Yintoni glacier? Nokugubha ezihambayo. ukuba nendlela abunjwe Apho ezihambayo?

Ngaba uyazi ukuba iplanethi yethu kwi ekhulwini elinanye yommandla layo ligutyungelwe ngumkhenkce? Ewe, ezi zibonakale evela emajukujukwini, iindawo ezimhlophe kuthatha indawo ye ngaphezu kwezigidi ezili-16 ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Ngoko ke, nangona zemvelo alarm oqhubeka ethetha kwamaqondo obushushu, uMhlaba nangoku ubukhulu becala icebound. Bona ziqulathe malunga esithathwini-onke amanzi amatsha - kwaye oku million 25 km metres ngumkhenkce. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba sonke ukuba zanyibilika, amanqanaba elwandle iza kuvuka ngamashumi yemitha, nto leyo iza kukhokelela intshabalalo enkulu nomonakalo zonke izizwe. Kodwa yintoni a glacier? Ngaba slide ikhephu, imanzi ngamanzi, wabiza eli gama akratshayo? Kweli nqaku siza kubona ukuba enzeka njani ezihambayo, bahlala ngayo nalapho kufa. Siqwalasela intsingiselo amagama afana ulwimi, gquma firn. Kwaye sifunda ngendlela umkhenkce zihlelwa ngokungqinelana kubalawuli ezahlukeneyo.

Yintoni glacier: inkcazo

Iintyilalwazi, isichazi-magama kunye neencwadi ngokwahlukileyo ukuchaza kule kota. Kwaye kuyafana akucaci. Hi xikombiso, le nkcazo ilandelayo: ". Umhlaba mass umkhenkce zendalo imvelaphi esesibhakabhakeni, eye intshukumo ozimeleyo, zibangelwa amandla womxhuzulane" Makhe ukuzama ukucacisa ngolwimi efumaneka into glacier. Oku zixinaniswe phantsi ubunzima bayo ngekhephu ethi kule minyaka kwiindawo amaqondo ephantsi (Zapolyarniy yesibanzi ummandla omkhulu-ephakame), kwaye ke ngoko, ukwanda izilayidi volume kwezinye iindawo (entlanjeni, elwandle). Ukuba le ngcaciso kubonakala ungayi kuluva; ngoko rastolkuem lula nathi. Kukho iindawo apho lobushushu usoloko ngaphantsi zero. Umbilo kukho owayo ngohlobo eziqinileyo: ikhephu, iqabaka, iqabaka, amafu ezibandayo. Simane, ke zixinaniswe phantsi ubunzima bayo, kwaye kwasekwa glacier. Yena uqala ukuphila ubomi bakhe, okanye uvule utyhala ngeelwimi kwazo.

Snow, firn, ice

Ezintabeni, ngokufuthi bazisa ukubona indlela phezu kweentili eluhlaza bacaca ukukhanya iincopho ezimhlophe. Kodwa xa ubusika weza yayo kwi efikelela kuyo, loo nto ayithethi ukuba umkhenkce kwakhiwa. ikhephu lokuqala ezifana icing iswekile, top priporoshit, ukukhanya kakhulu anoboya. Ngenxa isakhiwo evulelekile, oko ngokulula lisenziwa shushu ngako. Emva kwemini okanye ehlotyeni (ukuba phezulu kakhulu okanye kufutshane koMhlaba izibonda) ukunyibilika iqhwa anoboya. Emva koko ke iqhwa kwakhona. Kodwa asiyiyo loo fishnet asterisk endala. Iqhwa zibe iibhola isiqina - firn. Le uhlalutye waqokelela kule minyaka. Phantsi yayo firn ubunzima iqala Ivy kwakhona litshintsha isakhiwo sayo. Apha siza ekuqondeni ukuba yintoni glacier. Inkcazo eli gama Ngokuphathelele, inguqu isigaba sokugqibela kwezulu wesithathu esiqinileyo.

ngezigaba

Abantu kudala ndizibuza ukuba yintoni na ezihambayo. Uphando lufumanise ukuba ngamnye kubo ngokwabo yesimo okanye kolwandle iimpawu zayo. Ngoko ke, kukho imfuneko yokuba ukuhlelwa ezihambayo. Ekuqaleni, kwakukho abathile yokungafani ngokulandelana. Kwamanye amazwe, ithathele ingqalelo iimpawu morphological, nezinye iikhrayitheriya zokugweba baba iimpawu kolwandle. Kukho ngoku iNkonzo Tracking World for ezihambayo. Lo mzimba anegunya ngamazwe ichaza ukuba kuthetha ntoni ukuba glacier, kwaye ugqiba ukuba leliphi na iqela khathalogu WGMS elimfaneleyo. Noko ke, yasungula iprojekthi entsha ukuhlelwa izinto zendalo - GLIMS. Kwilizwe lethu isasetyenziswa nangoku khathalogu USSR ezihambayo.

iintlobo komkhenkce

Kuxhomekeka ukuyilwa mmandla, izihlwele yahlulwe yaba lukhuni ikhephu umphezulu (ngeso lenyama), imigodi kunye nonxweme. Uhlobo lokuqala unalo kwindawo enkulu. Ezi ezihambayo akhiwa kufuphi zezibonda. I kunazo isiciko Antarctic. indawo yayo - ngaphezu kwezigidi 13 ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Enyanisweni, lo glacier lugubungela yonke ilizwekazi Antarctica. indawo yesibini kwi Square ithatha kukugubungela Greenland - 2.250.000 ^km2. ezihambayo Intaba ezibizwa ngokuba Alpine. Bona eqalisiweyo kwiindawo altitudinal zonation. Kwenzeka kuphela kwi Alps, kodwa malayas, neCaucasus nkqu e-Afrika (Mount Kilimanjaro). Kodwa ice ezishelfini - yintoni na le nto? Engumkhenkce ukuya emazantsi ezinezinga nzulu ezibandayo. Ngamanye amaxesha iilwimi glacial zingaphoswa emanzini kwaye kukho ndiyinqamle ukwenza kwazo. Bayakwazi ukuthuthwa, ethwelwe umoya nomsinga, kumakhulu ezininzi yeekhilomitha ukusuka kwindawo wokuzalwa. Le yomkhenkce inkulu ehlabathini imi kunxweme olusempuma Antarctica. Oku Lambert Glacier. Ubude bayo 700 leekhilomitha.

Ubume glacier

Iingcali ukuchonga snow mass kwiindawo ezimbini: ubonelelo okanye ulwandiso, kunye ablation. Bona ezahlulwe ngolutya ikhephu ekuthiwa-. Ngaphezu kwayo le mali ye kwezulu eqinileyo idlula isixa ngumphunga nawokunyibilika. Kwaye ngezantsi umgca ikhephu kwalo glacier iqala, nangona kancinci, kodwa bafa. Ngapha koko, ibinzana elithi "ablation" liguqulelwe kwisiLatini njengoko ukudilizwa, eyekile. Unakho ukuchaza indlela ukuba glacier kunye nesakhiwo sayo. Le endle firn - inkalo apho ikhephu uya milo yayo. Aphambuke kuyo kulwimi. Ngokuhambisa phantsi kuloo mmandla amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, bangcungcutheke, ukondla amachibi kunye nemisinga. Kodwa njengokuba ulwimi glacier kufuneka ubunzima elikhulu, ukuba bakwenze ibhokisi emhlabeni, eziqhutywa phambi kuvuleke barhuqe ngamatye. izinto ezinjalo "ibaleka-in 'ebizwa moraines.

Enhla ethutha

Isantya movement Ulwimi kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Kubalulekile sezwe. Umzekelo, kwi-Antarctica tyaba, apho amaqondo aphantsi baguqule ilizwekazi ibe yintsimi omkhulu njengekhephu glacier, lo glacier ikhula kuphela ukuphakama. Umaleko ubukhulu kwezinye iindawo phantse ezintlanu kweekhilomitha! Kwaye apha Alps, ezitshibilizayo iilwimi angamashumi amahlanu eemitha ngonyaka ngamnye. Ekhule lo glacier Columbia kwi Alaska Peninsula. isantya yayo kuyamangalisa ngokwenene - amabini ngosuku! Moving iilwimi ezigodini emkhumbini, ezidaliweyo ngokwabo, ukukrwela ezantsi. Ngamanye amaxesha ezihambayo intsimi firn kuphela: ukuthatha imoto - ukudakumba phezu eqhutywa osemantla entabeni, ubunzima ikhephu linyibilike nje ehlotyeni kwaye "sisinde 'de ebusika sele zixinaniswe.

Yintoni umkhenkce eliguquguqukayo

Ngamanye amaxesha ubunzima ikhephu akuyi ndawo. Iinzululwazi zizibiza ngokuba "ice ofileyo". Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ubunzima ikhephu aqalise iinkqubo ezenzekayo enxulumene kunye nokuhlengahlengiswa imo olutshintshayo. Ubunzima iyonke umkhenkce akatshintshi. Le iimpikiswano zochuku umandlalo iibhloko uphuphu. Oku kubangela periodic (idaleka) utshintsho izinga kwangaphambili kweelwimi. Baqala 'flow' ngokukhawuleza, ebangela umkhenkce etshabalalisayo wahlala. Kukho rhoqo ezithile ijike ezinjalo. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi weza elithi "zomkhenkce eliguquguqukayo." Le rhoqo utshintsho olululo hlobo inokuba nomahluko. Umzekelo, i-abaseAfrika glacier Kolka la malunga kanye kwiminyaka 50 (1902.1969, 2002), kunye Pamirs Bear - shumi nganye (1963, 73, 89).

ibhalansi mass

Olu luphawu ephambili glacier, ukongeza kwindawo yayo, ubude ulwimi nesantya. imali eseleyo mass - yintoni na le nto? Le glacier ikhula engqeleni xa efumana isixa esikhulu imvula eqinileyo nokuncipha ihlobo. Ubunzima ikhephu wajika firn owawa ukusuka kumphezulu odlulileyo Agasti de kube sekupheleni yokubanda, ubusika kuthiwa imali eseleyo. Ngako oko, le ehlotyeni - le yindlela kakhulu zanyibilika umkhenkce lakubalela kuzo de ikhephu lokuqala. Kodwa ke imali eseleyo mass yonyaka - isixa nokwanda ablation.