Le projectile of uranium olusele; yintoni na kwaye isebenza njani?

Projectile ne uranium .Ngaphezu kuqhagamshelwano libetha umngxuma ekujoliswe, umlilo, ukubola zibe amasuntswana amancinane ukusasaza apha emoyeni. Xa imuncwe okanye tapeworm zingena emzimbeni, ebangela umonakalo ngenxa kwimitha lwangaphakathi ubuthi metal enzima. imisebe uya kuhlala kangangeenkulungwane, sijike abantu bengingqi Hibakusha - amaxhoba eqhuma yenyukliya.

Amaqokobhe ne uranium .Ngaphezu, yintoni na?

Uranium, leyo wahlala emveni kokuba kususwe izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive ngezixhobo zendalo, ebizwa .Ngaphezu. It yimveliso inkunkuma izibaso yenyukliya izityalo amandla enyukliya. umsebenzi wayo 60% ye-radiation sokuqala. Igama umbandela osinika uluvo lokuba ayisendim radioactive, kodwa ayikho. Amaqokobhe ne uranium sisazama kunokubangela ungcoliseko kakhulu.

Le gun iye yenzelwe Ugqobhoze isikrweqe kunye nokusekwa iziqwenga ezibukhali apho umonakalo kwaye zivutha ngaphakathi nenjongo. amaqokobhe ukucupha oluqhelekileyo ziquka abhalwa ukuba umlilo phezu impembelelo. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba bayitshabalalise izithuthi vehicles, kodwa kunokuba ngobuchule ngokwemiqathango amandla atshabalalisayo. umphakathi Steel angangena, agqobhoza kwaye Babesinqinda umngxuma izinto athambe kunentsimbi. Ayikho yonakalisa ukungena isikrweqe nawo kwiitanki.

Ngoko ke, iqokobhe wadalwa uranium uyaphela, onako ucanda isikrweqe, aqhumisele abatshabalalise ekujoliswe ngaphakathi. Oku kwaba yimpumelelo ngenxa iimpawu ezibonakalayo lo mbandela.

Amaqokobhe ne uranium .Ngaphezu; isebenza njani?

Uranium metal - okuqinileyo kakhulu. mninzi yayo - 19 g / cm ^3, amaxesha 2.4 ngaphezu koko zesinyithi, leyo ilingana no 7.9 g / cm _^3. Ukwandisa amandla kuyo idityaniswa malunga-1% molybdenum, kunye titanium.

Projectile DU kwakhona ngokuba isikrweqe lihlaba projectile sigade kuba waphula amatanki iqokobhe sentsimbi, lingena, kwaye Bouncing off nemiqobo, utshabalalisa crew, izixhobo kunye nokutsha ngaphakathi buciko. Njengoko kuthelekiswa umphakathi nawo ubungakanani efanayo, leyo kufuneka ezixineneyo alithe gangqa uranium, akwazi ukwenza umngxuma thagethi 2.4 amaxesha ezinzulu. Ngaphezu koko, umphakathi ngentsimbi kufuneka abe ubude-30 cm, neyuranium - 12. Nangona kuphela zonke projectiles isebenza luvukelo umoya efanayo ngexesha zokudubula ngesantya yokugqibela kunciphisa ngaphantsi amaxesha 2.4 ubunzima ngakumbi ngcono kwaye uluhlu izinga ngomlilo. Ngenxa yoko, zezixhobo uranium unako ukutshabalalisa i imigama ekujoliswe utshaba azinakwenzeka.

izikhali ndlu

Uphuhliso ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa komkhosi uranium olusele - iimbumbulu ebizwa betonoboynymi enkulu okanye bunkeroboynymi engena iinqaba eziphathekayo, sayifumana iimitha ezimbalwa phantsi komhlaba, yaye shaya kubo, ukuba sele isetyenziswe ukulwa ngokoqobo. Oku guided izixhobo ngokohlobo iziqhushumbisi kunye imijukujelwa iza yenzelwe ukuqhawuka lukhuni komhlaba eziphathekayo kunye nezinye iinjongo. Babathethela izinto uranium, nganye angu eziliqela. Kuthiwa ukuba ezi kuwa zazisetyenziswa amanani amakhulu e Afghanistan ukutshabalalisa al-Qaeda, ezimele emiqolombeni entabeni, yaye emva koko e-Iraq ukutshabalalisa amaziko umyalelo Iraq ibekwe nzulu ngaphantsi komhlaba. Weight sasisebenza izixhobo Afghanistan kunye Iraq equlethe uranium sisazama kuqikelelwa kwiitoni ngaphezulu kwama-500.

imiphumela

Eyona ingozi ebangelwa imijukujelwa kunye uranium .Ngaphezu - imiphumo lokusetyenziswa kwazo. Uphawu loqobo lolu hlobo emthethweni na yemisebe zabo. metal Uran-radioactive ethi ikhuphe-α reyi ngohlobo helium nuclei atom kunye gamma. Energy α-amasuntswana ezintweni kuzo 4.1 MeV. Oku kwenza kucace 100 lamawaka. Electron ndibopha iimolekyuli kunye ion. Noko ke, alpha yamasuntswana uyakwazi Kwathi kuphela nje umganyana, besentimitha ezimbalwa emoyeni kwaye microns ngaphezulu kwama-40, nto leyo elingana Ebubanzini kwiphepha elinye iphepha emanzini okanye inyama yabantu. Ngenxa yoko, izinga ingozi α-amasuntswana ixhomekeke imilo kunye nendawo ukuphefumla kwemitha - ngohlobo amasuntswana okanye uthuli ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle komzimba.

exposure yangaphandle

Xa uranium osemanzini na imeko intsimbi, amasuntswana alpha ezintweni athom yayo kumgama Ebubanzini sheet iphepha, oko angazishiyi, ngaphezu kwezo athom asebenza kwi kumphezulu ingxubevange. Bar iisentimitha eziliqela likhipha zamafu emashumini ezimbalwa kuphela PPM isixa lilonke α-amasuntswana.

Metal wachaza kakhulu ngokutshisa umoya ngokuzenzekelayo avuse xa yimilo uthuli. Kungenxa yoko le nto .Ngaphezu uranium projectile ibetha ithagethi, nangoko kukhanyise.

Logama nje sihlala ngaphandle emzimbeni emva kokuguquka zibe ngamaqhekeza, akukho kuyingozi kakhulu. Ekubeni ukubola alpha isuntswana emva kumgama othile, ithamo radiation elibhaqiweyo iza kube incinane kakhulu actual. Xa zifakwa emzimbeni womntu-α ray ungadluli isikhumba. exposure imisebe ngokwemiqathango ubunzima kuya kuba phantsi. Kungenxa yoko le nto uranium .Ngaphezu kuthathwa ukuba ukuswela-level, kunye nengozi yayo kudla phantsi. Oku kuyinyaniso kuphela kwimeko apho umthombo wemitha ngaphandle komzimba, nalapho kukhuselekile. Kodwa uranium uthuli kusichukumisa emzimbeni, apho iba engamawaka amashumi ezigidi maxesha anzima ngakumbi. data Published abonisa ukuba radiation ekwinqanaba elisezantsi kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba ukuphazamiseka kwemichiza ngaphezu olunzulu imitha ekwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ngoko ke, bekuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo ngoyaba ingozi yokuba sesichengeni ngamandla eliphantsi.

exposure yangaphakathi

Xa uranium elivutha kurhulumente bamasuntswana, lihlaba phakathi komzimba womntu amanzi okusela kunye nokutya okanye umoya ukurhogele. Ngaloo ndlela bonke zinetyhefu yayo chemical nemitha abakhululwa. Imiphumo amanyathelo ityhefu ingohluka ngokuxhomekeke ukunyibilika uranium emanzini, kodwa ukuba sesichengeni sosasazeko lwemitha kwenzeka ngawo onke amaxesha. Suntswana sangqa microns 10 ihlaba enye α-yamasuntswana zonke iiyure ezi-2, abangama-abangaphezu kwe-4000 ngonyaka ngamnye. Alpha amasuntswana bayaqhubeka ukumenzakalisa iiseli yabantu, angavumeli ukuba kuphila. Ukongeza, i-U-238 ibola zibe thorium-234, nesiqingatha ubomi bakhe ziintsuku 24.1, ka-Th-234 ibola zibe iprothokhol ಪ್ಲೋಚಾರ್ಟ್-234, isiqingatha-ubomi iintsuku 1.17. Pa-234 uba U-234 c 0,24 Myr-ubomi. Thorium, iprothokhol ಪ್ಲೋಚಾರ್ಟ್ kukhutshwe ukubola electron beta. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, ada aya kufika lizama radioactive kunye U-238 kunye idosi enye ye radiation. Kweli nqanaba, amasuntswana uranium sisazama ayikhuphi amasuntswana alpha, amasuntswana kabini beta kunye gamma ezihamba inkqubo ukubola.

Ekubeni α-amasuntswana abathanga bawele phakathi microns 40, umonakalo izicwili lonke iya kwenziwa zingadlulanga lo mgama. Ithamo yonyaka wasizuza isabelo umonakalo kuphela α-amasuntswana 10 Sv, 10 amawaka. Times ngaphezu idosi umda.

Ingxaki kuse emaphakadeni

Kwathi Omnye α-amasuntswana amakhulu amawaka athom kokuba ayolala, izithombe amakhulu amawaka elektroni, yinxalenye iimolekyuli. ukuthotywa kwabo (ionization) kukhokelela umonakalo DNA wezakhi izinto e ezininzi isakhiwo zeselula. Kukho kubonakala olomeleleyo enye kuphela yamasuntswana sisazama uranium kubangela umhlaza kunye umonakalo nezibilini. Ukususela yayo isiqingatha ubomi yiminyaka 4.5 billion ubudala, imitha alpha ke soze buthathaka. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu uranium emzimbeni ubethwa radiation ekufeni, kunye nokusingqongileyo baya kuba ziinqambi ngonaphakade.

Ngelishwa, uphando olwenziwe yi-World Health Organisation kunye nezinye ii-arhente, musa ukuchukumisa sesichengeni lwangaphakathi. Umzekelo, i-US iSebe lezoKhuselo ithi ukuba ayenzi ukufumana unxulumano phakathi uranium kuphele kunye nomhlaza e-Iraq. Uphando oluqhutywe yi-WHO kunye EU, ziye kufika kwisigqibo esifanayo. Ezi izifundo zophondo zifumanise ukuba amanqanaba radiation kwiiBalkans yaye Iraq engenabungozi empilweni. Noko ke, kuye kwabakho amatyala abantwana bazalwa kunye Iziphene zokuzalwa obunamanani eliphezulu lomhlaza apho.

Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuveliswa

Emva kokuba yokuqala Gulf War kunye iMfazwe Balkan, eyayisebenzisa amaqokobhe kunye uranium .Ngaphezu, olunjani isixhobo, oko kwazeka kuphela emva kwexesha elithile. Inani lamatyala lomhlaza kunye nomhlaza lengqula (izihlandlo 20), kwakunye abaneziphene ebantwaneni. Alipheli apho abahlali amazwe achaphazelekayo. Amajoni waya apho, naye buhlungu impilo, ngokubizwa ngokuba syndrome lwe Gulf (okanye Balkan syndrome).

Uranium nezikhali yale mithi yayisetyenziswa ngexesha lemfazwe e Afghanistan, kwaye kukho ubungqina kwamazinga aphezulu olu kwi nezihlunu nabantu basekuhlaleni. Iraq sele ukonakaliswa ngenxa yongquzulwano ngezixhobo, kwakhona baboniswa kule nkcazelo radioactive kunye ityhefu. Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo "ezimdaka" eyasekwa eFransi, China, Pakistan, iRashiya, i-UK kunye US. Umzekelo, kweqokobhe kunye uranium .Ngaphezu eRussia bayisebenzisa ikakhulu itanki izixhobo ukusuka ekupheleni kuka-1970, kwi-115-millimitha imipu itanki T-62 ze-aphindwe 125 imipu T-64, T-72, T-80 ne T 90.

imiphumela ongenakulungiseka

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, uluntu iye yasinda iimfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini, ekhatshwa ukubulala mass intshabalalo. Ngaphandle koku, bonke othile ingathityazwa. Olu ngquzulwano, esebenzisa izixhobo kunye uranium uyaphela, okubangela called esisigxina radioactive yokusingqongileyo kwindawo yemfazwe, kwakunye gqolo ukutshatyalaliswa wequmrhu nabemi zabo kwizizukulwana.

Ukusetyenziswa kwale nto kubangela umonakalo obulalayo umntu, zange ngaphambili. zezixhobo uranium, kwakunye izixhobo zenyukliya kufuneka isetyenziswe ngonaphakade.

kunqande intlekele

Ukuba abantu unqwenela ekulondolozeni impucuko zidalwe ngaye, uya kufuneka isigqibo ngonaphakade alahle ukusetyenziswa amandla njengendlela yokusombulula ingxabano. Ngelo xesha, bonke abemi abafuna ukuhlala ngoxolo, kufuneka sivumele ukusetyenziswa inzululwazi ekuphuhliseni indlela wentshabalalo kunye nokubulala, imizekelo ezo amaqokobhe kunye uranium sona.

Amafoto abantwana Iraq ukubandezeleka kwizifo lengqula kunye kwasekuzalweni, kufuneka sikhuthaze abantu ukuba bathethe phandle ngokuchasene izixhobo uranium, kwaye ngokuchasene imfazwe.