Kohlanga - yintoni na le nto? Intsingiselo yegama elithi 'kohlanga. " Kohlanga kwezizwe kwimbali

Ngamanye amaxesha le kota, leyo ihlabathi oluphucukileyo lonke kabukhali negative, bedidekile kunye efanayo Ungqabhuko umlinganiswa bundlobongela lwentlalo. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga oko kuthetha ntoni enyanisweni, Eyokuba ukubonakaliswa yayo kakhulu tha ubukhulu bayo.

definition

Ngoko ke, lo kohlanga - a umthetho ngenjongo ukutshabalalisa, idodobalise iqela ngokupheleleyo elithile labantu ngokwesiseko:

• inkolelo senkohlakalo ukuba ezinye iintlanga zabantu kulawula phezu kwabanye. Iinzame ukuphelisa abo awuyithandi iimpawu eziphilayo.
• Ukungahambisani eziliqela iintlanga, kuthathelwe ingqalelo yabo 'ophantsi' yaye 'ukusondela kuye ". Kwakhona yindlela ndlongondlongo, sisekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba "bodidi lwesibini" kufuneka sibe.
• Abakuthandayo ukukhetha.

Kohlanga - into leyo, ukongeza ekutshatyalalisweni ngqo elibonakalayo, umkhuba ekudaleni iimeko obungathethekiyo apho uphuhliso olunokubakho "utshaba" akunakwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, xa kufikwa unqulo, lo mkhuba nokususwa ngenkani abantwana abavela kwiintsapho zabo. Kwakhona kwenziwa ngokubanzi ukuthintelwa ekukhulelweni nasekuzaleni kwezinye iimeko.

Imbali ukuvela kwekota

Isiqalo olusemthethweni ukuqondwa kohlanga sabekwa ekupheleni yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Watshayelela igqwetha lakhe Raphael Lemkin, ummi Polish kunye wayengumYuda ngokuzalwa. Amalungu entsapho yakhe amaxhoba Ngenkohlakalo, nokuba igama elithi "kohlanga" UNjingalwazi Lemkin wayefuna ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo inkohlakalo nkqubo kubi amaNazi, owabulala abantu abaninzi nje kuphela kwisithuba ukususela ngowe-1939 ukuya 1945, kodwa iziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha engamashumi amabini phambi oda. Liza ngokuzolileyo ngenjongo ngo-1915 abaninzi babulawa njani Armenia elininzi yintsikelelo Ottoman.

Ngokwawo, igama elithi "kohlanga" isekelwe elithi "genos" ngesiGrike, elithetha "uhlanga" kunye Latin "tsido", gama elo elithetha "ukumbulala".

ukuqaphela

Xa amaxwebhu asemthethweni igama yokuqala ukuvela ngexesha Izilingo Nuremberg - kohlanga abantu ziquka kwisivakalisi ukuze ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo bonke ububi ukuba amaNazi abazenzayo ngexesha lemfazwe. Noko ke, oku akuzange ngokwaneleyo, ukuba gama esebenzayo.

Ekupheleni kuka-1948, i-UN yamkela Convention malunga zolwaphulo kohlanga. Kuyo ebekwe kakhulu ngokupheleleyo onke amalungiselelo amazwe ukuba baye baba i-Convention, kufuneka alandele ngqo. Kohlanga, nokuba iintlobo zalo mpawu, kufuneka kuthintelwa kwaye makohlwaywe kakhulu. Ekuphela phakathi kwamaqela abantu abanokufumana idlwengulweyo, akwabakho ndawo yokuba abo bamanyene ziimbono efanayo kwezopolitiko. Ngenxa yoku, ekuhambeni kwexesha, fumene kohlanga "umninawa" - politicide.

kohlanga Armenian

Ekupheleni kuka-Apreli kunyaka ngamnye, ihlabathi ukhumbula abameli abaninzi yabantu Armenian ukuba aye abanjwa kolawulo lwe Ottoman. Genocide Armenian - bubugqwirha mthetho kuluntu. Ukususela ngo-Apreli 24 ukuya ekupheleni kukaJuni kwi kummandla Ottoman ilukrolo ubuncinane 1.5 yezigidi zizifundiswa Armenian. Ngenxa yoko, kungekhona umntu zomthonyama omnye ke alihlali entshona Armenia.

Kude kokuqhambuka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, Armenia ehlabathini jikelele ziye ubuncinane 4 million Ngokutsho kwamanani asemthethweni, kunye sobubi kakhulu kummandla Ottoman shwa. Le ngcinga kurhulumente, ngoku ebizwa Turkey akayi ningakhe abameli abantu non-eTurkey.

Le kohlanga Armenian - isenzo sokuqala open bundlobongela ukuba wavula umnyango kwabanye kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. waphuma ngokwamabakala 2:

• Kwanangaphambi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kwagqitywa ekubeni atshabalalise uluntu kunye inzala yabantu Armenian, kodwa emva koko sihlasela nesabasilaleleyo baba zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ekupheleni kuka-1896 ngenxa manyathelo athathwe yi-Ottoman ezingaphezu kwama-300 amawaka Armenia baphulukana nobomi babo. Nakuba ke, abaninzi kubo ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo, esazi ukuba oku sisiqalo nje.
• Inqanaba lesibini weza ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwafika 1915. Urhulumente uye wagqiba ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba athathe amanyathelo angqongqo ukuphelisa abantu Armenian. Ngosuku lokuqala "ukusebenza kakuhle", ngoAprili 24, wabulawa malunga 8 ezilikhulu Armenia. Kweli thuba ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya kaJuni Ottoman kwindawo yokuqala ekubulaweni ezingalawulekiyo. Iziphumo zezi zilandelayo: wababulala abantu 1.5 million, phantse ezininzi bayagxothwa.

Le kohlanga Armenian - oku sizathu siphambili sokuba namhlanje uhlanga saa kulo lonke ihlabathi, nabantu, ukuba ndisindise ubomi babo, bafumana ikhaya elitsha ukusuka ekhaya - ngubani na apho.

Kohlanga amaYuda. Holocaust

Le ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX "thaca" iingcamango German esekelwe antisemitism ngokobuhlanga apho amaYuda kubekwe abathwali imiqondiso Asinakusebenziseka, nto leyo nefuthe elibi kakhulu lonke uluntu xa lulonke. Loo anti-kwamaJuda ngezizathu zobuhlanga waba ugqaliselo ezo ngcinga ezithwele Adolf Hitler abaphulaphuli batsho kwaye uphulaphule. Kamsinya nje weza ngamandla, ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukuzalisekisa izithembiso zakhe. Ukususela 1933 amaJuda batshutshiswa, abacinezelekileyo watshabalalisa wabasiki lwamaNazi.

Ekupheleni kukaJulayi 1941 Goering mayingqinwe ize isayinwe umyalelo okhethekileyo, nto leyo yayinenjongo ekugqibeleni ukusombulula lo mbuzo yamaYuda.

Inyathelo lokuqala yaba kukudala benikwa yamaYuda, apho baqalisa ukuhamba, angabi impahla kunye nezindlu.

Okuhamba, waqala ukwakhiwa yenkohlakalo kwiinkampu yokufa, nto kuyilo zawo zange yenzelwe yokuhlala ngaxeshanye inani elikhulu labantu apho. Enyanisweni, yaba yokuthutha isoyikisa ukufa, apho abantu benza yaye akazange abuye.

NgoDisemba 1941, kwinkampu lokuqala baqalisa imisebenzi yayo - saya koololiwe esingenasiphelo abo ababehlala benikwa kwaye bazama ithemba engcono.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-1942 yaza yabulala amaYuda ubuncinane 300,000 ngaphambili abahlala Warsaw. Umatshini ukubulala esinombala lusiba kuphela futhe, size ekupheleni Second World War amaYuda ilahleko yaba ku malunga nezigidi ezi-6 phakathi umphakathi, kodwa oku inani elisondeleyo - amaNazi elinyukayo ke iilali lonke, akukho lwazi, akukho bungqina, akukho ndlela eya ukuchonga amaxhoba.

kohlanga Kurds

kohlanga nokusungula - yinto isenzo sohlaselo phezu inxalenye karhulumente Iraq futhi yintsikelelo nenkokeli yalo Saddam Hussein ngokunxulumene kwezizwe yesizwe nokusungula. Kuye kwabanjwa kumanqanaba aliqela:

• Isigaba sokuqala yaphunyezwa phakathi ku-1983, xa kwabulawa onke amadoda namakhwenkwe kweminyaka engama-15 ubudala. Lwe Kurds zonke izinto kwisizwe Barzan, abawathabathayo kwindawo eminqubeni ukuya kwindawo angayaziyo, akukho namnye umntu wabuya.
• Inyathelo lesibini icebo elifana wokuqala kodwa oyi enkulu sisilonda. Oko i "Operation Anfal" (Trophy), olwenziwa ngumkhosi Iraqi iminyaka emi-2, ukususela 1987. Baye babulawa okanye wahamba uyiphosayo 2 amakhulu amawaka zezizwe nokusungula.

Ngokupheleleyo inkohlakalo kwabonakala emva kokuba ukubhukuqwa Saddam - waza wafumanisa ukuba amangcwaba ubunzima kunye kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, apho kugqityiwe abantu ubuncinane 700.000, ukuze baphelelwa inkululeko yabo, kodwa ikwazile ukuba basinde kohlanga Kurds. Kwanika Hussein? Imvakalelo omnipotence kunye nokungohlwaywa, mhlawumbi, kodwa emva kokuwa kwalo ngokukhawuleza wakhanyela. Noko ke, malunga nesigidi esinye abantu baba iimbacu, anqunyulwe yokuhlala, ngaphandle abafileyo.

Kohlanga - ayikho nje usongo ngaphandle

Ezibuhlungu zenzeka phakathi isizwe esinye. Not wadlula le ndebe, naseRashiya. Iinkokeli ukulwela eziphikisana nempumelelo kunye kulaks wajika iinkxwaleko zabantu.

Kwiminyaka 30 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukuhluthwa, ngaphandle ubaxo, kwavela uhlobo wabaphangi ezivulekileyo kunye nokuhlukunyezwa. Onke amacandelo, agobe labemi - azazi ootitshala okanye abalimi okanye ababingeleli abazange bakwazi ukuphuma ngomnwe ukohlwaya ukulingana jikelele. Ntoni kulo mzekelo kuthetha kohlanga abantu zayo? Oku ukubandezana yonke ngokusebenzisa ubunini, ikhonkco, intswelo kunye nokufa phambi kwexesha.