Kakuhle eli basabela kwemichiza. Umthetho nokulondolozwa kwezinto ubunzima (iikhemikhali)

Chemistry - inzululwazi kwezinto, isixhobo zabo, iimpawu zabo kunye utshintshwano, thina masifumane ngenxa ekudibaneni kwemichiza, apho isiseko esabekwa imithetho chemistry. Zonke chemistry jikelele isekelwe phezu 4 imithetho esisiseko, uninzi lwazo uvule zesayensi Russian. Kodwa kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela le umthetho nokulondolozwa kwezinto abaninzi, nto leyo eyinxalenye imithetho esisiseko of chemistry.

Umthetho ukulondolozwa mass of umba ukuxoxwa ingenkcukacha. Kwinqaku imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa umthetho, umongo walo kunye namacandelo ziza kuchazwa.

Umthetho nokulondolozwa kwezinto ubunzima (iikhemikhali): amagama

Izinto Ubunzima Sangena yokusabela imichiza ilingana ubunzima izinto eziphuma kulo.

Kodwa emva ibali. ngaphezu kwama-20 eyadlulayo Greek sobulumko Demokrit kucingelwa ukuba yonke mba amasuntswana ezingabonakaliyo. веке химик английского происхождения Роберт Бойль выдвинул теорию: вся материя построена из мельчайших частиц вещества. Kwaye kuphela yasekhemesti ngenkulungwane XVII IsiNgesi imvelaphi URobert Boyle ecetywayo le ngcamango: yonke into eyakhiweyo amasuntswana zincinane nto. Boyle kwenziwa amalinge kunye nentsimbi, amalahle ukuba shushu. Azilinganise iimpahla phambi nasemva ubushushu, waza waphawula ukuba ubunzima bande. Ukutshisa iinkuni elabangela isiphumo esahlukileyo - ubunzima iinkuni ngaphantsi nothuthu.

imbali yanamhlanje

Umthetho yolondolozo kwezinto mass (iikhemikhali) nezanikwa Scientist lokumanywa ngo-1748 MV Lomonosov, yaye ngowe-1756 ubungqina eksperimentnym indlela. Isazinzulu Russian kwabangela ubungqina. Ukuba ubushushu etywiniweyo njengezingxobo ubunzima njengezingxobo itoti kunye nokuzifudumeza, uze emva, kuya kuba sobala izinto komthetho yolondolozo ubunzima (imichiza). Amagama Isazinzulu wabonisa Lomonosov, efana kakhulu mihla. Isazinzulu Russian wenze igalelo engenakuphikwa kuphuhliso ingcamango atom-eziphilayo. Wahlanganisa umthetho nokulondolozwa kwezinto ubunzima (iikhemikhali) kumthetho zolondolozo amandla. Le mfundiso yangoku waqinisekisa sigwebo. kweminyaka engamashumi kuphela kamva, ngowe ka1789, ISAZINZULU Lavoisier of France yaqinisekisa imfundiso Lomonosov. Kodwa oko kuphela owaziyo. UMthetho, kwaba kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini (ekuqaleni), emva kweminyaka 10 sophando nzulu waseJamani G. Landolt.

imizekelo ucwaningo

Khawucinge amava angabonisa umthetho nokulondolozwa kwezinto mass (imichiza). imizekelo:

1. Isitya yabekwa phosphorus ebomvu, kufikelela ngokuqinileyo stoppered ndamlinganisela. Ubushushu phezu abile. Ukuqulunqwa umsi omhlophe (phosphorus oxide) athi ukuba kukho yokusabela imichiza. Reweighed kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ubunzima isitya kunye nomongo endibufumeneyo ayikatshintshi. Inxaki bayavuma: 4F + 3O2 = 2R2O3.
2. Thatha neempahla ezimbini Landolt. Kwenye ngononophelo ukwenzela ukuba mix, ugalele wezenzi zikhokelela nitrate kunye potassium iodide. Kwenye inqanawa wabeka potassium Iamoniyam kunye chloride ferric. Ngaba asondelelene. Ipani kufuneka ibe elungeleleneyo. Xuba imixholo kwisikhongozeli ngasinye. Kwenye kwenze etyheli kwasekwa - a iodide lead, Iamoniyam efunyenwe kwenye yentsimbi umbala emnyama obomvu. Xa ukuyilwa kwezinto ezintsha siyaqabela eseleyo.
3. Zazhzhom ikhandlela, wasibeka kwisikhongozeli. Hermetically uvale kwisikhongozeli. Nazi esikalini siyinonophele. Xa umoya isingxobo ekugqibeleni, ikhandlela uyacima, inkqubo reaction imichiza sele kugqityiwe. Nesikali elungeleleneyo, ngoko ubunzima reactants ubunzima efanayo imichiza kwakhiwa.
4. Zoba amava omnye kwaye baqwalasele umzekelo ogqibeleleyo emthethweni nokulondolozwa kwezinto mass (imichiza). Formula calcium chloride - CaCl2, kunye asidi sulfate - H2SO4. Xa indlela kwezi zinto, a kwenze omhlophe - calcium sulfate (CaSO4), kunye zehydrochloric acid (HCl). Kuba nokuhlola, sifuna isikali isitya Landolt. Kakhulu kugalela ngokucophelela zizitya calcium chloride kunye sulphate asidi, ngaphandle okuxuba kubo, ambathe stoppered. Thina Makandilinganise esikalini. Emva koko mix wezenzi, kwaye ngokuqaphela ukuba kwenze omhlophe (calcium sulfate). Oku kubonisa ukuba kukho yokusabela imichiza. Kwakhona isitsha yobuninzi. Weight ihleli okufanayo. Inxaki ukuba indlela abasabela ngayo kungaba ngolu hlobo: CaCl2 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2HCl.

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Eyona njongo iphambili yale abasabela yemichiza ndoyidiliza molecule e izinto ezifanayo yaye kamva zibe molekyuli ezintsha kweziyobisi. Kulo mzekelo, inani athom kwimfuyo nganye nonxibelelwano nasemva kuhlala ingatshintshanga. Xa ukuyilwa kwezinto ezintsha, amandla bakhululwa, naxa bathe bayahlukana emva kukufakwa wayo, iziphumo langoku ezingenamandla, esizibonakalisa ngokohlobo Absorption okanye ukukhululwa ubushushu. Ngexesha chemical abasabela ngayo ukukhula kwala maqalela molecule - wezenzi sahlukana athom ezithi ke ngoko ezifunyenwe yi imveliso basabela kwemichiza. Athom ngokwabo kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Indlela abasabela unokuthatha iinkulungwane, kwaye kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Ekwenziweni imveliso yemichiza kuyimfuneko ukwazi izinga ukwenzeka a esithile imichiza reaction, Absorption okanye ayiyeke eyipasile lobushushu apho uxinzelelo kuyimfuneko, ubungakanani reactants kunye ehlanganisa. Zokuthundeza - into ubunzima encinane, akuthethi inxaxheba indlela kwemichiza kodwa echaphazela ngokubonakalayo isantya yayo.

Indlela ukubhala equation khemikhali

Ukwazi umthetho nokulondolozwa kwezinto mass (iikhemikhali), sinako ukuqonda ukuba ukwenza njani zibalo imichiza.

1. Kufuneka sazi indlela ye reactants Sangena reaction imichiza, kunye neemveliso ifomula afunyenweyo ngenxa yayo.
2. Ekhohlo wezenzi formula ebhaliweyo, phakathi leyo ibekwa i "+" yaye ilungelo - ifomula le mveliso ngenxa kunye umqondiso "+" therebetween. Xa iifomyula ze-reactants kunye imveliso engumphumela umqondiso "=" okanye utolo ebekwe.
3. Inani athom onke amacandelo e-reactants kufuneka lilingane inani iimveliso atom. Ngoko ke, lo okuza zibalwa, ezo uzibeke phambi ifomula.
4. Musa ukususa iifomyula ukusuka kwicala lasekhohlo lenxaki ekunene okanye uzihlele.

Ixabiso yomthetho

Umthetho yolondolozo kwezinto mass (iikhemikhali) kwenze ukuba sikwazi ukuphuhlisa njengesifundo umdla njenge inzululwazi. Fumanisa ukuba kutheni.

• ukubaluleka Great womthetho ukulondolozwa elikhulu imichiza ukuba isiseko kwemichiza yayo ukwenza izibalo ukulungiselela ushishino. Masithi ufuna ukufumana i kg 9 emanzini yobhedu. Siyazi ukuba yobhedu nesalfure asabela lwenzeka kwi Umlinganiselo ubunzima we-2: 1. Ngokwalo mthetho, basabela eekhemikhali ubunzima yobhedu 1 kg 2 kg sulphur ifunyenwe emanzini lobhedu wokuweyisha 3 kg. Njengoko kufuneka ufumane ubunzima emanzini yobhedu 9 kg, okt 3 izihlandlo ezininzi, kunye nezinto zokwenza ngokutsha kufuneka amaxesha 3 ngaphezulu. Leyo 6 kg zekopolo-3 kg nesalfure.
• Ithuba ukwenza umchiza quadratic echanekileyo.

isiphelo

Emva kokufunda eli nqaku kufuneka babe imibuzo malunga kakuhle umthetho imbali ukufunyanwa yayo, apho, ngokuzenzekelayo, inxaxheba yethu compatriot edumileyo, Isazinzulu MV Lomonosov. Yeyiphi uyaphinda uqinisekisa ukuba mkhulu inzululwazi amandla otchestvennoy. Kwakhona waba intsingiselo ecacileyo Ekufunyanisweni kwalo mthetho kunye nentsingiselo yalo. Kwaye abo babengayazi indlela yokubhala quadratic imichiza esikolweni, emva kokufunda inqaku, kufuneka ukufunda okanye ukukhumbula indlela yokuyenza.