Mizobo abantu bamandulo. imikrolo rock Ancient

impucuko Human lifikile indlela ende wophuhliso kwaye sele iphumelele iziphumo encomekayo. art Contemporary - omnye wabo. Kodwa yonke into ekuqaleni kwayo. Njani le ukupeyinta nabo - artists yokuqala yehlabathi?

Qala yobuciko kokubhalwa kwembali - iintlobo kunye neentlobo

In the Stone Age, i Paleolithic, livela kuqala zobugcisa kwakudala. Lanikwa imilo eyahlukileyo. Ezi amasiko, umculo, imidaniso kunye iingoma, kwakunye ngokophindayo imifanekiso kwi iindawo ezahlukeneyo - imizobo amatye abantu bakudala. Eli xesha fanele kunye nokudalwa bezakhelo yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu - megaliths, dolmens kunye menhirs, injongo akwaziwa. Eyona idumileyo - Stonehenge e Salisbury, eliquka cromlechs (amatye tye).

izinto zasekhaya, ezifana nezacholo, izinto zokudlala, nayo kuba ubugcisa kubantu bakudala.

periodization

Oosonzululwazi akukho mathandabuzo malunga nexesha ngemvelaphi art kwakudala. It waqala ukwenza phakathi kwe Paleolithic, ngexesha ongasekhoyo Bamandulo Phaya. Isiko elo xesha kuthiwa Mousterian.

Bamandulo Phaya bakwazi ukusingatha ilitye, ukudala izixhobo. Kwezinye izifundo, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa misinga kunye iinotshi ngohlobo iminqamlezo ezenza nesangqawe kwakudala. Ngelo xesha, umzobo ayikwazanga phofu, kodwa inkqubo sele isetyenziswe. emhlabeni off kweenyama zayo ufunyenwe, njenge ipensile, apho kusetyenziswa khona.

ukupeyinta rock lwasekuqaleni - Definition

Olu hlobo zobugcisa kwakudala. Ingaba umfanekiso, ipeyinti isicelo kwi umqolomba eludongeni kumphezulu womntu yamandulo. Inkoliso yezi zinto ezifumaneka e-Europe, kodwa kukho imizobo abantu bamandulo eAsiya. Eyona ndawo ye zixhaphakile yobugcisa rock - ummandla Spain mihla kunye neFransi.

zesayensi ngabaza

Kangangexesha elide, inzululwazi yanamhlanje wayengazi ukuba ubuchule yomntu eyayingekaphuhli lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu onjalo. Imizobo kwimiqolomba abantu bamandulo abazange bafumane de ngenkulungwane XIX. Ngoko ke, xa zisaqala kuqala, bathabatha ukuba ukuguqula.

Imbali obafunyanwa

Indawo yakade ubugcisa rock Ndafunyanwa yiakhiyolojisti engahlawulwayo, igqwetha Spanish Marcelino sanz de Sautuola.

Esi siphumo kungenxa iziganeko ezimangalisayo. Kwiphondo iSpanish of Cantabria ngo-1868, umzingeli wafumanisa mqolomba. Umnyango kwakugcwele udoti chipped rock. Ngowe-1875, oko wahlola de Sautuola. Ngelo xesha, wafumana izixhobo kuphela. Wokufumana iye yaba yeyona ixhaphakileyo. Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, zakudala engahlawulwayo bamtyelela Altamirskuyu mqolomba. Yena kunye intombi eneminyaka eli-9 ubudala, eyafumana kunye nemizobo. Ekunye nomhlobo wakhe, zakudala uJuan Vilanova Pierre de Sautuola inxaxheba bemba emqolombeni. Kungekudala ngaphambi koko, xa lo mboniso bezinto ye Stone Age, wabona umfanekiso buffalo, ngokumangalisayo sifunda womzobo iliwa Indoda yakudala, ngubani ukubona intombi yakhe Maria. Sautuola wacebisa ukuba Altamirskoy efumaneka ngemizobo emqolombeni izilwanyana ziphantsi Paleolithic. Kule yayame kunye Wilanow-Pierre.

Izazinzulu ziye ekupapashweni kweziphumo esothusayo bemba zabo. Kwaye ngoko ke watyholwa senze hlabathi zemfundo. iingcali khokela entsimini zakudala ziye ngokucacile ulicekisile ithuba lokufumana ixesha paleolithic art. Marcelino de Sautuola umtyholwa, ukuba imizobo abantu bamandulo, kuthiwa wabafumana, babesondela omnye zakudala, iindwendwe ngaloo mihla kunye naye.

kweminyaka eli-15 kuphela kamva, emva kokufa komntu eyafumana ihlabathi imizekelo ezimangalisayo yobugcisa yabantu bamandulo, abachasi bakhe baye bayiphawula inyaniso Marcelino de Sautuola. Ngexesha ezi imizobo kwimiqolomba abantu bamandulo kwafunyanwa Font-de-Gaume, Trois Frères, les combarelles kunye Rouffignac eFransi, Bale d'Oduber kwi zasePyrenees kunye nezinye iingingqi. Bonke baye athethwa lolawulo Paleolithic. Ngenxa yoko, igama elihle zezenzululwazi Spanish, iyenzileyo omnye lwezona ebonakalayo zakudala, ibuyiselwe.

Ubuchule yala magcisa yamandulo

Rock ukupeyinta, iifoto eziza thaca ngezantsi, iquka ezininzi imifanekiso yezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo. Bona kulawulwa zenyathi eyenziwe. Abo kuqala bakubona imizobo yabantu bamandulo ezifumaneka kumqolomba Altamira, bayamangaliswa ukuba zenziwe njani yobungcali. Le ubuchule zobungangamela yala magcisa yamandulo waza wenza ngexesha ngenxa siqalisa ukuthandabuza ukuba izazinzulu zabo ngobunyani.

abantu bamandulo akazange nangoko bafunda ukwenza imifanekiso ngqo izilwanyana. imizobo, apho ngokulambisa echazwe yakhiwe zifunyenwe, ngoko cishe akunakwenzeka ukufumana ababefuna kukuveza umculi. Ngokuthe ngcembe izakhono ukuzoba ukuchacha, kwaye ukwazile ukuhambisa ngobulungisa ngokuchanileyo umfanekiso wesilwanyana.

Phakathi Imizobo yokuqala yabantu bamandulo nazo ziquka handprints ezifumaneka nemiqolomba emininzi.

Ngesandla iqatywe ngepeyinti isicelo eludongeni, nto yakhiwe imbonakalo ngombala owahlukileyo kwi aya ixhomekeke isangqa. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, lo msebenzi wenziwe ezibalulekileyo gqitha isithethe Indoda yakudala.

Izihloko yafaka amagcisa kuqala

Rock ukupeyinta abantu bamandulo abonisa ubunyani singqongwe kuyo. Libonisa oko ezimkhathazayo kakhulu. Lo msebenzi engundoqo kunye nendlela Paleolithic yemveliso yokutya wayezingela. Ngoko ke izilwanyana - injongo engundoqo zemizobo kwexesha. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, eYurophu, kuye kwafunyanwa iintlobo zemifanekiso bison, amaxhama, amahashe, iibhokhwe, amabhere. Ke idluliselwe awumi ndawonye kwaye motion. Animals ukubaleka, ukutsiba, frolic afe, abahlatywe umkhonto umzingeli.

Xa emqolombeni Lascaux, ibekwe eFransi, lelona umfanekiso inkulu inkunzi yamandulo. ubungakanani bayo - neemitha ngaphezu ezintlanu. Kwamanye amazwe, artists bamandulo nabo beqabe loo izilwanyana wahlala ecaleni kwabo. E Somalia, umfanekiso neendlulamthi kwafunyanwa India - amahlosi iingwenya, emiqolombeni weSahara kukho imizobo iinciniba kunye iindlovu. Ngaphandle izilwanyana, artists yokuqala apeyintiweyo imiboniso ngokuzingela kunye nabantu, kodwa kunqabile kakhulu.

Ukuqeshwa petroglyphs

Kwakutheni ukuze abantu bamandulo ebonisa izilwanyana kunye nabantu kwi iindonga emiqolombeni kunye nezinye iisayithi, ayaziwa. Njengoko sele baqalisa ukwenza unqulo, mhlawumbi, baba ejulile lokuhlambulula. Figure "okuzingela" Abantu bamandulo, ngokoluvo abaphandi, imela ukuphumelela umzabalazo kunye nerhamncwa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba zadalwa shaman ongena usephupheni aze azame ukufumana ngokusebenzisa umfanekiso amandla okhethekileyo. Amagcisa yamandulo baphila ixesha elide, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iintshukumisa indalo zemizobo Abaphengululi banamhlanje ayaziwa.

Paint nezixhobo

Ukudala umzobo amagcisa zamandulo wasebenzisa indlela ekhethekileyo. Okokuqala, ukuba phina umfanekiso mgawuli yezilwanyana elulwalweni umphezulu okanye ilitye, waza ke esisetyenziswe yepeyinti. Kuye kwenziwa izinto zendalo - imibala ezahlukeneyo imbola kunye ngombala omnyama, oveza namalahle. Kuba ilungisa inki kusetyenziswa imveliso zomgquba, izilwanyana (igazi, nenqatha, Medulla) kunye namanzi. Imibala ezikhoyo nabadlali bamandulo babembalwa: tyheli, obomvu, omnyama, emdaka.

Mizobo abantu bamandulo waba iimpawu ezimbalwa. Ngamanye amaxesha ke enyanzeliswa phezu kwezinye. Kudla amagcisa ipeyintwe inani elikhulu lezilwanyana. Kulo mzekelo, amanani ongaphambili nemizobo ngononophelo, yaye abanye - oganogram. indoda lwasekuqaleni akazange adale abhalwa kwi uninzi imizobo - inqwaba umbhodamo eqingqiweyo. Okwangoku, kuphela zimbalwa "Imizobo" kufumaniseke sisincoko efanayo.

Kweli xesha Paleolithic sele ivelile kwaye izixhobo ukupeyinta yokuqala. Ezi iintonga zamandulo kunye iibhrashi ezenziwe uboya isilwanyana. Amagcisa yamandulo nokondla malunga ngokukhanyisa "canvases 'yakhe. izibane kwafunyanwa ukuba yenziwe ngohlobo izitya ngamatye. Bona wawagalela ioli wabeka umsonto.

Chauvet umqolomba

Kuye kwafunyanwa 1994 eFransi, nokuqokelelwa kwayo mizobo zibonwa kakhulu yamandulo. izifundo zeLebhu ziye zanceda ukuchaza ubudala imizobo - yokuqala ezi zenziwa kwiminyaka-36,000 eyadlulayo. Apha, imifanekiso yezilwanyana kwafunyanwa ezihlala iminyaka ice. Oku lomkhombe ezinoboya, umqolomba ingonyama, iinyathi, Panther, Tarpan (ukhokho wehashe namhlanje). Amanani ezigcinwe ngokugqibeleleyo ngenxa yokuba kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo esangweni lomqolomba ithe saa.

Ngoku ivaliwe kuluntu. Le microclimate, apho kukho imifanekiso, linokuluphazamisa phambi kwabantu. Kuphela nje iiyure ezimbalwa wabaphandi zalo sisiqhube. Ukuba atyelele ababukeli bagqiba ukuvula umfanekiso we emqolombeni hayi kude kuyo.

Lascaux

Le kwenye indawo ezaziwayo-kakuhle, apho wafumana imizobo abantu bamandulo. Irholo yafunyanwa ngama ulutsha ezine ngo-1940. Ngoku ingqokelela yakhe mizobo yala magcisa Paleolithic yamandulo kuquka 1900 imifanekiso.

Le ndawo sele zithandwa kakhulu phakathi iindwendwe. I-flow elikhulu kwabatyeleli kubangele umonakalo imizobo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kukho ngokugqithiseleyo yeKharbon dayokhsayidi okhutshwa ngumntu ngabantu. Ngowe-1963 kwagqitywa ukuvala emqolombeni kuluntu. Kodwa iingxaki kunye ekulondolozweni imifanekiso yamandulo akhona unanamhla. neyaphukileyo awonakalise Microclimate Lasko, kwaye ngoku amanani zisoloko zibekwe esweni.

isiphelo

Mizobo abantu bamandulo ziyachulumancisa nathi ngokoqobo labo kunye nobuciko. Artists yexesha bakwazi ukudlulisela nje kuphela inkangeleko authentic wenkomo, kodwa intshukumo wakhe kunye nemikhwa. Ukongeza ixabiso nobugcisa bezobugcisa mizobo lamagcisa eyayingekaphuhli yinto izinto ezibalulekileyo ukufunda izilwanyana kwexesha. Ngenxa ezo kwimizobo GROTTO Chauvet, izazinzulu ziye bebone into eyothusayo: kwenzeka ukuba iingonyama kunye imikhombe, nabemi yokuqala mazwe oshushu emazantsi kwi Ixesha Stone Age wahlala eYurophu.