Mdibi - yintoni na le nto?

Mdibi yaqala xa kwemini ngeCawa eshushu. Malunga ezintlanu nentsimbi yesine emva kwemini Agasti 18, 1991 ukuya esangweni a dacha urhulumente Foros kwi kuLwandle Black kunxweme eCrimea, apho sikwiholide umongameli we-Union of Soviet Socialist, uMikhail Gorbachev wafika ezintlanu abamnyama "iVolga". Akukho abazange balindele, yaye ekuqaleni abalindi abazange ukuvula namasango, wazisusa chain kunye zokutyhomfa walala engaphaya kwendlela.

Object "Dawn"

Emva koko ukusuka emotweni yokuqala wamshiya Jikelele uYuri Plekhanov, intloko weThoba loMlawuli iKGB. Waba uxanduva inkonzo yokhuseleko iKGB yaye isuphavayiza uyadla Gorbachev. Ngalo mzuzu iingcango zesinyithi eluhlaza, ezihonjiswe iinkwenkwezi ezinkulu ebomvu, wavula. Kule mizuzu imbalwa yeemoto phezulu endleleni yeNyoka phakathi kwemithi zemisipres ukuya kwisakhiwo ezinokwakheka ikhowudi ebizwe "object" Dawn "."

Gorbachev, njengoko kamva waxelela abaphandi, ayizange ilindele iindwendwe - ezintlanu amagosa aphezulu iKGB, umkhosi kunye namagosa aphezulu Communist Party, kwakunye nonogada babo. Wawuchola ke loo ifowuni ukubiza intloko iKGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov. Kodwa umgca isikiwe. Emva koko wabizela abaziintloko yokhuseleko wakhe Jikelele Vladimir Medvedev, owathi yena nangoko walibona "Khrushchev" ukhetho. inkokeli Soviet Nikita Khrushchev ngo-1964, iye bagxothwa kwi yazibandakanya ngexesha leeholide yakhe kuLwandle Black.

Ekuqaleni ekupheleni

Ukutyhubela iiyure 73 ezayo, amagosa abaneqhuzu ababini eSoviet wawalwela ilungelo lokwenza imbali. La madoda, apho wafika Foros, Kryuchkov wathunyelwa ukuqinisekisa Gorbachev kwicala abakhokheli bamaqela asibhozo njengele, yaseka iKomiti State Emergency (IKomiti Emergency), amalungu bawo ukuba phezu ulawulo okwethutyana phezu eSoviet Union. Mdibi lwaqhutywa, kuba kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva, ngoAgasti 20, uMongameli kwafuneka ukuba asayine isivumelwano entsha manyano, leyo wajika eSoviet Union ibe Confederation. Abaninzi babesoyika ukuba oku kuya kukhokelela ekuweni abaninzi yelizwe geqe. Injongo yale lika ukweyisela Gorbachev ukuvakalisa imo yonxunguphalo kwaye xha kokusayina isivumelwano.

Ubhedu iphumeze nomkhwezeli. Ukudala mdibi komelezwa nje eSoviet Union, ukuba uye walungiselela Borisu Eltsinu, umongameli asanda kunyulwa we RSFSR, amandla mda. ngeso lokhozi wamaKomanisi bathintelwa kukubaleka eli lizwe. Ukuzama ukuba asindise eSoviet Union, iinkokheli lika ekugqibeleni Bayikhanda emhandzini entliziyweni yakhe. Kwiinyanga ezine emva koko, i-eSoviet Union yaphela.

Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni kule mihla enamandla ezintathu Agasti, nanamhlanje, akukacaci. Nangona amashumi Uhlalutyo: 140 imiqulu yamaxwebhu, ezintathu zophando, iinqanawa asithoba kunye namacwecwe izingqiniso zakho apapashiweyo - ibali ngokupheleleyo mdibi kwakusasa bezongena up.

Izinto ezibangela le mdibi

Gobe phantse Ngokwengcaciso, lungenakuqondeka. Kodwa abaninzi, njengo Watergate, ekugqibeleni kubonakale. Banqwenela iyelenqe abadala sizivume izono zabo, ukuvulwa emfihlekweni noovimba kunye kokufika kolawulo olutsha lwezopolitiko wafundisa ukuba inyaniso ekugqibeleni iphuma.

Kuba abathile, ukungaphumeleli mdibi - is nkulu yedemokhrasi phezu imikhosi yokusabela, abantu Politburo. Oku episode ephambili ezingxamisekileyo 1991, nto leyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-ka1789 no-1917, ixesha leenguqu ukusuka kulawulo yileyo ukuya lwentando yesininzi evulelekileyo. IKomiti Emergency - kungquzulwano kweenkqubo ezimbini, enye yazo waphumelela. Njengokuba Yeltsin wathi kamva, ukoyika kwaphela kunye nezinye yaqala. Yimbonakaliso ngoko izothuso waba ifoto ngaye - emi phantsi umpu kwi kwitanki onyulwe inkokheli yelizwe.

Ingxaki kuphela nale nokuqonda lika kukuba akukho nto iyavumelana izibakala. Le lokumba ngaphezulu kwezi ntsuku ezintathu, kokukhona ecacileyo iba. Kubalulekile, amathuba izigqibo kwafuneka ingako yokwenza nedemokhrasi. Yintoni ngokwenene wadlala indima enkulu, kukukwazi imithombo, ukulahlekisa kwaye ilawulwe. Yaba lucinga ukhuphiswano, waza waphumelela ilungileyo.

Kule nguqulo ne halftones kungekho iqhina ngaphezu indima abalinganiswa ababini, Gorbachev kunye Yeltsin. Le yokugqibela, umzekelo, waye zilahleka kwaziswa malunga thethwano putsch. Njengoko kuqinisekiswa yi ngezingqiniso ezininzi ngxabano kakhulu e Moscow, inkalipho Yeltsin kaThixo, wakhwela kwi netanki ukuxhathisa mkhosi yomelezwa siqiniseke ukuba akukho mntu uya kudubula.

UMongameli we-USSR wayesazi ngayo yonke into

nokuba Gorbachev waba enyanisweni, yena usoloko wathi, phantsi endlwini ngo Foros? Okanye, njengokuba inani labathathi-nxaxheba xa iziganeko, kude kwaso iye wadlala ukuba silinde sibone iziphumo phambi kokuba baya kumgweba mdibi ngo Agasti 21? Ngokutsho Vasily Starodubtsev, Gorbachev wayeza kubuya nje waza wathatha indawo yakhe.

Namhlanje, lowo wayesakuba ngumongameli into wayesoyikwa njenge wenguquko ngubani waziqhekeza ubukomanisi esithubeni, wabashiya umdlalo, xa kukho isiphumo kunqandwa ngenxa yokusilela mdibi - kwawa yiSoviet Union 26 Disemba 1991. Kodwa ehlotyeni konyaka omnye, abachasi bakhe eziphambili ezepolitiki na iqela omdala Conservative, apho wayebambe ukuzama ukuhlala ngamandla. Ukususela ngoJuni, iye yaba yingxaki, wonyulelwa Yeltsin kule nyanga, umongameli omtsha RSFSR. Weza amandla 57% ye-ivoti yaye charisma of a oyinyaniso, wenguquko edume kunyulwa. Ngenxa umhla ezayo wokutyikitywa Gorbachev ukuze umnqophiso union elitsha lula ukuyiqonda: ukuba eSoviet Union iwela ngaphandle, njengoko kwaxelwayo babebambelele, ukuba intloko lwakhe luya kuhlala ngaphandle umsebenzi. Ukuba umzi wamaYuda, eyayibulindile isizathu ukumisa ekuhambeni iziganeko, ukuyilwa iKomiti Emergency okwenzeka endaweni mzuzu ithuba.

Ngokutsho Starodubtseva iyelenqe, bakha lika baba izandla Gorbachev kaThixo, lowo wayesazi zonke ngayo. Ngowe-1991 Starodubtsev waye eyinganga yama-40 esigidi ye umlimi Union. Emva kwexesha elithile wachitha entolongweni emva kombuso, wonyulwa irhuluneli kummandla esisityebi kwezolimo Tula, yaba lilungu lepalamente ukusuka Communist Party wafa ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo ngowe-2011

Putsch okanye nomkhuba?

Starodubtsev bazisola ukuba iKomiti Emergency wenze okuninzi iimpazamo, musa ukusebenzisa eendaba ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba ukuxhasa mdibi. conspirator Old kwi abangcatshi IVinyl ayiphumelelanga putsch kunye CIA, kodwa kubantu abaninzi, ukungabikho eliphezulu mdibi kuhlala elinye macala kunazo zonke zeKomiti Emergency. Umfanekiso ngaloo mihla iveza endingabawiselanga mthetho i lukhuni, yempambano abanamava emihle abaqeqeshiweyo kakubi, wabatsibela ngaphezu kwentloko yakhe.

Ingekuko ukuba abazange babe amava babhukuqwa noqhankqalazo egazi. Enyanisweni, ngelishwa, ukuba mhlawumbi ngaphambi eseleyo kulo mba, wabhala kamva kwabalindi bakhe ngobomi Gorbachev, Jikelele Medvedev. Leon noTrotsky, kukho iqela yezopolitiko Stalin, ngo-1940, wabulawa ngexa kwezinye ikhweyitha. Yintoni eyayisenza ukubanjwa Yeltsin, lowo esandleni?

Imibuzo ukuqala kwentlanganiso yokuqala phakathi Gorbachev kunye igqiza engalindelekanga, owafika ngo-Agasti ngomhla yindinisa. Ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, umongameli ekuqaleni kukoyika, kodwa, wayeqinisekile ukuba akayi wabanjwa, waba ukulwa yaye akazange ukuhlangabezana neemfuno. Ngokutsho Gorbachev, wabiza iyelenqe kunye abancethezi, abahloli, ngubani na oya kuhlawula kuba oko wakwenza.

Usapho kunye nabahlobo Gorbachev wayesoloko waphikelela ukuba inkcaso yakhe engagungqiyo ukuya lika kwakuthetha ukubekwa kwakhe endlini, apho wayesoyika ngenxa yobomi bakhe. Emva kokuba amalungu eKomiti Emergency waya eMoscow ukumbamba amandla, Gorbachev kunye nomfazi wakhe raisa, owafa ngowe-1999, basala ngumlindi Foros. Xa kamva ungqinile Z Proshkina, umcuphi abaphezulu Ofisi General yoMtshutshisi ukuba aphande mdibi, wathi ukuba kukho stroke minor. Nokumisa kwakhe ukuba sibini ngelo xesha nemeko enzima, yaye yanikwa i kakhulu ngenxa yokoyika ukuba ityhefu.

Esi sifo iye yaba ithuba inkomfa cofa lokugqibela ngosuku olulandelayo, xa, phambi kwamehlo zehlabathi uSekela Gorbacheva Yanaev, ngubani wayeyinkokeli nominal nabavukeli, bebhengeza ukuba kuthatha ekwenzeni imisebenzi kamongameli. Wathi, asikwazi ukoyisa lafa yomeleleyo izandla zakhe yaye ilizwi lakhe, ukuba uMikhail Gorbachev ngoku ekhefini, iviswa unyango emzantsi kwaye ndinethemba lokuba kwakamsinya nje Gorbachev uziva ngcono, ngoko kuthatha ofisi kwakhona.

Okunye ubungqina kwintlanganiso Foros kunika umfanekiso opheleleyo ngakumbi. Ngokutsho Valery Boldin, umthetheli Gorbachev kaThixo yangaphambili lolawulo, yaye omnye conspirator, owafa ngowe-2006, inkokeli yiSoviet gqitha, kodwa ukulungele na ixabiso balahle Yeltsin. Ekugqibeleni, lo mongameli wathi: "Ukuze kwelabafileyo nani, wenze into oyifunayo," waza wanikela icebiso ezinye sendlela yokwazisa imo yonxunguphalo.

Ngoko ukubanjwa indlu umongameli?

Zokuvala Gorbachev e Foros kuphakamisa imibuzo: nokuba wayezama ukubaleka, ezama ukuba ukwenza ukunxibelelana nabantu, ukucacisa ukungabikho kwakhe ngequbuliso? yefoni urhulumente wakhe anqamka, kodwa ifowuni emotweni yakhe basebenza njengomnye ifowuni kwi onogada endlwini. Enyanisweni, kukho ubungqina bokuba Gorbachev umbizile ngexesha endlwini yakhe ukubanjwa, kuquka uMongameli Nursultan Nazarbayev, umongameli yangoku of Kazakhstan, ngubani waye eyinganga yama Communist Party kweli lizwe ngo-1991 yaye, ngokutsho Alexander Hinstein, Parliamentarian kunye mbali Arkady Volsky, omnye nabacebisi bakhe. Xa uncokola, Gorbachev wayesithi oko bephile qete.

32 unogada umongameli - yenye ibe impikiswano. Akukho namnye kubo oye wabanjwa emva kombuso, umphandi Proshkin wafumanisa ukuba kungabi ngenxa nanxamnye mdibi, nangona usongo olubangelwa jikelele abo amakhulu Plekhanov. AmaNgqina bathi Gorbachev ukushiya ukuba uyafuna, kodwa akhanyele. Ke wakhupha umyalelo ebhaliweyo kunye nemfuneko ukuya eMoscow, kodwa, wathi, akakakwamkeli nayiphi na impendulo. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva Military Collegium yeNkundla Ephakamileyo wagqiba ukuba Gorbachev akazange wayeseluvalelweni, kuba akazange azame ukubaleka.

Xa ibali lobomi bakhe, iintloko Phepha Medvedev wathi ngalo lonke ixesha nowokupheliswa kulindeleke zokulahla umongameli i Tu-134.

Dzhon Danlop,-mbali waseMerika kunye nengcali mdibi d'kwango-1991, uthi ukungenzi Gorbachev kaThixo waxakeka Aleksandra Yakovleva, iminyaka emininzi, ngubani owayengomnye namahlakani basondeleyo benkokeli eSoviet. Ngokutsho kwakhe, engaqondi ukuba kutheni uMongameli engazange ukubaleka kanjani na, kuba abalindi abazange ukuba ukhe wazama ukuyeka.

Akuthandeki ukuba ozokwazi ukuba Gorbachev wayesoyika ukwenza okanye nje elinde ukuba bazibandakanye kwicala eliphumelelayo. Logama nje wahlala ngaphandle unxibelelwano kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle Foros, waba kwindawo ogqibeleleyo; ukuba aphumelele, wayeza kuba lixhoba; kungenjalo onokuthatha indima yobunkokheli. Kubonakala ukuba umongameli eligunyazisiweyo mdibi, kodwa ke ukuba bengafuni libandakanyeka kuye, waqukumbela Dunlop.

Gorbachev wakhanyela ezi zityholo iminyaka. Palazhchenko, unobhala wakhe cinezela, oyi nxamnye ukholo imfama uthi lika abanomdla discrediting inkokeli yangaphambili. Ngo-2006, nangona kunjalo, Gorbachev egxekwa ngokuphandle Yeltsin wobandakanyo eqhingeni. Emva kweminyaka eli-15 inkxaso yoluntu iinguqulelo kaMongameli ex-eSoviet abagulayo Boris Yeltsin waxelela kumabonakude Russian ukuba ngexesha kombuso, Gorbachev waye waziswa ngayo yonke into yaye elindele ukubona ngubani ukuwina. Enoba isiphumo, yena uza kuya abaphumeleleyo.

Ukuphendula, i-Gorbachev Foundation, itanki ucinga okudalwe yinkokeli eyayisakuba yiSoviet ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi eRashiya, ngoko nangoko bathi Yeltsin of blackening igama owayesakuba ngumongameli ezama ezisusa ingqalelo indima yayo sokonakalisa USSR. Kodwa ingxabano yaphelela ukuxinga. Yeltsin wafa.

Amatanki eMoscow

Ezinye abemi eSoviet Union weva ukuvukela 1991 kude kube lingomso emva kokufika kwakhe Foros cwaka. Ngentsasa yangoMvulo, ilanga phezu umhlathi lamatanki, ngengxolo zihamba Kutuzovsky Prospekt - indlela ebanzi ekhokelela kumbindi eMoscow. Emva iinjongo zosasazo ngo-7 kusasa kwiradiyo karhulumente kunye noomabonakude waqalisa ukusasaza i oluqhubekayo "Swan Lake" yiKomiti Tchaikovsky.

Ngaphandle inkxaso ecacileyo Gorbachev lika waba umkhosi wamajoni kuphela, nto leyo eye obulalayo. Yalelani nguDmitry Yazov, umphathiswa zokhuselo kunye conspirator, owandithumayo amatanki, kamva wavuma ukuba wenza iimpazamo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, waba mdibi d'AFP yaba improvisation epheleleyo. Kwakungekho zicwangciso. Akukho namnye wacinga ukuba kubamba Yeltsin okanye kuhla i "White House" (isakhiwo IBhunga ePhakamileyo). Akukho okunye babenethemba lokuba abantu baqonde baze kubaxhasa. Kodwa baqala ityala yokuba athumela amatanki ukuya kumbindi eMoscow.

Kuqala kwinto zonke, abo babemenzele iyelenqe abanakuxhomekeka omkhosi wokhuselo. ukunyaniseka sezopolitiko zomkhosi waseSoviet sonakaliswa ngamandla luthotho ukungqubana igazi kunye demonstrators ngoxolo kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo. Ngowe-1989, i-uMarines wahlaselwa umboniso e Tbilisi (Georgia), nto leyo yokufa-20. Ukongeza, unyaka kwendalo yeKomiti Emergency - kulo nyaka ukufa empini 14 ngexesha aphume ye eKGB unit ekhethekileyo ukuze silwe ubunqolobi ye-Lithuanian ePalamente kunye neziko kamabonwakude, le demonstrators bambamba. Emva kokuziphatha lamacala unoxanduva nkqubo zabo engogwetyiweyo mkhosi.

Oku kwakwenza umkhosi umnqweno nkqu KGB inxaxheba kwezopolitiko, ingakumbi kumbindi eMoscow. Bashiya ucango oluvulekileyo for Yeltsin, intloko owayesakuba wekomiti wesixeko Communist Party, owaphumelela Gorbachev ngehlobo lika 1991 njenge wenguquko phambili eSoviet Union, wathetha phezu inxalenye ukusekwa eSoviet. UFrank ivulelekile West, Yeltsin kuthwelwe uuthemba abatsha baseRashiya silinene, ngubani ngokwenene wayefuna ukwenza kuphelisa zodwa lwehlabathi eli lizwe. Wonke Denham amandla akhe bakhula.

Yeltsin ubeyazi yena into esichengeni. yena Kwiiveki ezimbalwa phambi kokuba lika waya Pavel Grachev, umthetheli-mkhosi ukubetha, waza wabuza ukuba ukuthembela abantu bakhe xa eqhingeni. Yeltsin wayenayo kuye bahlale kunye Jikelele Evgeniem Shaposhnikovym, ngubani onoxanduva amandla umoya. Ubukho namahlakani ezinjalo, kwaba sobudoda.

ukuqaphela eliyimfihlakalo

Yeltsin wafika eMoscow ngentsasa Agasti 19, evela ephandleni, elidlulileyo ibekwe ehlathini kufuphi kwicandelo eKGB, nto leyo ukumbamba eqhuba, kodwa wasilela ukwenjenjalo. Ngasekupheleni kosuku, iiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba ngotyelelo mdibi nxamnye Gorbachev, wawushiya ukwakhiwa of the Supreme yiSoviet USSR yaza yakhwela phezu netanki, ngubani waya ecaleni kwakhe. Waguqukela kwindimbane leyo yayize ukwakha ngodonga mdibi, wamema bonke baseRashiya ukunika impendulo eyaneleyo mdibi siyafuna ukubuyiselwa komyalelo siseko yesiqhelo.

Ukufika of Yeltsin kumabona kude karhulumente wabeka mdibi phezu kwentloko yayo. Foreign crew TV, endababalwa nenkululeko epheleleyo, isuswe amashumi amawaka baseRashiya baphuma ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilizwe makangabuyeli elidlulileyo. Abantu emhlabeni wonke babona matanki kunye turrets zabo sibhabhe Russia tricolors lwentando yesininzi.

Enkosi zonxibelelwano kwakhe empini iiyure ezingama-48 ezayo, Yeltsin wayesazi malunga onke amanyathelo Committee Emergency. Yafunyanwa kweminyaka emithathu kamva xa intatheli yaseMelika Seymour Hersh wathi uMongameli Dzhordzh Bush singaziqhubi Security Council of-Arhente ukuze aqinisekise ukuba Yeltsin izicwangciso nabavukeli ezaziwayo.

Russian nguMongameli malunga thethwano ingxelo okwixesha-lokwenene. Yeltsin ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba ebudeni zokungqinga yeentsuku ezimbini eNdlu White, oonozakuzaku US babhekisa kuye. Wabhala ngobomi bakhe ukuba ngaxa lithile, baze bazifake ukubaleka ukuya US Umzi wommeli-lizwe, kodwa wagqiba ekubeni enze njalo, ngenxa yokuba "abantu abayithandi abasemzini uphazamisana kwimicimbi yethu."

Emva kokuba kumdlalo ngoMvulo, Agasti 19, ngoLwesibini yaba ezisengozini nzima eMoscow. Abaqhankqalazi zakhiwe ngothango, kunye neenkokheli lika azilinganise iingozi ngokupheleleyo-scale usebenze kanzima. Kodwa xa kusebusuku, Yeltsin wabonisa uzibambile engaqhelekanga. Yonke imithombo ingxelo ukuba iKomiti Emergency iye yagqiba ukuba ahlasele White House. Ngokutsho unobhala cofa wakhe Pavla Voschanova, nangona kunjalo, umongameli Russian bachitha ubusuku kwigumbi elingaphantsi, nitye kunye ukunxila. Le jikelele Wathi Medvedev, yena wayesazi ukuba ukuhlasela akazange athathe indawo.

ekupheleni

Kusasa ka Agasti 21 yaba kwiyunithi kuphela apho iKomiti Emergency akwazi ukubala. Yaba liqela "Alpha", nto leyo wayalelwa ukuba ahlasele White House. Kodwa ke, siyayiqonda indlela yenziwe Lithuania ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, amapolisa uqhushululu bakhethe ukuba ukuthobela imiyalelo, kunye esifingo, kwacaca ukuba nabavukeli ezilahlekileyo. UMphathiswa wezoKhuselo Yazov wayalela ukuba lirhoxe amatanki iMoscow, ehlahla indlela bonaniselwano ngomhla olandelayo, xa Gorbachev weza ukuyidubula esidlangalaleni ukwakhiwa kweKomiti Emergency. Xa mzuzu wokugqibela nabavukeli baya Foros, kufuneka kubhabha kunye eyinkunzi ukuthatha indawo efanelekileyo kwiincwadi zembali.

Xa iyonke kunye esingayaziyo - in a umxube random kwaye izicwangciso - Agasti putsch waba ngeendlela ezininzi njengomanduleli lo mgaqo-post-iRussia. idemokhrasi Populist Yeltsin kungekudala wanika indlela eya imeko enzima paternalistic: Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uza kuthumela amatanki nxamnye kwipalamente ngokwayo, apho wazama ukukhusela ngo-1991.

Ukususela ngoko, laya ezenzeka iinkqubo ukusuka Vladimir Putin wangumlawuli ngo-1999, "kakuhle" ehambelana kwiphulo lomkhosi, ukudlala sizitsibe Putin kunye ezihlangwini zakhe, nguDmitry Medvedev. Yesicelo kunye iCathedral zayo swii ihleli imfihlelo kwiziko ubomi Russian.

Indlela kwenzeka

• Agasti 18: Gorbachev uzama ukuba ndibhenele intloko iKGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov uncedo. Kodwa Kryuchkov wakhokela ubhedu.
• NgoAgasti 19, 7 am: radio karhulumente eSoviet kunye usasazo kamabonakude kunye mdibi yokungena sentetho amatanki eMoscow.
• August 19: raisa Gorbachev lithi ngexesha entolongweni lakhe Foros wahlaselwa sistroke minor.
• Agasti 19, 5 pm: Vice Mongameli Janaev ibhengeza isifo mongameli.
• Agasti 20: abantu baqalisa ukwakha nzima phambi kweNdlu White, apho Yeltsin kwaba.
• Agasti 20: Gorbachev ukulinda. Ngokutsho Vasily Starodubtsev conspirator, yena wayesazi yonke into.
• NgoAgasti 21, 3 am: kwiiyunithi zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa ze iKGB - "Alpha" iqela - wayalelwa ukuba ahlasele White House. iziphumo Ukungathobeli kwakhe ukuphazamiseka sebali.
• August 22, Gorbachev uvela Foros ukuze aligwebe mdibi. Abo babemenzele iyelenqe abanjwa.
• December 25: imiphumo mdibi - Gorbachev wayeka njengomongameli eSoviet Union, yaye ngosuku olulandelayo eSoviet Union yaphela ngokusemthethweni ukuba khona.