ngaphakathi ezimnyama. Kuye kwaphawulwa, ingakumbi, kwilali Keys, ibekwe-40 km ukusuka mlilo Akanalo, ngo-1956.

Ubeko lo mlilo, eboniswe ngezantsi, kuya kukunceda ukuqonda isakhiwo sayo.

Yintoni iqhuma?

Kuqhuma - le alternation ungadubula ukuzenza nezo bawe phantsi kunye udaka. udubulo amandla obukhulu ekuthiwa kuvuthondaba paroksizom. Ukunciphisa amandla udubulo kwaye ngoko kumiwe okuthe mlilo waphawula emva kwabo. Kwamenywa angu cc, udaka mngcelele phosa mlilo inkulu. Le ifoto ingezantsi ibonisa isakhiwo mlilo. Esi sikimu sinika umfanekiso ocacileyo nto uyajika ngayo.

iintlobo iqhuma

Ayisoloko kuqhuma efanayo. Bona iintlobo-4 kuxhomekeke viscosity, udaka kunye nenani iimveliso (eziqinileyo, sukube kunye ulwelo): kuqhume (Vulcan), extrusion (amajukujuku), ugalelwe (Strombolian) kunye effusive (Hawaiian).

uhlobo eHawaii, ngokufuthi ekudaleni mlilo nekhaka, luphawulwa ukuthululwa ezolileyo noko abangelwe (ulwelo) mlilo ebumba kwi yimingxuma kwaye udaka kwemali elidangazelayo echibini ulwelo. Linegama imali encinane uhlobo imithombo zerhasi eziqhuma amachaphaza kunye izigaqa udaka otyhidiweyo nofunda imisonto ezingcakacileyo iglasi xa ibhabha.

Uhlobo strombolian, leyo ngokuqhelekileyo ukudala strato-mlilo, kunye udaka noko inala andesitic zesakhiwo basaltic esilawulwa udubulo ezincinane, ngexesha eziqhuma amaqhekeza SLAG, kwakunye ezahlukeneyo ibhombu emide kunye, ephothiweyo.

Uhlobo Dome na izinto sukube zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Avelisa udubulo kwaye ukukhutshwa amafu ezinkulu abamnyama ezixineneyo inkitha iziqwenga, udaka. udaka Small ibe andesite viscous.

iimveliso iqhuma

Okuqinileyo, irhasi kunye kulwelo iimveliso ezahlukeneyo intaba mlilo. iigesi mlilo ukuba azikhutshwa omabini ngexesha dubulo (ebizwa ngokuba eruptive), kwaye ngexesha umsebenzi cwaka mlilo (furamolnye) ukusuka iintanda eziphezu mlilo; kananjalo ngamatye awo mngxuma pyroclastic kunye udaka NdinguMenzi imithombo yamanzi ashushu, edlula ngokusebenzisa komhlaba.

Lava - yale igqengezelayo okanye ulwelo viscous kakhulu, ubukhulu becala ubunzima silicate eliphalala ngenxa mlilo kumphezulu koMhlaba (jonga umfanekiso ngezantsi mlilo kwicandelo emnqamlezweni.). rock mlilo lamiswa xa Ukuguqulwa kolwelo.

Volcanics (rock mlilo) - kwamatye kwakheka ngenxa mlilo. Ngaba ngezikhundla, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni onesimilo ukujaduka effusive okanye effusive (diabase, liparites, trachyte, andesite, abangelwe, kunye nabanye.) Pyroclastic okanye mlilo-clastic (tuffs breccia mlilo) mlilo.

units mlilo

iphutha ziitectonic plates (ikhefu ziitectonic plates) - oku kwenzeka kuba iintshukumo uqweqwe rock ingqibelelo ukungathobeli (njengokuhlaba, ukubuyisela iziphene, utshintsho, amanzi, njl njl).

Le ifoto ingezantsi ibonisa layout mlilo.

Kuxhomekeka ngoobani kunye nohlobo izakhiwo daka kumphezulu mlilo ukuba eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo neemilo. Lonke ixesha isakhiwo eyodwa mlilo. Le umfanekiso ngentla - oku kuphela umzekelo. Izixhobo mlilo luqulathe sibange okanye ijelo tubular, ukuba ofaka (i nakumphezulu itshaneli), iimveliso vulkanooblomochnyh kunye awo mlilo ezingqongileyo macala onke ijelo, kunye mngxuma (ifanele-ezimilise okanye ikomityi-ezimilise lekhefu kwicala okanye ephezulu mlilo, netoti apho ujongene iimitha ezimbalwa ayi eziliqela ). Ezi ntlobo zixhaphakileyo tapered, ngakumbi ubukho yazingcolisa detritus ezahlukeneyo, kwaye angqukuva (xa acudisiweyo mlilo viscous).

Hayi kuphela eziphezulu ze komgodi kwenzeka dubulo, kodwa kwakhona nge icala (ebizwa olwaye lwamfimfitha) yimingxuma ezibe mlilo. iqhuma Ulwakhiwo ungachazwa ukuba yimingxuma sele kumathambeka icala, kwakunye ukuqhela ukusuka eziphezulu lokuqala. Ngokufuthi, iqhuma iigesi eyodwa engena umphezulu channel komhlaba wayila misinga ifanele-ezimile. Bona erhangqwe shaft thunzi, eliquka iibhloko kubangela ezahlukeneyo. Amaxesha amaninzi ezi imigodi azele ngamanzi. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba Maar. Ngamanye amaxesha mlilo olunobundlobongela sikhatshwe isibakala sokuba inxalenye izakhiwo mlilo ukuwa. Amaxesha amaninzi, oku kusebenza kwimimandla apho basondele mlilo. Ubume bale mlilo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kukhokelela ukuwa kwayo. Misinga, leyo kwakheka ngeli ubukhulu siyifumana eziliqela emashumini eziliqela yeekhilomitha. Ewe kuthiwa calderas.

mlilo kwamanzi

Ubume be-mlilo esixoxe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba enye iintlobo zazo eliba, ebekwe kwi ezantsi ichibi. Namhlanje zika geographical iqhuma olu hlobo bakwezolimo imimandla ikakhulu kwisithuba ezintathu mlilo: Atlantic, lweMeditera-Indonesian kunye Pacific. Ngokutsho ukufunda elidluleyo umhlaba wethu kwinqanaba umbono komhlaba, ngokobubanzi bawo kwaye ngokwemiqathango ezikhutshwayo imveliso evela Umhlaba, ukuba liphezulu kakhulu kunokuba phezu komhlaba. Ukuba umhlaba ngonyaka ukususela 20-30 ziqhume kwi-avareji uza 1.5 leekhilomitha cc iziqina etyhidiweyo kulo nyaka, ukususela mlilo zangaphantsi kwixesha efanayo kwaqhambuka izihlandlo 12-15 impahla ngakumbi. mlilo inkwili Active ukuxhasa ubomi emanzini yolwandle kufutshane kumphezulu. Kwaye kulo nayo kuxhomekeke kubungakanani greenhouse gases ithathe olwandle.

Kuqhuma mlilo kwamanzi

Ukuba ichibi ibekwe ngaphezu izinto Iziko pyroclastic mlilo ngexesha kuqhambuko amanzi isinyibiliko ke ukuba kuye kwanwenwa ngeenxa ezonka. Kuba okokuqala iidipozithi ezo yachazwa kwiiPhilippines. Ukuba imiswe kwisiganeko ngo-1968 kuqhambuko Taal mlilo, ophezu emazantsi edikeni,. Le imali ebekiweyo kule hlobo zidla maleko ezifihlakeleyo siziinduli of elirhabaxa. Islands nga lisekwa kuqhuma mlilo. Oku, umzekelo, ibekwe i-Indian Ocean, mlilo kwisiqithi Reunion.

Izinto ezibangela mlilo

Ulwalamano olusenyongweni phakathi kwezahlulo ihamba kweendawo Uqweqwe kunye nomsebenzi mlilo Umhlaba ibonisa indawo ngokwejiyografi mlilo. Senziwe ezinjalo iindawo iziphene ze apho daka ihamba ngaphezulu. Oku kwenzeka, kuyabonakala ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ziitectonic plates. Xa uxinzelelo yeegesi songanyibilikisswa daka uba mkhulu uxinzelelo kwi ubunzulu overlying, ukuba uqale ukususa kumphezulu, bethwele daka. Mhlawumbi, ngexesha crystallization iziqina eyenziwe xi igesi xa kunyuka kunye neegesi eyintsalela wabatyebisa inxalenye yayo engamanzi. Daka like amathumba. Iziko Uxinzelelo uphakamileyo wadala ngokuthi kwabelwe isixa esikhulu kwezinto sukube. Kwakhona enye oonobangela kuqhuma.

Ukwenziwa kunye nolwakhiwo mlilo - umxholo kakhulu umdla. Kweli nqaku, senza nje kuphela Wondela ke kubo. Isakhiwo lwangaphakathi mlilo nangoku unomdla inani abaphandi. Bona sisaxakekile kwisifundo yayo.

Kuba okokuqala kwiminyaka yakhe yesikolo, uqhelene noko mlilo thina. IJografi usinika ithuba ukusondela ngakumbi ukuqonda indlela ihlelwe iplanethi yethu. Umhlaba igcwele puzzle ezininzi ukucombulula ukuba kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Kakade ke, esikolweni, sithetha iimbalasane kuphela xa sifunda isakhiwo mlilo. Class 5 - ukuba ubudala xa kufuneka uye kule sihloko. Noko ke, maxa wambi enokwenziwa kwaye kufuneka. Sithemba ukuba wafunda into entsha esuka kweli nqaku.