Krymskaya operation qhinga ekhubekisayo. Krymskaya operation (1944): amandla kunye nokwakheka amacala

Usingasiqithi of eCrimea ngawo onke amaxesha ngenxa yokuqala yoBukhosi baseRashiya yaye kamva USSR liziko qhinga kuLwandle Black. Operation eCrimea yayibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa phambili Red Army, yaye kwangaxeshanye, uHitler wayesazi ukuba xa ukunika Peninsula, zingabuthisi zonke Sea Black. izimpi wathatha indawo ngaphezu kwenyanga kunye neziphumo ngokoyiswa lwamaNazi abavikeli.

ngaphambi kokuba enziwe utyando

Ukususela ekupheleni kuka-1942 - ekuqaleni kuka-1943, ngexesha Second World War kwakukho utshintsho olukhulu; ukuba Red Army lihambe liye kuthi ga ngoku, waya phezu avanyisa. I-Battle of Stalingrad ube usewonke nentlekele lonke Wehrmacht. Ngehlobo lowe-1943 kwakukho idabi lo Kursk Velile Lolwana, ebizwa kwimbali edabini kwitanki inkulu apho imikhosi eSoviet ngobuchule elifanele awazange nabo intshukumo pincer, emva koko Wesithathu yayisele nakanjani. Iinjengele ingxelo uHitler ukuba ukuqhubeka amanyathelo zomkhosi iba ingamampunge. Noko ke, wayalela ukuba eme ubambe isikhundla de kutshanje.

operation iCrimea yaba nokuqhubekeka mpumelelo obuzukileyo, Red Army. Emva Nizhnedneprovsk nokuhlasela umkhosi waseJamani 17 sabanjwa usingasiqithi iCrimea, ngaphandle kokuba ithuba ngokumpontshwa kunye unyanzeliso. Ukongeza, umkhosi Soviet likwazile ukuthatha wazazi obutofotofo kwingingqi Kerch. umyalelo Higher German kwakhona bayakhunjuzwa malunga nokuphela le meko ngaphambili. Ngokumalunga Crimea, ingakumbi iinjengele bathi ngaphandle ithuba ukusekelwa ilizwe bahlala khona ukufa ethile resistance ngakumbi. Hitler akazange acinge ngoko - wayalelwa ukugcina ukuziphendulela le ngongoma ebalulekileyo enobuqhinga. Wachaza oku ngokuthi xa kuthe eCrimea, Romania kunye Bulgaria uza kuyeka ally eJamani. Umyalelo ubunikwe, kodwa yintoni sengqondo wamajoni eziqhelekileyo olu lwalathiso kwaye ngokubanzi emfazweni, xa baqalisa Campaign iCrimea?

nkolelo Impi ivame uthethe kuphela malunga intsalela imikhosi emacaleni ephikisanayo kunye nezicwangciso zabo, nto leyo ebonisa ekuqaleni edabini idabi xa iyonke, nje ngokubala inani izixhobo zomkhosi kunye nobukhulu mlilo.

Ngelo xesha, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukuba izigqibo, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulweni umoya. Kwaye yintoni kunye naye macala omabini?

Isimo salo Red Army

Ukuba ekuqaleni imfazwe umoya amajoni Soviet kangako ngokufanelekileyo, ngexesha kwimisebenzi yalo, ingakumbi emva kokuba Stalingrad, uye wakhula kakhulu. Ke kaloku Red Army kumlo uloyiso. Ukongeza koku, amajoni ethu, ngokungafaniyo kwiinyanga zokuqala yemfazwe, ziye lukhuni mu lupwa umyalelo fumene onamava. Konke oku kunye usinike inzuzo epheleleyo abahlala.

Isimo yomkhosi German-isiRomania

Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II umatshini German zomkhosi akwaziwa ukuba soyiswa. Ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini eJamani likwazile ukufaka phantse lonke elaseYurophu, wafika kwimida USSR. Isimo salo amasoldati Wehrmacht waba ephakamileyo. Bona ingqalelo ngokwabo gidi. Kwaye uya edabini elilandelayo, sele sasazi kwangaphambili ukuba iya kuba nempumelelo.

Noko ke, ngasekupheleni 1941, amaNazi wadibana uxhathiso imasikizi kweli dabi for eMoscow. Ngexesha kontroperatsii Red Army babaphosa kuwo umzi ukuya kumgama km kwama-200. Yaba ngesibetho zabo ukuzithemba kunye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, isimo sabo.

Oku kwalandelwa Stalingrad, Kurskaia impi yama kwafa iLeningrad waqalisa ukusebenza iCrimea zobuchule ekhubekisayo. Wesithathu waye layohlala kuwo onke amanqanaba. Ngaphandle nje kokuba amajoni aseJamani boyiswa enye kwenye, ukuba nje udiniwe imfazwe. sasiza sibaphathe njani zinto, kodwa abantu nabo, baba usapho, owasithandayo kwaye babefuna ukubuyela ekhaya. Kubo, iyafuneka akusekho kule mfazwe. Salo kwaba zero.

Forces zamaqela. USSR

operation iCrimea iye yaba yenye nje enkulu kwiMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. I-Red Army ubemelwe ngu:

• phambi 4th Ukrainian, awaniwiselayo F. I. Tolbuhin. Kwakugcwele 51 Army phantsi Ya G. Kreyzera.; 2 Guards Army phantsi kwe G. F. Zaharova; 8th Air Army, owawukhokelwa T. T. Hryukina 19 Panzer lweSizwe, ekuqaleni wayephantsi I. umyalelo D. Vasileva, lowo indawo kamva IA kiss.
• Independent Coastal Army, bawathobele Jikelele AI Eremenko, kodwa umyalelo we 15.04.1944 yafakwa kwi K. S. Melnika, ngubani Lieutenant-jikelele yomkhosi.
• Black Sea Fleet, owawukhokelwa Admiral FS Oktyabrsky
• 361-m radiodivizionom ngamnye Sevastopol.
• Azov wayenothotho, ikhokelwa ngu yangasemva Admiral Gorshkovym S. G.

Forces zamaqela. Germany, Romania

Defense wathimba usingasiqithi wakhonza njengoko umkhosi 17 Wehrmacht. NgoMeyi 1, 1944 kwathiwa wabelwa umyalelo General Corps uKarl Allmendinger. I Army wayebunjwa 7 ngesiRomania no-5 amaqela German. Ikomkhulu ephambili ise kwisixeko Simferopol.

ukusebenza iCrimea phezu inxalenye Wehrmacht entwasahlobo ka-1944 waye ezikumila ukuzithethelela. qhinga imimandla Uyalwa le Wehrmacht lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ziinxalenye 4:

1. North. I Sukwenza umyalelo le mibutho yayimi thu, kwakukho kanzulu kunye noovimba. Kukho ukubunjwa ezimbini zigxile:

• 49th Intaba Corps: 50, 111, th 336 zamabutho Division, i 279th Brigade kwezixhobo ukubetha;
• 3rd Isi-Romanian kwamabutho lamajoni equka 9 owamahashe, 10 kunye amaqela elihamba 19.

2. West. lonke unxweme ukusuka Sevastopol ukuya Perekopa agade regiments ezimbini-9 Division isiRomania-Calvary.

3. East. Iziganeko ezenzeka kwi Kerch Peninsula. Apha waziphendulela:

• 5th Corps (73th neyantlukwano nomkhosi 98th, izicima 191 imipu ukulinyazwa);
• 6 Calvary ne Mountain 3 elihamba Division isiRomania.

4. South. Lonke unxweme olusemazantsi ukusuka Sevastopol ukuya Feodosiya isimo kwaye zikhuselwe 1st isiRomania Mountain lweSizwe.

Ngenxa yoko, imikhosi zaye buzinze ndlela ilandelayo: indlela esemantla - zahlukahlukano 5, Kerch - iimbambaniso-4, kumzantsi kunxweme olusentshona eCrimea - amaqela 3.

operation iCrimea yaphehlelelwa ngqo kwi ezinjalo iikhompawundi ilungiselelo ukulwa.

Ibhalansi ye amabutho abalwayo

amandla	USSR	Germany, Romania
abantu	462400	195000
Zokudubula kunye mortars	5982	malunga 3600
Amatanki nemipu esingazihambeliyo	559	215
Yemfazwe	1250	148

Ukongeza, i-Red Army waba 322 Izinto zokusebenza ze-Navy. La manani zibonisa noludumileyo ebalulekileyo ngamanani Soviet Army. Lo myalelo Wehrmacht ingxelo uHitler ukuze ifumane imvume kumka zihleli imikhosi ukuqapha.

izicwangciso zamaqela

The Amaqumrhu Ndabona eCrimea, kwaye ikakhulu Sevastopol, isiseko ephambili Black Sea Fleet. Ngenxa ifunyenwe le into ukusetyenziswa kwayo eSoviet Navy inokuba lula ngakumbi nangakumbi ngempumelelo ukwenza isenzo elwandle, nto leyo efunekayo ukuze ukuhambela phambili amabutho.

Germany kwakhona wazi kakuhle eCrimea ukuya kwibhalansi iyonke ngamandla. UHitler wayesazi ukuba lo msebenzi iCrimea ekhubekisayo zeqhinga kungakhokelela ekulahlekeni le bridgehead ebalulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokufuthi uAdolf ingxelo ukungakwazi ukunqanda oluBomvu Army kule ndawo. Kungenzeka, yena sele wayesazi nokuphela le meko, kodwa akukho zaphelelwa nezinye iingqwalasela. UHitler wanika ukuze akhusele usingasiqithi ukuya umntu wokugqibela, xa kunjalo, musa ukuba USSR. Wayekholelwa amandla eCrimea olunceda namahlakani ezifana eRomania, Bulgaria kunye Turkey basondele eJamani, kunye nokulahlekelwa nto, uya ngokuzenzekelayo kungakhokelela ekulahlekeni kwenkxaso namahlakani.

Ngoko ke, lo eCrimea yayibaluleke kakhulu nomkhosi. Kuba eJamani, ukuba kubalulekile.

Qala iCrimea ekhubekisayo

qhinga Red Army kwaba nempembelelo ngaxeshanye ezinkulu kunye emantla (ukusuka Syvash kunye Perekopa) kunye empuma (Kerch) ilandelwe ezikhuthaza Amaziko qhinga - Simferopol kunye Sebastopol. Emva koko, utshaba yahlulwe ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo, ukuba nditshabalalise, ukuba ukuthintela amathuba ngobungxamo eRomania.

NgoAprili 3, nomkhosi, esebenzisa zokudubula yakhe ayinzima, batshabalalisa iinqaba yotshaba. 7 Epreli, ngokuhlwa, kwesimo, eyaqinisekisa indawo imikhosi utshaba sele yenziwe. April waqala 8 operation iCrimea. kweentsuku ezimbini amajoni Soviet aba yokulwa ngumsindo. Ngenxa yeendlela zokuzikhusela kotshaba zaye oqhekezwayo. 11 April 19 Panzer lweSizwe waphumelela lilinge lokuqala ukuba bambambe eDzhankoy kwi - enye kwekomkhulu imikhosi yotshaba. indawo bokwakha esoyika isiJamani kunye isiRomania aqala ukwehla ukusuka emantla nasempuma (Kerch) ukuya Simferopol kunye Sebastopol.

Ngaloo mini nomkhosi bababamba Kerch, ngoko kuzo zonke iinkalo intshutshiso kotshaba hlelo kunye mboni. amajoni Wehrmacht waqala ukuphuma elwandle, kodwa ke imikhosi Black Sea Fleet wahlasela iimpahla evacuees, nto leyo a imikhosi ngokungenalusini karhulumente encedisayo abalahlekelwe abantu 8.100.

April 13 bakhululwa umzi Simferopol, Feodosia, Saki, Yevpatoria. Ngosuku olulandelayo - Sudak, usuku emva koko - Alushta. ukusebenza iCrimea kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II yafikelela esiphelweni. Lo mbandela kuphela Sevastopol.

igalelo luqalile

A isihloko eyahlukileyo incoko umnqolobi kunye nemisebenzi efihlakeleyo ye iCrimea. ukusebenza iCrimea, ngamafutshane, waye umanyano yomkhosi kunye luqalile ekuphumezeni injongo efanayo. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi, kwakukho abangama abantu malunga 4,000. Iinjongo zomsebenzi wabo ukutshatyalaliswa ngasemva, loku-, unxibelelwano ezivulekileyo utshaba kunye nemizila kaloliwe, amathumba enziwe kwi kwiindlela entabeni. Le luqalile kwavuka esebenza Yalta port, leyo zingabi lula kakhulu ngobungxamo wamajoni isiJamani kunye isiRomania. Ngaphandle uchitha Injongo kwimisebenzi luqalile zaye nokuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa ushishino, iinkampani zothutho kunye noomasipala.

Nanku omnye umzekelo yomsebenzi yabanqolobi esebenzayo. NgoAprili 11, ngexesha kokurhoxa 17 Army of the Wehrmacht e Sevastopol, ukuba luqalile babamba kwidolophu Stary Krym, kangangokuba usike indlela baleka.

Kurt Tippelskirch - Jikelele Wehrmacht - kwimihla yokugqibela amadabi ezichazwe kule ndlela ilandelayo: ukuba luqalile ngexesha lokusebenza ziye ibiba rhoqo amajoni Soviet nokubanceda.

Sevastopol Sturm

Ngo-Aprili 15, 1944, amajoni eSoviet ifikelele isiseko engundoqo - Sevastopol. Sele eqalisiwe amalungiselelo oku ngenxa yokuhlaselwa. Ngexesha lo msebenzi yagqitywa Odessa, eyayibanjelwe njengenxalenye Dnieper-zeCarpath. Odessa (kunye iCrimea) ukusebenza, ngexesha apho unxweme kumantla yaye kumntla-ntshona we-Sea Black ukhululwe, wenza igalelo elibonakalayo Ukoyisa.

Zokuqala iinzame ezimbini wasithimba isixeko 19 23 baba aluphumelelanga. Yaqala nokuhlelwa ngokutsha imikhosi, kwakunye nokubonelelwa amalungiselelo, amafutha kunye emthethweni.

NgoMeyi 7, at 10:30, ngenkxaso umoya ezinkulu, langena kwisithili enqatyisiweyo ka Sevastopol. NgoMeyi 9, i-Red Army ivela empumalanga, emntla-mpuma wangena esixekweni. Sevastopol ukhululwe! Imikhosi eseleyo kwi Wehrmacht waqalisa siphumele, kodwa Cape Chersonese baqweqwediswa 19 Panzer lweSizwe, apho wathabatha idabi lokugqibela, nto leyo ekhokelele umkhosi we-17 olwaludiliziwe ngokupheleleyo, kunye namajoni-21 000 (kuquka amagosa) zathathwa njengamabanjwa ndawonye izixhobo siyinxenye kunye nezinye izixhobo.

iziphumo

yatshatyalaliswa kwamnika yokugqibela Wehrmacht kwi Ekunene-Bank Ukraine, ibekwe eCrimea, xa ubuso 17 Army. Awonakalise ezilahlekileyo yaba ngaphezu kwama-100,000 German kunye isiRomania amajoni. Le lahleko jikelele yaba amajoni 140 amawaka namagosa Wehrmacht.

Kuba Red Army wanyamalala isisongelo kwicala esemazantsi ngaphambili. Kubekho ibenembuyekezo Sevastopol - isiseko ephambili Black Sea Fleet.

Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo - kukuba eSoviet Union emva kotyando iCrimea elawula elisengqayini Sea Black. Le nto kakhulu, izanyazanyiswa up amandla izithuba German e eBulgaria, Romania ne Turkey.

Intlungu kakhulu anomngcipheko kwimbali yesizwe sethu kwinkulungwane XX - kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. ukusebenza iCrimea, kwakunye bonke abanye, yaba neziphumo ezihle kwi isiqalo kunye nezicwangciso, kodwa ngenxa yezi ukungqubana kwemihla sibulele amakhulu amawaka kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwizigidi zabemi bethu. ICrimea ekhubekisayo waba nenjongo yeqhinga ebalulekileyo ebekwe yi umyalelo yiSoviet. Germany wathabatha ngo 1941-1942. iintsuku 250 elaneleyo lokufakwa Sevastopol. amabutho Soviet babengenayo iintsuku 35 ukukhulula yonke usingasiqithi iCrimea, 5 kubo kwakufuneka ahlasele Sebastopol. Ngenxa ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo wadala imimiselo efanelekileyo phambili imikhosi exhobileyo yiSoviet kwiiBalkans.