Iinguqu zommandla kaPetros 1. Kutheni uPetros liqalise utshintsho lwengingqi?

Lo mbuzo injongo apho uPetros uthabathe kuphuculo zommandla kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwisakhelo imeko-nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle eliye lakhula kwilizwe lethu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Nokuba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela kubekho zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kakhulu enzulu ngokutsha ulawulo loluntu. Umfutho yokugqibela ihambo yabo wakhonza Enkulu Northern War, nto leyo eyabangela imfuneko tirhisa umlawuli wokuqala ukuguquka ahambelanayo kubume yangaphakathi kweli lizwe.

Ukuhla kwenkqubo yolawulo endala

Ukuze siqonde injongo apho uPetros uthabathe kuphuculo yengingqi, kuyimfuneko ukuba isicelo iimpawu inkqubo yolawulo olwalukho kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Impangele ngokwemveli yahlulwe izithili ekhokelwa iirhuluneli wathumela ukusuka kwiziko. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo waba ethile omnye kakhulu, ezizezi ukungabikho amakhonkco abasisigxina iziko kunye lweengingqi.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane lo mgaqo yolawulo iphelelwe. Irhuluneli entsha kwakufuneka izixhobo entsha nangokufanelekileyo ngokwemimiselo leyo rhoqo kwaba phantsi kolawulo lwakhe kwaye enze ngokukhawuleza zonke ii-odolo.

izidingo zomkhosi

Iimali yokuqhutywa neemeko kunye neendleko ezizinzileyo akhawunti ukulungiselela injongo uPetros uthabathe kuphuculo lwengingqi. I koMlawuli waba abadinga ingeniso ethe chu ukuze nangoncedo umkhosi, kwakufuneka abantu abasebenza kunye ukugaya kwangexesha. Inkqubo yolawulo endala uyekile ukuhlangabezana nezi mfuno zintsha. Russia ilwa kumazwe aphuhlileyo aseYurophu, yaye ukuba uwine kuyimfuneko ukuba yakhiwe yonke inkqubo yolawulo kwisampulu elitsha.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yotshintsho wokumkani, njengazo zonke ezinye utshintshwano bakhe kwenzeka ekuqaleni kuphela ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, ikakhulu ngenxa imfuneko umkhosi kunye weenqanawa kunye nokutya. Noko ke, kokugqitywa ngempumelelo imfazwe lerhuluneli baya ukuba ukuqhelana njani inkqubo entsha ngexesha ngoxolo.

Inqanaba lokuqala

Ukuze siqonde injongo apho uPetros kuye wathabatha kubuyiselo zommandla ngokufutshane ukuvula i iiphiriyodi ezimbini eziphambili ngokuguqulwa data. Eyokuqala nguwuphi na kubo, ndoxelelwa ngubani yomhla iminyaka 1708-1715. Eli lixesha ukuphakama ngongquzulwano eSweden, xa ukumkani kwakufuneka kuhlale irhafu, imisebenzi kunye ukuphunyezwa kokufunyanwa kwangethuba yomkhosi. Ngoko ngokwalo ngeli nqanaba kuphuculo wayenxibe (ngoko ukuba ukuthetha) uhlobo empi. Umlawuli akazange Ulawulo enabe, mda kukuba ilizwe lonke yahlulwe ezisibhozo, yaye emva kwexesha elithile kumaphondo ezilishumi okhokelwa kwabalawuli.

Ngokuba ngaloo minyaka kwabakho imfazwe, ukuba ezi zikhundla banyulwe abameli kwiklasi yomkhosi. Iirhuluneli kwindawo yokuqala wabekwa ekuboneleleni iingeniso zerhafu zobuncwane ngexesha ukulandela ngenkani, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zabantu lomkhosi weenqanawa ukusebenza. Imibuzo zolawulo yoluntu ntle yabantu engafakwanga imihlaba imisebenzi yabo. Xa aluleka, Landrat, abo ngokusesikweni ezizimeleyo, yaye ukuba anyuliweyo zasebukhosini, kodwa ngenxa yokuba imeko imfazwe le ke aphantsi kwayo ngokupheleleyo kwiRhuluneli kunye namalungu zingqinwa iNdlu Yeengwevu.

umlenze yesibini

Xa isifundo lwesakhiwo kawonke-yolawulo ubukhosi kwesiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-18, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kumbuzo yintoni injongo Peter 1 uye kubuyiselo yengingqi, ekubeni isifundo lo mba kwenza kube lula ukuqonda iimpawu ukuguqula nkqubo yokumkani, yaye uye wadala inkqubo yolawulo entsha. Sele ekhankanywe ukuba kuhlaziyo ekuqaleni kuba ukukhonza iimfuno emkhosini, kodwa xa iphulo waqala ke ukumana esiya esiphelweni, umlawuli kwaphucula inkqubo wadala.

Ukuze ufumane inani nemimiselo yakhe iminyaka 1718-1719 iphondo yahlulwe amaphondo kunye namaphondo - kwii-ofisi zezithili. Thina yayimi kwintloko woomantyi wephondo, ezibe enyanisweni oluzimeleyo irhuluneli, ukongeza kwimisebenzi zomkhosi (zokhuseleko, ulawulo phezu ukugaya), kwafuneka ukuba ukhathalelo kunye neemfuno zabantu: ukuphucula urhwebo, ukukhuthaza ukumiselwa kunye nophuhliso silwenza. Ngoko ke, i zommandla yotshintsho of Peter 1 oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yolawulo lizwe.