Van Allen ibhanti radiation

ibhanti Earth radiation (RPGs), Van Allena yebhanti, okanye - ummandla indawo ekufutshane kuwo wonke umhlaba, ukuba ifomu umsebenzi osontiweyo, ezo imijelo nyama- elektroni kunye protons. Umhlaba uza esebenzisa lo mhlaba otsalayo dipole.

lokufumanisa

EBL yabhaqwa 1957-58. Izazinzulu ezivela eUnited States eSoviet Union. "Explorer 1" (iboniswe ngezantsi), i-US Hewana indawo yokuqala, ukuvulwa kwe lwenzeka ngo-1958, banike iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo kakhulu. Ngenxa amaMelika ekwinqwelo-eksperimenti kumphezulu koMhlaba (kwintaba ephakame malunga 1000 km), wafunyanwa ummandla radiation (ngaphakathi). Kamva, indawo yesibini wafunyanwa ezinobude omalunga 20,000 km. Akukho umda ocacileyo phakathi iibhanti yangaphakathi langaphandle - owesibini ngcembe kuyo. Imimandla ezimbini radioactive ayashiyana iqondo isigxina amasuntswana kunye nokwakheka kwawo.

Le ndawo yaziwa Van Allena iibhanti. Dzheyms Van Allen - physics, umfuniselo leyo kwabanceda ukuze ubone. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba ezi iibhanti zenziwe umoya solar wamwisela amasuntswana semitha yesiqalo, apho uthanda ukuya Umhlaba lentsimi yayo ngemagnethi. Ngamnye kubo enza torus kuwo wonke umhlaba (a nani apho emise ngathi yokuthengisa amaqebengwana).

Xa indawo, ukususela ngelo xesha ziye imifuniselo ezininzi apho. abavumelekanga ukuba ukuhlola iimpawu eziphambili neempawu RPGs. Hayi nje iplanethi yethu, kukho namabhanti kwemitha. Ukuba imizimba ezikhoyo kunye nezinye yasemazulwini sibe ojikeleze kunye zibuthe. Imitha ibhanti Van Allen yafunyanwa Bulelani US iinqanawa omncane Mars. Ukongeza, amaMelika Sawufumana uSaturn Jupiter.

sibubona Dipole

iplanethi yethu nje ngokuba ibhanti Van Allena, kodwa dipole zibuthe. It is a iseti amaqokobhe zemagneti zakha omnye komnye. Ubume yasendle ufana zekhaphetshu okanye itswele. shell Magnetic zinakho ngokucinga ephothiweyo yemigca kazibuthe amandla kumphezulu ezivaliweyo. Ukusondela embindini dipole lo iqokobhe, kokukhona magnetic amandla endle. Ngaphezu koko, lo ukubetha into efunekayo ukuze yamasuntswana ityala ngaphandle penetrable, kwandisa.

Ngenxa yoko, N-I imvulophu na amandla ngamasuntswana P _n. Kwimeko apho isantya lokuqala kwisuntswana lingaphantsi kwe P _n, kuba ibonakalisa lo mhlaba otsalayo. Kwisuntswana koko ubuyela emajukujukwini. Noko ke, oko kuyenzeka ukuba yona phezu N-th iqokobhe. Kulo mzekelo, akusekho nako ukuhamba. Particle uya kubanjiswa sisibatha okoko nje loo nto zimke, okanye bejamelene umoya eyintsalela akasayi kuphulukana amandla.

Lo mhlaba otsalayo iplanethi yethu efanayo iqokobhe abakwiindawo ezikude ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba ngelo nakwiside ezahlukeneyo. Oku kungenxa ukubhidana lo mhlaba otsalayo kunye ongu ukujikeleza asi emhlabeni. Le ndlela ibonwa kakhulu kwi laseBrazil anomaly ngemagnethi. Kulo mmandla eshiyelelweyo le migca Imagnethi yomhlaba, kwaye entrained amasuntswana ihamba phezu kwabo, abe ngaphantsi kwe-100 ubude km yaye ke ngoko kuwa ojikeleze umhlaba.

RPGs bokwakha

Ngaphakathi ibhanti radiation obungalinganiyo protons kunye electron. Okokuqala ise kwinxalenye engaphakathi, yaye okwesibini - langaphandle. Ngoko ke, kusekwangoko zesifundo, izazinzulu babekholelwa ukuba kukho yangaphandle (e) kunye yangaphakathi (Proton) amabhanti kwemitha Yomhlaba. Okwangoku, le mbono awungeni ndawo.

Indlela ibalulekileyo isizukulwana Van Allena Belt amasuntswana lokufaka na kuwohloka neutron albedo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba neutron badalwa xa umoya lisebenzisana kunye radiation cosmic. I-flow amasuntswana ahamba ngendlela ukusuka umhlaba (neutron albedo), ucanda intsimi yimagnethi yomhlaba ngokukhululekileyo. Noko ke, ukuba nkenenkene kwaye lula ukubola zibe elektroni, protons kunye electron antineutrino. Radioactive albedo ezingundoqo ukuba amandla aphezulu, cazulula ngaphakathi kummandla okumbophelela. Leyo yindlela Van Allena ibhanti iya kuchuma positrons kunye electron.

EBL nezitshi magnetic

Xa siqala izaqhwithi olomeleleyo owahluke ngokwemvelo, ezi amasuntswana musa nje kukhawuleziswe, ukuba ushiye radioactive Van Allen ibhanti, ingabi nanto ngaphandle kwayo. Inyaniso yeyokuba xa magnetic uqwalaselo endle itshintshiwe, indawo isipili ukuxakeka emoyeni. Kulo mzekelo, amasuntswana balahlekelwe amandla (ilahleko ionization, ukusasazeka) guqula engile inowuthi, ize emva koko kufa ukufikelela umphantsi nomphezulu magnetosphere.

RPGs kanye lights emantla

Van Allen ibhanti radiation singqongwe umaleko plasma, besenza imilambo ezifakwe of protons (ion) kunye electron. Esinye isizathu sokuba le meko njengoko esemantla (polar) bugcwele - kukuba amasuntswana ephalazwe ukusuka umaleko plasma, kwaye ngenxalenye ukusuka RPG yangaphandle. Ezimibalabala imele atom radiation esesibhakabhakeni leyo yimincili ngenxa yokungqubana ye amasuntswana ukunisa ngaphandle ibhanti.

I RPGs isifundo

Phantse zonke iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zophando kwingxelo ezifana namabhanti radiation, ezo zifunyenwe malunga nenani-1960-70. Imigqaliselo zakutshanje kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezitishi Orbital, iinqanawa omncane kunye nezixhobo yenzululwazi izazinzulu bavunyelwe zamva ukuvelisa ulwazi olutsha ezibalulekileyo kakhulu. Van Allen iibhanti ehlabathini emhlabeni efundwayo ngexesha lethu. Ngokufutshane chaza impumelelo zibalulekileyo kule ndawo.

Idatha afunyenwe kwi "Salyut-6"

Abaphandi ukusuka eMoscow Engineering Physics Institute ekuqaleni nenani-80 baye bahlola ukuhamba electron kunye kwinqanaba eliphezulu yamandla kufutshane iplanethi yethu. Ukuze benze oku, basebenzisa izixhobo, nto leyo kwisikhululo Orbital "Salyut-6". It ivumela izazinzulu ukuba bazahlule kakuhle kakhulu imijelo positrons kunye elektroni kunye amandla ngaphezu MeV 40. station komzila (ukutyekela 52 °, le ukuphakama malunga 350-400 km) ihamba ubukhulu becala ngezantsi amabhanti radiation le planethi. Noko ke, sekunjalo yachukumisa ingxenye engaphakathi kwi anomaly Brazil ngemagnethi. Xa ukunqumla kummandla kwemali zokubhala afunyanwa, eliquka elektroni esinika amandla. I RPG electron kuphela ogama amandla lingaphantsi kwe-5 MeV zarekhodwa phambi umfuniselo.

satellite yokufakelwa lweengcombolo "Meteor-3"

Abaphandi ukusuka eMoscow Engineering Physics Institute kwenziwa ngakumbi imilinganiselo iisathelayithi ezenziwe of the planet othi "Meteor-3", apho ukuphakama komzila setyhula ka-800 km yaye 1200. Ngeli xesha, iyunithi iye yayendele RPGs enzulu kakhulu. Likhombisa iziphumo ukuba zifunyenwe ekuqaleni kwisikhululo "Salut-6". ngoko ke abaphandi wafumana omnye umphumo ebalulekileyo, ukuba ukusebenzisa station "Mir" yaye "Salyut-7" spectrometers ngemagnethi. Kuye kuye kwabonisa ukuba ummandla ozinzileyo waphawula ngaphambili iqulathe kuphela of elektroni (positrons kungekho), i-eneji kuzo eliphezulu kakhulu (ukuya kwi-200 MeV).

Ivula umile CNO nuclei ibhanti

Iqela abaphandi ukusuka MSU NIYAF ngasekupheleni-80 nasekuqaleni sharing-90 zazide ulingelo ejolise ukufunda eziba, leyo ibekwe kwindawo kufutshane. Ezi imilinganiselo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa amagumbi umlinganiselo kunye emulsions yenyukliya. Baza bathwalwa phezu satellite "Cosmos" series. Oososayensi bafumene ubukho nuclei zombini N, wena kunye Ne emajukujukwini, apho nokujikeleza satellite ngumntu (ukutyekela 52 °, malunga nama-400-500 km ubude) yekhampasi anomaly waseBrazil.

Uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba ezi nuclei, amandla ufikelela amashumi eziliqela ze MeV / nucleon khange galactic, albedo okanye imvelaphi welanga, kuba babengakwazi ngamandla kakhulu ukuba zingene nzulu kulo magnetosphere komhlaba wethu. Ngoko ke oosonzululwazi baye bafumanisa component anomalous semitha yesiqalo Urhintyelwe lo mhlaba otsalayo.

Elisezantsi amandla-atom kulo mbandela oluphakathi, ziyakwazi ukuba zingene kungena heliosphere. Emva koko, yelanga imitha yelanga ionizes mono- okanye disubstituted. Amasuntswana kuphumela othe uhlawulwe okukhawulezayo imiphambili ngumoya solar, ukufikelela amashumi eliqela MeV / u. Bathi ngoko ukungena kulo magnetosphere, leyo zifakiwe kwaye insimbi ngokupheleleyo.

protons ibhanti elinamalungelo afanayo nalawo-zokubhala kunye electron

On Sun March 22, 1991 kwakukho flash enamandla ezazihamba kukhululwe ubunzima esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda elanga. Kokuba ifike magnetosphere owe-24 Matshi wawuguqula mmandla sayo. Amasuntswana solar Umoya magnetosphere ndiziqhawule waba namandla. Bafika indawo ngoko apho CRESS, waseMelika satellite. Yamacebo anyusiweyoName kwaso kubhalwe ukwanda elibukhali umbane Proton isahluka ukusuka MeV-20 ukuya 110 kunye electron enamandla (15 MeV). Oku kungqinwa ukuvela ibhanti elitsha. Okokuqala, ibhanti sasemthethweni esinelungelo lokuwisa simile kwenziwa eziliqela baxhomekeka. Noko ke, kuphela kwisikhululo "Mir", wafunda ngexesha ubomi iminyaka emibini.

Koko, kwi 60s yenkulungwane wokugqibela ngenxa yokuba endaweni yonke liqhuma izixhobo zenyukliya, kwakukho ibhanti sasemthethweni esinelungelo lokuwisa zokubhala, eliquka elektroni kunye amandla amancinane. Kuye khona iminyaka emalunga ne-10. iziqwenga ngokucandeka Radioactive yaphela, yaye lo mthombo amasuntswana icala.

Ingaba kukho RPG kwi Moon

Xa satellite umhlaba wethu akukho ibhanti radiation Van Allen. Ukongeza, kuba akukho moya olukhuselayo. Umphezulu kweNyanga wavula umoya elanga. A strong ukuvuleka elanga, ukuba oko kwenzeka ngexesha mission kwenyanga kuya sitshiswe kunye oosomajukujuku kunye philisi, njengoko babeza kubanike ukubhobhoza radiation enkulu, nto leyo lelibulalayo.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukukhusela kumaza cosmic

Lo mbuzo izazinzulu abanomdla iminyaka emininzi. Ngeedosi ezincinane radiation, njengoko yaziwa, uye phantse akukho siphumo empilweni yethu. Noko ke, kukhuselekile kuphela xa musa ukudlula embundwini ethile. Ngaba uyazi ukuba umgangatho radiation ngaphandle ibhanti Van Allen, phezu kwamanzi iplanethi yethu? Ngokuqhelekileyo, umxholo radon kunye thorium amasuntswana ngaphantsi kwe 100 Bq nganye-1 m ^3. Ngaphakathi, RPGs, la manani aphezulu kakhulu.

Kakade ke, i-Van Allen amabhanti imitha yoMhlaba kuyingozi kakhulu abantu. ifuthe lazo kwi eziphilayo wafunda abaphandi abaninzi. izazinzulu yiSoviet ngowe-1963 wathi UBernard Lovell, lo ngeenkwenkwezi odumileyo yaseBritani, oko kuthetha ukuba abazi umntu ukuze sizikhusele kwimiphumo radiation esithubeni. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba nako nokuba ayinakuluphatha iqokobhe engqindilili kwisixhobo eSoviet. Njani, ke ngoko, esetyenziswa njengezingxobo baseMerika abahle metal, phantse ngathi ngefoyile, yokukhusela oosomajukujuku?

Ngokutsho ziqinisekiso NASA, iye wathumela oosomajukujuku enyangeni kuphela xa kuqutyisenwe nokuqhambuka akulindelekanga ukuba umbutho okwazi ngamlomo. Kuyenzeka ukuba kuncitshiswe ingozi radiation. Ezinye iingcali, Noko ke, bathi ukuba sisi kuphela ukuqikelela umhla radiation ophezulu.

Van Allen ibhanti kwaye aphaphazele aye enyangeni

Leonov, cosmonaut yiSoviet, ngo-1966 kodwa aphuma indawo evulekileyo. Noko ke, yena wayambethe super-enzima lead isuti. Kodwa emva kweminyaka emi-3, oosomajukujuku eUnited States watsibela phezu kwenyanga, yaye ngokucacileyo kungekhona iisuti enzima. Mhlawumbi Iingcali ezivela NASA kule minyaka wakwazi ukufumana izinto ultra-ukukhanya ekhusela oosomajukujuku kwimitha? Moonshot nangoku kuphakamisa imibuzo emininzi. Enye iingxoxo eziphambili abo bakholelwa ukuba baseMerika abakhange afike kuyo - kubukho namabhanti kwemitha.