Yintoni le nkqubo ngo-Greece yamandulo? imigaqo State of Ancient Greece

Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngayo Greece yamandulo. Okunye ngqo, siya kuzama ukufumana impendulo yombuzo ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo ngo-Greece yamandulo.

Ngowe-8-9 BC leminyaka. e. Greece akazange lizwe kuphela, ezifana ithi lwaseMpuma ngexesha ngexesha layo. Greece yaba imigaqo yelizwe.

Polis e Greece yamandulo - uluntu ngabemi, amafama zesininzi abelusi, abahlala kunye kwaye kunye ukukhusela ilizwe labo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo mgaqo-nkqubo iguqulwe kancincane, ethatha phezu iimpawu karhulumente. Saba embindini esemzini onodonga, kunye kwindawo yentengiso - agora, itempile enikelwe uthixo-umxhasi umzi, izindlu ezahlukeneyo kunye like. Niwujikeleze umzi wambeka abalimi nabafuyi. Wonke umhlaba olimekayo, umhlaba kunye nezibonelelo zendalo babegqalwa ipropati yoluntu.

Umnini-mhlaba ukuba ube ngummi kuphela. Bonke abemi babengamalungu wamajoni, wazithwala iingalo ngexesha usongo emkhosini. INdibano yesiZwe ophethwe onke amandla kule nkqubo. Inxaxheba kuyo sinelungelo kuphela kubemi zezo lali. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo nkqubo Mandulo Greece.

Apho kukho iinkampani ezininzi. Zamandla iinkqubo Ancient Greece. Amagama abo - Athene Sparta. waba ngumzi izityebi eKorinte. nkqubo nganye urhulumente yayo, umkhosi kunye novimba, imali lenza.

Athens

Ukuphendula umbuzo malunga nkqubo e Greece yamandulo, ilizwe kuqala kuqwalaselwa - kuba Athens. Kwintsimi polis baseAthene ahlala yonke usingasiqithi zaseAttica e Central Greece. Sami Athens ise embindini zithabazi echumayo,-5 km ukusuka elwandle.

Indawo lwiimi ziveleleyo urhulumente omtsha behlelo yezikhulu yesizwe. Izithuba esikhulu ahlala yi basebukhosini. amandla aphezulu fanele eAreyopago, eyakhiwa abameli yezikhulu wesizwe, kwaye archons - amagosa karhulumente (intloko, umbingeleli omkhulu, umphathi omkhulu, iijaji ezintandathu oluntu).

Ngokuthe ngcembe amalungu abaziintsizana yoluntu wavuleka kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuboleka izityebi. Phezu komhlaba ukubeka ityala samatye kubaboleki. Bakuba ke bengenanto yokuhlawula, ngomdla, umhlaba ezilahlekileyo. Ukuthatha umhlaba zokuqesha wavuma kuphela lwesithandathu sesivuno, kwaye abanye wanika umnini-mhlaba. Skudeli Amafama waba ematyaleni, kamva ajike abe ngamakhoboka.

zokulungisa Solon kaThixo

Ngowe-8-7 BC leminyaka. e. inxalenye ethile demo - abarhwebi, abanini iivenkile kunye nezithuthi, abalimi sisityebi - baba zizityebi. Ngoku bayathanda inxaxheba kulawulo lwe-nkqubo, kodwa evinjwa eli lungelo. Kuyinto abo sisungulwe kwaye bakhokela umzabalazo le demo ngokuchasene basebukhosini.

Xa wayesentlungwini, abemi ubuyeleyo nkqubo Solon baseAthene, phila ipolisi eGrisi yamandulo - oko kukhokelele ekusetyenzisweni iinguqulelo ezininzi. Okokuqala, usuke amatyala abantu baseAthene yaye akuvumelekanga yomsebenzi kwetyala. Land wabuyela onetyala. BaseAthene, abo ngamakhoboka ityala, bakhululwa. Ukususela ngoku, akukho Athene ayikwazanga kuba likhoboka!

Solon yaqalisa ukwahlulwa labemi zibe ziindidi ezine - yeyona atyebileyo, abazizityebi, efumileyo kunye namahlwempu - kuxhomekeke kubukhulu impahla yabo kunye nengeniso. Abemi iindidi ezahlukeneyo waba amalungelo ezahlukeneyo kwaye wenze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kurhulumente.

Conversion owenza Solon Athene uluntu, eAthene ngokutsha endleleni yedemokhrasi.

Unya e Athens

sele kudlule iminyaka engama-20 ukususela ekuqaleni kobukumkani Solon eAtene Iingxaki kwakhona waqala. Isihlobo Solon, Pisistratus alimwi ngo-560 BC. e. Ke bambamba amandla baza kulawula eAtene sedwa, ukunika amandla kwi uxolo polis baseAthene nemvisiswano. Ngoko eAthene oko yasekwa nguzwilakhe.

Umhlaba basebukhosini ababaleka lizwe, isasazwe phakathi abalimi. Kubo, enguzwilakhe wafuna irhafu (isishumi yesivuno) kunokuba alusincedanga zobuncwane.
Peisistratus wazama ukuba negalelo kuphuhliso kwezolimo, imisebenzi yobugcisa, urhwebo kunye imikhumbi. Waqalisa eninzi zokwakha e Athens: yi imiyalelo yakhe kwakhiwa iitempile, iindlela kunye imisele. Isixeko wamema amagcisa adumileyo kunye iimbongi, wabhala "I-Iliad" yaye "Odyssey", apho ngelo xesha yadluliselwa ngomlomo. Enyanisweni, kwaba ebudeni bolawulo Pisistratus aseAtene yajika yaba liziko lenkcubeko Greece. Ukususela ngoko, kuvela kunye namandla ulwandle.

Ukuzaliswa lokusekwa polis Athene

Into yeetawuli yawa nje emva kokufa Pisistratus (njengoko ezihlangwini zakhe walawula ngenkohlakalo), kwaye archon yokuqala wonyulwa Cleisthenes mthetho. yonke indawo karhulumente baseAthene Wababela zibe kwizithili-10, iyileyo ibe kathathu ngokulinganayo - elunxwemeni, emaphandleni nasezidolophini. Ubumi ngoku uzimisele ukuba lilungu sodidi, kwaye wokhetho ethile. Eku sunguleni, eli lizwe yahlulwe generically. Oku Cleisthenes ngokutsha "washixiza" lezakhiwo wabanikela onke amalungelo afanayo. Ngoko ke, impembelelo yezikhulu zezizwe urhulumente liye lathotywa.

Bonke abemi ngoku ngokulinganayo nokuba impahla: noba ngabantu abahluphekayo kungathatha nasiphi na isikhundla eburhulumenteni. Ngenxa yoko, ngamandla eAtene kwakhona ezandleni zabantu.

Sparta

nkqubo onamandla Greece yamandulo ebizwa Sparta. Xa BC 9. e. kwi iPeloponnese, e Laconia, Dorians lasekwa iindawo ezininzi. Emva koko, ke ekugqibeleni yoyiswa izizwe Achaean yasekuhlaleni. Kwi 7 m. BC. e. Dorians impahla yakhe elingummelwane kwiNgingqi Messenia. Ngexesha iimfazwe ezimbini kunye Messinian kwakhiwa imfundo karhulumente, ebizwa ngokuba Sparta (Sparta).

Kweli nqaku ufuna impendulo yombuzo ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo ngo-Greece yamandulo. Ngoko ke, sihlolisise ngobume isixhobo Sparta.

polity

Abemi Sparta yayihlala phantsi kwemithetho, leyo, ngokutsho legend, wazisa esi silumko Lycurgus. A indima ephambili kulawulo lwe Spartan karhulumente wadlala ibhunga abadala. Council yesigqibo abadala liyalingqina ibandla yesizwe. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kulo wathabatha kuphela abemi-empi sele eneminyaka engama-30.

Lycurgus waqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi Sparta babenamalungelo alinganayo, phakathi kwabo kwakukho nokuba ulihlwempu okanye usisityebi. usapho Spartan bangena ilifa ilizwe enye, babengakwazi athengise okanye ukunika, njengoko lonke ilizwe e Sparta yayigqalwa impahla karhulumente.

YiSparta ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela inxaxheba kurhwebo, ezorhwebo, umsebenzi wabo kuphela kwaba imfazwe. Izixhobo kunye yezandla kwenziwa kubo perieki. Kwisiqwenga somhlaba waphathwa helots Spartan. YiSparta ayikwazanga athengise, ukuchitha okanye ukubulala helot - helots usapho, njengoko belilelakhe ilifa lomhlaba kurhulumente.

Gen. yiSparta

Ukuhlalutya umbuzo ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo ngo-Greece yamandulo, kwaye uchaze ngokufutshane ngobomi yiSparta.

YiSparta baba nesibindi, amadoda anesibindi. Babenxiba impahla erhabaxa, wayehlala kumgangatho omnye-izindlu efanayo ngamaplanga. Siye saba uhlobo oluthile iinwele, eguye kunye mustaches. Xa ukwakhiwa lavunyelwa ukuba usebenzise izembe, kwaye kuphela xa kusenziwa iingcango - isarha. Kunye neminyaka eli-16 ubudala kwaye ukusa Spartan sanyanzeleka ukuba bakhonze umkhosi. Kwiminyaka engama-30, waba ingqalelo umntu omdala kwaye unelungelo lokufumana isiqwenga somhlaba nokuba batshate.

Ngoko wahlala yaye yaqulunqa imigaqo State of Ancient Greece.