Le bomthonyama eSiberia. Kwizizwe eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude. abantu Small of eSiberia

Ngokutsho abaphandi abasuka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, abantu zomthonyama eSiberia bahlala kule ndawo ekupheleni Paleolithic. Lelaa xesha luphawulwa uphuhliso zokuzingela enkulu zombini okuloba.

Namhlanje uninzi zezizwe kunye namaqela eentlanga kule ngingqi bambalwa nenkcubeko yabo yayisecicini yokutshabalala. Okulandelayo siza kuzama aqhelane esimi welizwe lethu, njengokuba abantu eSiberia. Photo Abameli ulwimi oluthile neefama ziza kuboniswa kwinqaku.

Ukuhlalutya ezi iinkalo zobomi, sizama ukuba ubonise neyantlukwano sezizwe kwaye kuvusa umdla womfundi kundwendwelo nochulumanco.

ethnogenesis

Phantse yonke indawo eSiberia amelwe uhlobo Mongoloid lomntu. Oku kucingwa ukuba yokuzalwa Central Asia. Emva kokuqalisa kokurhoxa abantu glacier kunye iimpawu ezinjalo ahlala mmandla. Ngelo xesha, okwangoku ziphuhliswe iinkomo kakhulu, ngoko ke umsebenzi engundoqo yabantu yaqala ukumzingela.

Xa uhlolisisa imephu amaqela ulwimi lwe eSiberia, siza kubona ukuba bamelwa uninzi zeAltai kunye neentsapho phambene. Tungus, Mongol kunye neelwimi zamaTurkic kwelinye icala - nezinye Finno-Samoyed.

iimpawu Socio-economic

Kwizizwe eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude kuphuhliso Russian le ngingqi ngokusisiseko waba ngendlela efanayo yobomi. Okokuqala, eqhelekileyo baba neentlobano yezizwe. Izithethe zigcinwa zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo, imitshato wazama ukuba wayitwabulula ngaphaya esizweni.

Iiklasi yahlulwe ngokwezi kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Ukuba bekukho wamanzi enkulu, oko kudla wadibana zokuhlala kuhlala beentlanzi, lowo wayezelwe ezolimo. Main kubantu ababodwa wayexakeke elwenza ukufuya iinkomo, umzekelo, kuxhaphakile kakhulu ukuba ingaya kwalusa.

Ezi zilwanyana lula ukuzala hayi kuphela inyama, ukungafuni ukutya, kodwa ngenxa sezikhumba zabo. Bona ezibhityileyo kakhulu kwaye kufudumele, ngaloo ndlela evumela iintlanga ezifana evenks kuba abakhweli elungileyo kunye namajoni iingubo ezitofotofo.

Emva kokuba kummandla umpu yokuphila zitshintshile kakhulu.

Eli nqanaba ngokomoya wobomi

Abantu yamandulo eSiberia nangoku abanamathele nemimoya. Nangona eminyaka iye iinguqulelo ezininzi, kodwa amandla ayo bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa. Buryats, umzekelo, ekuqaleni wongezelela ezinye izithethe, uze emva koko ndayeka ngokupheleleyo ubuBhuda.

Uninzi lwezinye izizwe zaye ngokusesikweni babhaptizwa ukususela kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo. Kodwa iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni. Xa sithatha ukukhwela imizana nemizi umiwe exhanyulwa encinane eSiberia, siza kubona umfanekiso eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Uninzi ngqo namasiko eminyaka ubudala wookhokho babo ngaphandle ezintsha, abanye adibanisa iinkolelo zabo senye yeenkolo ezinkulu.

Ingakumbi abo imiba yobomi kuvela ngeeholide yesizwe, xa kukho iimpawu iinkolelo ezahlukileyo. Bona iyahlangana nokudala ipateni eyodwa inkcubeko authentic esizweni.

Makhe atyhalela ukuthetha ngento na bomthonyama eSiberia.

Aleuts

Bazibiza unangany kunye nabamelwane babo (Eskimos) - alakshak. Inani elipheleleyo labantu ayifiki ezingamawaka amabini, inkoliso yabo bahlala kumntla US kunye Canada.

Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba Aleuts kwasekwa malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo. Nangona kunjalo, imvelaphi yabo, kukho iimbono ezimbini. Abanye bathi kubo iziko eyahlukileyo yobuhlanga, abanye - ukuba wema baphuma phakathi Eskimos.

Ngaphambi kokuba aba bantu badibana Orthodox, amarhamente ukuba namhlanje, Aleuts abathi umxube nemimoya kunye sinqule. Le yesinxibo ephambili shamanic ubume kwazisathetha iintaka, bathi noomoya eziqalelo ezahlukeneyo ngezimanga kuboniswe iimaski ngamaplanga.

Namhlanje banqula uThixo omnye, nto leyo ngolwimi lwabo kuthiwa Agugum kwaye imele ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo nazo zonke izimiso zobuKristu.

Ngomhla kummandla Russian Federation, njengoko siza kubona ngezantsi, ibeka izizwe ezininzi ezincinci eSiberia, kodwa bahlala kuphela zokuhlala enye - kwilali Nikolskoye.

Itelmens

I self-gama livela elithi "itenmen", gama elo elithetha "umntu ohlala apha," yendawo, ngamanye amazwi.

Abanako ukuhlangabezana kwintsimi entshonalanga ye ena Peninsula nakummandla Magadan. Inani elipheleleyo - abantu ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu kancinane, ngokutsho kubalo-2002.

Xa imbonakalo yokuba isondele uhlobo Pacific, kodwa iimpawu ezicacileyo le Mongoloids wasentla.

Unqulo lokuqala - obeza fetishism, primogenitor ubale Ingekalili. Ngcwaba abafileyo Itelmens yamkela indlela "yokungcwabela moya." Umfi buxhonywe up istlevaniya kwi ibhokisi emthini okanye ibekwe kwiqonga okhethekileyo. Eli siko liyi nje izizwe zeMpuma eSiberia, kumaxesha amandulo kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo nkqu eCaucasus kunye North America.

Ukuloba iqhelekileyo lokuloba kwaye nakuzingela ezanyisayo lwamanxweme ezifana amatywina. Ngaphandle yande ndibano.

Kamchadals

Asingabo bonke abantu eSiberia kunye East Bakude Bomthonyama, umzekelo oku kunokuba Kamchadals. Enyanisweni, oku luhlanga elizimeleyo, kodwa umxube basemzini Russian kunye nezizwe basekuhlaleni.

Ulwimi doped lwabo Russian kunye neziyelelane zasekuhlaleni. Anabela ikakhulu e Eastern eSiberia. Ezi ziquka ena, Chukotka, ummandla Magadan, uLwandle Okhotsk.

Ngokutsho kubalo, inani lilonke ngonyaka kwisithuba ezimbini iwaka isiqingatha sabantu.

Eneneni, njengoko enjalo Kamchadals wabonakala kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-elinesibhozo. Ngelo xesha, Abantu Russian kunye nabarhwebi zaziwa ngamandla abanamagama basekhaya, abanye babo Watshata itelmenkami kunye nabameli Koryak kunye Chuvans.

Ngenxa yoko, inzala zezi ubuhlobo obuhlanga ngoku igama Kamchadals.

Koryak

Ukuba uqala obonisa abantu eSiberia, Koryak abahlala kwindawo zokugqibela kuluhlu. Bona baziwa abaphandi Russian ukususela kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo.

Enyanisweni, oku luhlanga olunye, kodwa nezizwe ezininzi. Bazibiza namylan okanye chavchuven. Ngokutsho kubalo, namhlanje inani lazo - malunga ezisithoba amawaka abantu.

Ena, Chukotka kunye ummandla Magadan - ummandla nabammeli bezi zizwe ophilileyo.

Ukuba senza kucalulo ngokusekelwe yokuphila, ukuba yahlulwe unxweme kunye emathafeni.

Lokuqala - nymylany. Aliutor ukuthetha ulwimi bazibandakanya yokuloba elwandle - lokuloba nokuzingela zamanzi. Ezi kwinkcubeko kunye nendlela yokuphila close Kerek. Oku eziziimpawu abantu bahlala ubomi.

Okwesibini - chavchyv ephila (adle). Ulwimi Koryak. Live on Penzhina ngomlebe Taigonos kunye neendawo eziyingqongileyo.

Lo msebenzi osemqoka isici eyahlula Koryak, njengezinye ezinye izizwe eSiberia zezi yaranga. Oku zokuhlala cone-ezimile mobile ezenziwe ngezikhumba zezilwanyana.

Muncie

Ukuba sithethe malunga bomthonyama Western eSiberia, singasathethi ke phambene-Yukaghir iilwimi. Abameli eyona ibalaseleyo kweli qela zezi Mansi.

I self-Igama yabantu - "mendsy" okanye "Voguls". "Muncie" ngolwimi lwabo lithetha "abantu."

Eli qela kwamiswa ngenxa nokwenziwa nezizwe phambene Ugric kwixesha Neolithic. Le yokuqala olundwendwe abazingeli, okwesibini - bemfuyo amadlelo. Le mbini kwezenkcubeko zokulima kusekhona.

Yomfowunelwa wokuqala nabamelwane Koloni kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye. Ngeli xesha, Mansi Uqhelene Komi kunye Novgorod. Emva ukujoyina eRussia nangakumbi umgaqo amakoloni. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, nanzo kwabeka mpumalanga, kwaye elinesibhozo ngokusesikweni nesimo ubuKristu.

Namhlanje, kolu hlanga, kukho phratry ezimbini. Eyokuqala ubizwa ngokuba Port, umzali wayo wathi Bear, kwaye kwenza isiseko Urals yayo. Eyesibini kuthiwa Mos, umseki wayo - umfazi Kaltashch, kwaye uninzi kule phratry woba Hungarians.
Eyona Uphawu kukuba umtshato kuphela elaziwayo phakathi cross-phratries. Le kukholelwa abantu abathile kuphela zomthonyama Western eSiberia.

Nanai

Kumaxesha amandulo ke yaziwa ngokuba Golds kunye enye abameli abadumileyo yabantu - Dersu Uzala.

Ngokutsho ekubalweni nje amabini amawaka. Aphila ecaleni Amur kwi Russian Federation kunye neTshayina. Ulwimi - Nanai. Ngomhla kummandla Russia wasebenzisa oonobumba isiCyrillic, e-China - ngolwimi ongabhalwanga.

Ezi izizwe eSiberia nkalo sezisaziwa ngokuba Khabarov, ngubani ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, ayihlola lo mmandla. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ookhokho zazinza abalimi duchers. Kodwa ke abaninzi oyikholelwayo ukuba Nanai weza nje kula mazwe.

Ngowe-1860, ngenxa nokunikezelwa imida ecaleni Amur River, abaninzi aba bantu baba kwaoko abemi kwamazwe amabini.

Nenets

Uhide abantu of Western eSiberia, akunakwenzeka ukuba zihlale phezu Nenets. Eli gama, ngathi amagama amaninzi kangaka yezizwe le mimandla, lithetha "umntu". Xa kubalo lwabantu All-Russian, ukususela Taimyr ukuya kwi Kola Peninsula ekhayeni labo abantu abangaphezu kwamashumi amane amawaka. Ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba Nenets - yezona bomthonyama eSiberia.

Zahlula-hlulwe ngamaqela amabini. Lokuqala - i kumathafa, apho uninzi abameli yesibini - iinkuni (kukho sezantsi). Ezizalana zezi zizwe manani zahlukile lonto umntu akaluqondi omnye.

Njengazo zonke izizwe Western eSiberia, Nenets iinkalo zombini Mongoloids kunye Caucasians. Kwaye ke ukusondela ngasempuma, iimpawu ngaphantsi yaseYurophu.

Isiseko kuqoqosho olu hlanga a adle kunye lokuloba encinane kangangoko. dish Main - corned yenkomo, kodwa ekhitshini igcwele inyama ekrwada, ehlanganisa amaxhama. Ngenxa equlethwe egazini vitamin Nenets nangokhwekhwe kungenzeki; kodwa exotic kunqabile libetha iindwendwe ndawo kunye nabakhenkethi.

Chukchi

Ukuba ucinga ngento uhlobo lwabantu ababehlala eSiberia, yaye ukusondela umba ngokwembono yabantu, siza kubona iindlela ezimbalwa zokuhlala. kwafika ezinye izizwe evela Central Asia, enye - ukusuka kwiziqithi esemantla Alaska. Kuphela inxalenye encinane abantu basekuhlaleni.

Chukchi, luoravetlan okanye, njengoko bazibiza, imbonakalo efanayo ukuchwetheza Itelmens kunye Eskimos yaye iimpawu njenge Native American. Kuhenda ukuba bacinge malunga nemvelaphi yabo.

Nge Russian badibana ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, kwaye ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka baba imfazwe wamagazi. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba behambe ngaphezu kwe Kolyma.

Ingongoma ebalulekileyo trade Anyui inqaba ekampini apho wafudukela emva ukuwa Anadyr inqaba. Fair kule nqaba waba imali amakhulu amawaka engange.

amaqela bacebe of Chukchi - chauchu (adle) - zaziswa apha ukuba athengise exolweni. Isigaba sesibini labantu ekuthiwa ankalyn (abalimi) bona, enyuka kumantla Chukotka yaye wayephila zokulima elula.

Huskies

Endoethnonym aba bantu - i Inuit, yaye igama "Eskimo" lithetha "Lowo udlayo, intlanzi ekrwada." Ngoko ke wabiza abamelwane izizwe zabo - i-American amaNdiya.

Abaphandi ukuchonga abantu a "Arctic" uhlanga olukhethekileyo. Bona apha kakhulu abahlala kummandla kwaye yonke iphela emdeni Arctic Ocean ukusuka eGreenland Chukotka.

Ngokutsho ubalo ngo-2002, eRashiya inani yabo abantu malunga namawaka amabini kuphela. Eyona inxalenye yokuhlala kummandla Canada kunye Alaska.

Inuit inkolo - obeza namagubu ezi oyidingayo engcwele yonke intsapho.

Kuba abathandi ka ngayo iza kuba umdla ukufunda igunake. Oku isidlo esikhethekileyo oko kuyingozi kakhulu nabani na ningazidli ukususela ebuntwaneni. Enyanisweni, oku anokungenwa inyama obuleweyo deer okanye isilo solwandle esinamabamba amade (itywina), nto leyo baqhuba kwiinyanga ezimbalwa phantsi kwengcinezelo njengamasuntsu.

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza sahlolisisa ezinye abantu eSiberia. Uqhelene kunye negama zabo zokwenene, ngakumbi inkolelo, wokufama kunye nenkcubeko.