Imbali kummandla Rostov ukusuka zokuhlala zamandulo maxesha ethu. History of the Don Cossacks

Lo mmandla apho namhlanje kwiidolophu nakwiilali kummandla Rostov kumaxesha amandulo wazala amagama ahlukeneyo. AmaGrike walibiza amaSkitiya, amaRoma Stsitiey kunye Dnipro Rus - i Khazars. Encwadini yeembali umhla ngenkulungwane XIV-XV, nto ibizwa ngokuba Wild Field. Kwaba kuphela ngexesha Ivana Groznogo ezisetyenziswa ibonakala esekhona igama zembali ebonisa ubunini Don Cossacks ─.

abemi okuqala kunxweme Don

Ethetha ingxaki elikhulu enjalo, njengoko imbali kummandla Rostov, kuyimfuneko ukuqala ukusuka zokuhlala Stone Age, imizila apho zifumaneka iintlobo zonke ecaleni Don. Ubudala ezifunyanisiweyo ngaphambili, izazinzulu ubale iminyaka kwezigidi ezi-2. Yaba ngeli xesha, ngokutsho kwabo, abantu bokuqala amandulo phezu kweendonga omlambo.

zakudala Found ukubayinxalenye ixesha laxa ─ ekuthiwa-Acheulian inkcubeko iye yazuza ukwamkeleka malunga 100-150 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ubonisa ukuba abemi kulo mmandla abaphila ngulo ukuzingela, ukuloba kunye indibano.

Paleolithic amaxesha abazingeli

Imbali kummandla Rostov ngexesha kuMbindi Paleolithic (40-50 amawaka. BC. E.), nangona iphawulwa izixhobo ebalulekileyo yophuculo, kodwa ikwabonisa ukuba mthombo uphambili impilo Iwabemi ngelo xesha wahlala ukuzingela. Izinto ezembiwayo zibonisa ukuba nezokukhupha abantu nobu- baba inyathi, ixhama omkhulu, namahashe, amabhere kwaye nkqu iingonyama, vodivshiesya ngoko kweenxweme Don.

Ngaloo maxesha amandulo, abemi bommandla Don baba ungenzi yalungisa amaqela zesizwe, leyo lula kakhulu inkqubo kuzingela. Mbuya, baba kakhulu kamva, kuphela 16-18 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngenxa utshintsho phantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezakhokelela ekurhoxisweni ezininzi izilwanyana ezikhulu ukuya emntla. Kweli thuba, kwaye yokuqala umlingo wafumana imifanekiso kwezilwanyana nabantu, ebonisa imvelaphi iintlobo zokuqala unqulo kwakudala.

A Ixesha entsha iqala

Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba i-AD lokuqala leminyaka ukuba yintoni na ngoku ummandla Rostov izixeko ezibini ─ Tanais kunye lesilicon, ukuba yakhiwe loo amathanga zamaGrike. Ukongeza, kwangaxesha nye lomhlaba olukhulu ecaleni lomlambo Don babephuma uBukumkani yamandulo Bosporus, abemi apho ngakumbi kule AD I ngenkulungwane, waba ingcinga ubuKristu lombutho lithunyelwe kungqameko abalandeli amaRoma imfundiso yeVangeli. Beza izaphuli-mthetho karhulumente, kodwa oku akuzange kumthintele ukuba akhokele umsebenzi wokushumayela umsebenzi wobuvangeli phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni.

Xa ixesha intsimi ezikufutshane ukuya Don, umiwe amaSkitiya, Cimmerians, Alans, Sauromats kunye nenani kwezinye iintlanga. Bonke bashiya ezidibene phambi kwabo, maxa wambi ukubonisa inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu inkcubeko kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi koxinzelelo kwezizwe ezininzi amadlelo, ukuhamba ekuqaleni ixesha lethu, ukusuka eMpuma ukuya eNtshona, kwisixeko samandulo yawa; yaye udini kanye liyachuma kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela yajika yaba yintlango.

Ukususela ekufikeni zezizwe yaseAvar phambi ayehlasela Turkish

Imbali kummandla Rostov kwexesha kumaXesha Aphakathi iqala kwinkulungwane IV, emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela zomhlaba asihlali ibimiwe kuqala Avars, yaye kamva Khazars, wazidiba ukuba ukwakha inqaba Sarkel. Kwaye ke, kulo lonke ibhanki ngamaXesha Phakathi Don yaba kwindawo amadabi rhoqo phakathi izizwe amadlelo, ukuba umngeni omnye eli lizwe basikelelwe. I Khazars khutshelwa ngaphandle ngoo- amajoni Russian, kwaye akaphumelela ukugcina intsimi woyisa, yaye yanika kubo Pechenegs, kunye nabo, bona, beyiqhuba Cumans.

Kwakungekho de kwinkulungwane XIII, lide ilizwe asiyiyo Don waba phantsi kolawulo Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, engomelele intsholongwane owomeleleyo bazilindele Tamerlane, oyise inxalenye yayo ntshona. Ngaphezu kwekhulu njenge ngenxa buthathaka esibi Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, inxalenye ebalulekileyo aselunxwemeni lolwandle Azov, ummandla Rostov kunye noLwandle kumantla Black wathimba Ottoman. Eyakhiwe AmaTatar town Azak ukuba uqambe Azov waza wajika inqaba kungenakugqithwa, umlo apho lwahlala iinkulungwane eziliqela.

Ukuqulunqwa kwe Don Cossacks

Kwinkulungwane XV ukuthintela inkqubela ngakumbi Turks nzulu urhulumente Russian, phezu pitch lasendle, wamisa inqaba kunye nomda Zaseki. Kwaza kwabonakala zokuhlala yokuqala yabantu ezamahala owayebaleke yeetawuli ngabasemagunyeni. Oku nabo iqala ibali Don Cossacks. A indima enkulu kulo eyadlalwa tycoon Orthodox Polish wazalwa-nguDmitry Ivanovich Vishnevitsky, yona yayakhelayo ukuba imali inani weenqaba, enye yazo ─ Cherkassk - saba likomkhulu i-Don Cossacks.

Kwinkulungwane kamva, kwi-Don, kukho kwiidolophu ezincinane ezintathu eyakhiwe yi-Cossacks waza wafumana iwonga kwamaziko yolawulo ─ Manych, Mityakina kunye ingxabano. Ekubeni la mazwe nabasemagunyeni abathetheli eMoscow aluzange, ukusuka kumaqela saa Cossack kumela kwi abakhululekileyo nabangamakhoboka kuqala ngokuzenzekelayo kwaphakama, kungekudala kwasekwa umbutho wezopolitiko-mkhosi, ebizwa ngokuba Don Cossacks.

Yayakhelwe phezu siseko wedemokhrasi lokwenene kunye nengqeqesho engqongqo. akhethwa Zonke izithuba, kwaye umyalelo Ataman waba umthetho kubo bonke. Igunya elongamileyo yi isangqa ─ Ludityanisiwe Arms ibhunga idibana rhoqo Cherkassk ─ ikomkhulu Cossack karhulumente.

iingxabano Cossacks norhulumente Russian

Going under intonga Moscow tsars Cossacks, ebonisa ivalekile udidi emkhosini, babenenkululeko enkulu kakhulu kunabanye eRashiya. Baba bakhululwe ekuhlawuleni irhafu, mahala kuzo zonke iintlobo izibophelelo kunye, okuchasene nemimiselo kaPetros mna, wamkela ilungelo ukunxiba ngendlela endala.

Xa ngenkulungwane XVII-XVIII, kanye land ezamahala waqala ukuphelelwa ukuzimela kwaye babe yinxalenye ubukhosi Russian, umkhosi Don Cossack iye baphulukana amalungelo zalo, yaye ngokufuthi abangquzulana norhulumente. Ugqaliselo kakhulu iphawulekayo lo mzabalazo yaba Cossacks inxaxheba kwiqela Sasungulwa neziphithiphithi neemfazwe elithe qwele phantsi kobunkokheli Stepana Razina, Emelyan Pugachev kunye Kondrat Bulavin.

Imbonakalo kwamaziko amabini eziyintloko Don Cossacks

Enoba ezichaswayo phantsi Cossacks, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha baye yafakwa semkhosini yoBukhosi baseRashiya kumalungelo eentloko ezaxhobela engagunyaziswanga waza wathabatha inxaxheba zonke iimfazwe ezilandelayo. Ngowe-1749 lo umyalelo we uKumkanikazi uCatherine II phezu kodonga lasekunene Don, kufutshane intlanganisela imilambo oko Temernik, yakhiwa amasiko inqaba, yaye kamva - njengenqaba, ogama lakhe behlonipha St. Dimitriya Rostovskogo. Wazala edolophini, wabumba namadlelo ezingqonge uze ufumane igama Rostov-on-Don.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elandelayo, ikomkhulu Don Cossack Army wafudukela entsha, ibisekelwe kulinyathelo Ataman Matvei Platov isixeko ─ Novocherkassk. manani uveze kakhulu ngaloo minyaka, ebonisa ukwanda okukhawulezayo engaqhelekanga kukufunda labemi. Ngokutsho iingxelo, xa Ekuveleni XVIII kunye kwinkulungwane XIX i Cossacks akazange ngaphezulu amawaka 225. Abantu, lo gama sisiqingatha senkulungwane kuye ndanda ngaphezu kwabo entlu waza wafikelela amawaka 775.

Ubomi kummandla Don ngenkulungwane XIX

Ngenkulungwane XIX, iziko eliyintloko yomkhosi kunye nolawulo Don Cossacks Novocherkassk yaba, ngoxa isixeko yesibini Rostov-on-Don ifumene iimpawu kweziko enkulu zorhwebo nezoshishino. Ngu uNicholas I ka-1835, wonke ummandla mmandla yahlulwe yaba izithili ezisi-7: 1 Don, Don 2 nd, Cherkasy, Miusskaya, seDonetsk, Hoporsky kunye Ust-Medvedetsky. NgoJanuwari 1870 elenziwa umthetho yoRhulumente weNdlu yeeNgwevu, ngokusekelwe leyo, weza ukusetyenziswa igama elitsha ─ elunxwemeni Don Umamkeli, alondolozwe de-1918.

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX ngenxa kukunyuka okukhwankqisayo kwamaxabiso edizili labemi, leyo kwabhalwa ngentla, yaqala ukuvela uhlobo olutsha lwe yokuhlala ─ ifama, equka enye, ubuncinane ikwiimitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kwifama ihlukane. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane inani wabo wafika units 1820. Izityalo eziphambili belali abadala kunye nabahlali Cossack iilali ─ zokuhlala, nto leyo yaquka inani elikhulu lamakhaya - ingqolowa ukuze zixhase lo kurhwebo lwasemakhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

I-Civil War kunye neminyaka elandelayo

History of the Don Cossacks kwinkulungwane XX lizele iziganeko ezimangalisayo ngokwenene. Kungekudala emva kokuba Oktobha Revolution phezu kweendonga koogunyaziwe Don bababamba kwiBolsheviks wavakalisa ukusungulwa Don Soviet republic. Noko ke, sagcina esingaphantsi konyaka emva kokuwa yayo ngoSeptemba 1918 wanika indlela urhulumente omtsha ozimeleyo ─ Enkulu Don Army, kwakheka kwi isiseko ngesigqibo Wezomkhosi wesangqa.

War Civil kwi Don waba umlinganiswa ina ngamandla kwaye egazi, njengoko lo mmandla waba ngomnye Kumaziko mbutho White, yaye apha, ngeendlela ezininzi, bayahlelwa weRashiya kwixesha elizayo. Emva kokoyiswa abelungu, kunye nokusekwa igunya Soviet, Omkhulu Don Army yaphela, yaye elunxwemeni labizwa kummandla Don, yaba liziko apho kwisixeko Rostov-on-Don.

Ngeli xesha, i Cossacks wabetha eninzi maxangu. Abaninzi kubo baba ngamaxhoba zocindezelo olwenziwe abasemagunyeni lorhulumente omtsha. Abo ke baba nethuba lokusinda kwi iphulo wazigqogqa kunye Decossackization bonke emke endleleni yabo ukusoloko ebomini, yaye bagwetyelwe ukuya ubukho ndini.

Kwaliwa ngokuba "ISango Caucasus"

izinto ezininzi umdla iqulethe imbali yommandla Rostov IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba, ukwenza isicwangciso yakhe edume "Barbarossa", uHitler wahlawula ingqalelo eyodwa imisebenzi kwezomkhosi kwimimandla ekumzantsi eSoviet Union.

A indima ebalulekileyo wanikwa kuye kunye kuthinjwe Rostov-on-Don, ekubeni luhlobo oya eCaucasus. Intloko Wesithathu oko eqinisekile impumelelo yokusebenza acwangcisiweyo, le nto ngaphambi kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe wayalela ukuba zetyeleba imbasa yobhedu "Kuba Capture ka Rostov." It waphoswa kumacandelo 13, ekwakukho phakathi kwabo kukho umkhosi Italian ukwenza umyalelo uMlawuli kaThixo.

Kweli xesha ukususela ngo-Oktobha 1941 ukuya ku-Agasti 1943 Rostov-on-Don kunye indawo yonke olingqongileyo waba imeko yokulwa ikrakra. Kuba isibindi ephilwe eboniswe ngexesha lomsebenzi zomkhosi ngaloo minyaka, 11 iiyunithi Soviet emkhosini waza wafumana itayitile "Don". Ezi yunithi elihamba, zokudubula, nezikrweqe kunye nomoya ifakiwe.

Imizamo ukuvuselela Cossacks

Kwiminyaka elandelayo ekuweni waseUSSR, oko yakhethwa inkqubo ukuvuselela Don Cossacks, ngoko ke kwabonakala inani lemibutho elibhengeziweyo loluntu Injongo yomsebenzi isisombululo yalo kule ngxaki. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mathandabuzo okuba abanye babo basebenzisa ngeesimboli Cossack bodwa evela zoludwe lenene, oonobangela asekhona kufuneka siqonde mbali.

Ubume obukhoyo kummandla Rostov kunye neenkokheli zayo

Okwangoku, ngokutsho umthetho kwicandelo lolawulo-lwengingqi kummandla Rostov, kuba iqulathe izithili 12 ezisezidolophini kunye noomasipala bezithili 43. Ukongeza, endaweni yayo kukho-18 zokuhlala ezidolophini kunye 380 yasemaphandleni. Ngokwakhe emzini Rostov-on-Don ibandakanya iinkalo 8: eSoviet, Pervomaisky, uLenin, Train, uyazazi ukuba, Oktobha, Voroshilov kunye laseKirov.

Kanye ngo-1991 kwi-Russian Federation yaziswa lulawulo lerhuluneli, irhuluneli wokuqala kummandla Rostov waba wezopolitiko elidumileyo eSoviet nasemva Soviet ixesha neKubhi Vladimir Fedorovich. Emlindweni wakhe wahlala kude kube ngoJuni ka-2010. Ekugqityweni ixesha yakhe ofisi esi sithuba wathabatha Golubev Vasiliy Yurevich, ngubani na iRhuluneli yommandla Rostov ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.