Key macro bangobani inkcazelo, iimpawu kunye neFomula

Lelona inzululwazi malunga iziseko kwimveliso eyiyo yempahla kunye neenkonzo kunye nokusasazwa yazo efanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa. isifundo yayo ivumela kuphela ukuba siqonde ngcono iinkqubo ukuba nazo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, koko kwakhona ukutshintsha ubunyani ezingqongileyo. Uchazo ephambili kuqoqosho ziimpawu iinkqubo ezingundoqo kuqoqosho lwesizwe kunye nehlabathi. Bona ngokucacileyo ngokwezibalo ukuchaza oko sele sibona yonke imihla. Kukho ungubani zilandelayo esisiseko kuqoqosho: ukulingana ingeniso kunye nenkcitho, ulondolozo kunye notyalo-mali, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali karhulumente.

Intshayelelo Uqoqosho

Zonke inkampani - sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo. Yinxenye kuqoqosho lwesizwe kunye nehlabathi. Ngoko ke, nayiphi na inkampani ngexesha lokusebenza kwakhe yayingezozabo, kodwa izisa yinzuzo yoluntu lonke. umsebenzi wakhe befunda microeconomics. It ufunda imveliso, usasazo kunye nokusetyenziswa umsebenzi ezikhoyo ngamnye. Microeconomics ayiboneleli ngolwazi malunga nemeko ngokubanzi bemicimbi. Kodwa ikuvumela ukuba ukuvavanya amandla kunye nobuthathaka zesifundo ngamnye izakhono zalo nokuntsonkotha nokusebenza.

Economy iyonke efunda Uqoqosho lwesizwe. Injongo yawo kukuqinisekisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini ayisekho, kunye namazwe okanye amaqela. Ngokwembali, zivela emva microeconomics. lasungulwa ngokusondeleyo onxulumene igama Dzhona Meynarda Keynes, enkosi amanyathelo angqingqwa leyo eUnited States nako ukuzifumana ukusuka Great Depression. Xa imisebenzi yakhe ingqalelo ubudlelwane phakathi kwinqanaba yengqesho, inzala kunye supply imali. Kuba Uqoqosho luphawulwa nokuqhathwa yesixa. Injongo zokufunda kweli candelo azikho nje umthamo ishishini ngamnye, kodwa gross imveliso yasekhaya, kungekhona Dynamics amaxabiso imveliso enye, kwaye izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso. Okokuqala ngqa, le ndlela waqala ukuba ngokubanzi ukusetyenziswa Keynes 1930. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umseki Uqoqosho ulicekisile postulate le "ziyahlonelwa 'of ezendeleyo kwindlela lemarike ubuchule ukuzeyisa. Wakhuthaza ulawulo karhulumente engqongqo zonke izibonisi zokusebenza ezingundoqo.

Uqoqosho lwesizwe njenge inkqubo

Ngokutsho Keynes, ukungaphangeli kuyenye luphawu ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo nemakethe. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa amazinga karhulumente kufuneka kwandisa imfuno lamntu. Noko ke, lizama kunokwenzeka, yaye ngqesho eliphezulu. Keynes wabanika ezibaluleke kakhulu kunye nezinga lenzala. Kunye nemeko nayo uyakwazi ukunyenyisa isixa semali ejikeleza. Keynes ingqalelo uqoqosho lwesizwe njenge nkqubo. Kwaye likhona na edibene iinjongo ezithile. Uchazo ephambili kuqoqosho abonisa iindawo eziphambili ukuba iSADC ummiselo. Phakathi kweenjongo ze ukusebenza loqoqosho lwesizwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ubonelelo nelokukhula kwengeniso yelizwe bhunxe kunye capita nganye.
• kwamathuba emisebenzi kunye nenkxaso abemi ngexesha zithuba tshintsho.
• Ukuqinisekisa amaxabiso ezizinzileyo.
• Ukulinganisa nokwabiwa yengeniso.
• Uphuhliso lwecandelo lwangaphandle weli lizwe, kodwa kunokuba nobungozi abemi baso ngemithetho yaso yaye ukuphucula impilo yabo.

ungubani Key macro (short)

Ukuze le nkqubo oluchanekileyo urhulumente kufuneka zisekelwe ezinye iimodeli. Iimpawu aggregate ezifana yemVeliso yaseKhaya kungekaTsalwa nto, yokukala inkqubela, kodwa phantse ukunika ufifi oko kufuneka kusetyenziswe iindlela ukuze ukutshintsha le meko. Kwaye apha uncedo bokuzazi ezisisiseko soqoqosho. Le modeli ukuvumela uvavanyo olunzulu meko, bona i nobuthathaka loqoqosho lwesizwe. Phakathi kwabo, ezi zibalo zilandelayo inqununu:

• Ingeniso kunye nenkcitho.
• Savings notyalo-mali.
• Le mali karhulumente.

Ukulingana ingeniso nenkcitho

Oku Lingubani esisiseko koqoqosho olukhulu. It lubonisa amacandelo lula epheleleyo imveliso yasekhaya. Ukulingana yengeniso neenkcitho ayibandakanyi irhafu ngqo, umahluko phakathi kweendidi utyalo-mali, ukhutshelo kwicandelo loshishino. Uchazo ephambili kuqoqosho inikeza indlela ekubaleni wemali imveliso yasekhaya ngokwenza ubungakanani iindleko amaqela ahlukeneyo achaphazelekayo. Kuba kakhulu-zohlalutyo olunzulu, kukho iqela nezinye iparameters, ekuye kwagqitywa ngokusekelwe GDP. Phakathi kwabo, umzekelo, ingeniso yesizwe.

Ukuze uqonde ukuba ungubani zibonakaliswe yileta Y - ixabiso Isalathisi kwemveliso iyonke. Iinkcitho yabaXumi, ushishino kunye namacandelo oluntu - C, mna G, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Njengoko uqoqosho lwethu yesizwe ayikho sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba wazisa nendlela Isalathisi omnye. Oku ezithunyelwa net. iileta zakhe ingabonisa nx. Kuya kuba kulingana umahluko phakathi ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kweli lizwe. Ngoko iingeniso identity kuqoqosho kunye neendleko kungancitshiswa wokubala ilandelayo: Y = C + mina + G + nx.

Savings notyalo-mali

Zonke zengqwalaselo enkulu kuqoqosho ibonisa imeko yokwenene, kodwa yenze ibe lula ebonakalayo. Ukulingana lokonga notyalo ingqalelo uqoqosho lwesizwe ngaphandle ihlabathi ngaphandle. Kwakhona akubandakanyi evela entsimini zokufunda kwicandelo likarhulumente. Emva koko, Y = C + I. Le fomyula GDP ubalo iindleko kungekho kumacandelo karhulumente kunye nabangaphandle.

Ngoku cinga kwimveliso yasekhaya ukusuka kwindawo imbono abarhwebi. Bonke efanelwe na ndidleke okanye zigcinwe zotyalo ngamaxesha elizayo. Ngenxa yoko, Y = C + S, apho C - eli ngesifo sephepha, kunye S - yokonga.

Ihambelana zombini zibalo. Siya: C + I = S + C. Ukusuka ungubani ezingundoqo kuqoqosho kulandela ukuba, ngokunciphisa izikhombisi efanayo macala omabini, sinako ukubona ukulingana zotyalo-mali kunye nolondolozo.

Formation of mali karhulumente

Uchazo ephambili kuqoqosho lubonisa ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha, naliphi na ilizwe ofuna ukwakha imveliso yawo kunye nobukho kwiimarike, kuquka amazwe. Kodwa ke kuqala kufuneka babe nako ukulungelelanisa mali karhulumente kulo. Sele sibonile ukuba zonke ngongeniselo kwicandelo likarhulumente ingasetyenziswa ukutyiwa kunye nolondolozo. Akwazi igxile imali yokwenene okanye kwii-asethi zemali.

Thina lula imodeli ngakumbi. Phantsi asethi zemali sithetha nje imali kunye norhulumente iibhondi ezizizo. Thina bangangenisa nobhalo. SG - kwicandelo likarhulumente lokonga, ΔM kunye ΔB - utshintsho unikezelo imali kunye nexabiso iimbophelelo ejikeleza. Yenza esinye isibheno. Zonke imali yabo urhulumente achithe kuzo naziphi na ukwanda (ukuhla) kwesixa-mali kunye notshintsho kwixabiso neentambo ekhutshwe ngawo. Ngenxa yoko, SG = - (ΔM + ΔB). Nguwo lowo yesazisi-mali karhulumente. Ibonisa ukuba intsilelo bathengwa kuphela ngokwandisa ubonelelo ngemali, okanye iqhina urhulumente kunikezelo.

imodeli neo-Keynesian

Uqoqosho lwesizwe - le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu. Kunye nokusebenza kwayo inxulunyaniswa ukungaqiniseki ebonakalayo. Key kwezibonisi zoqoqosho ungubani luphawulwa okuba epheleleyo. Lilele amandla kunye ubuthathaka iimodeli deterministic. Abameli kwicala Entsha Keynesian sifuna ukwandisa iseti kwezalathisi. Nakuba kunjalo, uninzi imifuziselo yazo ngumba kuphela mali zokukhula.

umbono neoclassical

Iimfaniso abameli kule ndawo ziyatshintsha- kakhulu ngakumbi. Baya kuba becala vumela uphazamiseko urhulumente ekusebenzeni loqoqosho lwesizwe, kodwa kuphela ngamaxesha obunzima. Neoclassicism kunye ezo zinto ingqalelo xa imifuziselo zabo utshintsho njani kwezobugcisa, nokulungela kwabasebenzi, ukusebenza lombutho iinkqubo zemveliso.

Sebenzisa ekucombululeni iingxaki

Ifomula singobani esisiseko kuqoqosho kuvumela ukuba ukubala epheleleyo imveliso yasekhaya. Sithabathela ingqalelo iindleko kumacandelo awohlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. Common kwi zigaba zokuqala isifundo ezoqoqosho njengendlela yokuziqeqesha esikolweni okanye eyunivesithi uthelekiso lweziphumo yokubala ye-GDP le formula yokuqala neyesibini. Ngokusesikweni, imveliso yasekhaya, ngexabiso elithile, kufuneka ilingane kwisalathiso, efunyanwa UPawulos yingeniso.