Januwari 27 - imini zokususwa kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad. Indlela ukuvimba Life iLeningrad

NgoJanuwari 27, umhla zokususwa kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad, yeyona ekhethekileyo kwimbali yelizwe lethu. Namhlanje, ngalo mhla, uSuku Military Glory ngonyaka. Isixeko eLeningrad (ngoku St. Petersburg) lafumana May 1, 1945 isihloko Hero-City. May 8, 1965 ikomkhulu esemantla wawongwa imbasa "Gold Star" kwaye i-Order of Lenin. Imbasa ye Leningrad wafumana abemi izigidi 1,496 balo mzi.

"Leningrad phantsi zokungqinga" - iprojekthi elungiselelwe iziganeko ixesha

Ukukhunjulwa kwezi ziganeko yobuqhawe lizwe iye igcinwe kule mini. January 27 (usuku kwesiqalekiso kuvalwe iindlela iLeningrad) ngo-2014 - lo nyaka-asixhenxe isikhumbuzo lokukhululwa mzi. IKomiti Archive St. Petersburg thaca iprojekthi ebizwa ngokuba "iLeningrad phantsi zokungqinga." portal Internet "Archives of St. Petersburg" wadalwa umboniso virtual yamaxwebhu ezahlukeneyo mpepha emalunga kwimbali isixeko ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni. Yanyatheliswa malunga 300 originals zembali ixesha. La maxwebhu zidweliswe kumacandelo ezilishumi ezahlukileyo, nganye mazihambe ukuphawula ziingcali. Bonke ibonisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ubomi iLeningrad ngexesha ukuqapha.

Reconstruction yemfazwe-zokubamba

Namhlanje akukho lula ukuthelekelela St Petersburg oselula, elikhulu isixeko-museum, bahlala kuyo, uye wagwetywa intshabalalo iyonke yi-amaJamani ngo-1941. Noko ke, akazange anikezele, xa Wayengqongwe iimbambaniso Finnish kunye nesiJamani, yaye unako ukuphumelela, nangona okubonakala oonyana bokufa. Ukuya sizukulwana zabahlali lomzi umbono ngento enkulu-kwanootatomkhulu kunye omkhulu ngaloo minyaka (apho abahlali Abasindileyo wayingqinga iLeningrad ukhunjulwa njengoko ixesha okubi), omnye kwizitrato mihla umzi, Italian kunye Manezhnaya ndawo "wabuyela" ukuya kulo nyaka-70 engama ebusika ka-1941-1944. Le projekthi igama "Street Life".

Kwiindawo zikhankanywe apha ngasentla St. Petersburg ngamaziko ahlukeneyo enkcubeko, kwakunye zemiboniso, leyo nkqu ngaloo minyaka enzima kwelo yaye kuvalwe abazange bayeke imisebenzi yabo. Nazi isemanzini iminqamlezo iifestile yezindlu, njengoko ngelo xesha eLeningrad, yenziwa ukukhusela nxamnye ukuhlasela emoyeni, ngokutsha yenze lweengxowa okwentlabathi ezitratweni, bezisa imipu anti-moya, iilori lomkhosi konke indawo yokuzala ngelo xesha. Ngoko asixhenxe iminyaka kokungqingwa iLeningrad yanikezelwa. Ngokutsho koqikelelo yi amaqokobhe ngexesha iziganeko kwaloo minyaka lachithwa izindlu malunga 3000 kwaye ngaphezu kwama-7000 zaye zonakala kakhulu. Abahlali wawungqinga iLeningrad ukukhusela ngokuchasene iintlobo bechuba iinqaba zakhiwe. Akha komhlaba malunga 4 lamawaka pillboxes, baxhotyiswa ngamanqaku ukudubula ezahlukeneyo malunga nama-22 amawaka ngo-kwizakhiwo kwakhiwa ezitalatweni 35 eekhilomitha imiqobo anti-itanki iindawo.

I abanya iLeningrad: imicimbi emikhulu kunye nezibalo

Eyaqala ngo-1941, Septemba 8, ukuziphendulela sixeko iintsuku 900 yaye yaphela ngo-1944. Januwari 27 - Usuku Ukuphakamisa ukuba kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad. Yonke le minyaka, ekuphela kwendlela apho edolophini ongqingiweyo yawangenisa iimveliso kuyimfuneko, kwakunye kumazwe i walimala kunye nabantwana lwaqhutywa ebusika phezu emkhenkceni of Lake Ladoga. Yaba indlela yobomi wawungqinga iLeningrad. Kuyo siza kukuxelela ngakumbi kweli nqaku.

Yaphula ukuqapha waba kaJanuwari 18, 1943, yaye irhetywe ngokupheleleyo iLeningrad ngomhla wama-27 Januwari. Kwathi de kunyaka olandelayo - ngo-1944. Ngenxa yoko, abahlali kwafuneka alinde ixesha elide phambi kokuba isixeko iLeningrad kwafa wavulwa ngenqindi phantsi. Babulawa ngeli xesha, njengoko uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, ukususela 400 amawaka. 1.5 million abemi. Elinemifanekiso kwi ngezilingo Nuremberg inombolo elandelayo - 632 000 efile. 3% kuphela yabo - ukusuka neziqhushumbisi kunye zokuqhushumbisa. Ezinye abemi bafa yindlala.

qala umcimbi

Namhlanje, ababhali-mbali zomkhosi bakholelwa ukuba akukho mzi ehlabathini kwimbali lemfazwe ukuba usinike ubomi abaninzi kangaka uloyiso, kodwa elo xesha iLeningrad. Ngosuku xa iMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu (1941, Juni 22), kwesi sixeko, yaye kuwo wonke loo mmandla, oko kwabalelwa nangoko phantsi komthetho ngamajoni. LobuFasi Aviation German ngobusuku-22 ngoJuni 23, okokuqala wazama ukuba ahlasele eLeningrad. Lo mzamo yaphela akuphumelelanga. Esi sixeko akazange avunyelwe namnye-moya yotshaba.

Ngosuku olulandelayo, Juni 24, iLeningrad yesithili yomkhosi yaguqulwa yaba phambi wasentla. Kronstadt azigubungela isixeko elwandle. Yaba enye zeenqwelwana, elingeneyo kuLwandle lweBaltic. Xa kuqala amabutho esitha kule ndawo ukususela ngoJulayi 10, waqalisa ukuziphendulela yobuqhawe, nto leyo inokuba neqhayiya kwimbali eLeningrad. September 6 yehlise okuqala edolophini ngamaNazi, emva koko yena ngocwangco phantsi lezomoya. Kwiinyanga nje ezintathu, ukusuka kaSeptemba ukuya kuNovemba 1941, umoya kuhlasela tufwile sabhengezwa izihlandlo-251.

Imibhobho kunye Metronome odumileyo

Nangona kunjalo, kokukhona sivuke phambi komzi-hero nokoyikiswa, kokukhona simanyene abemi iLeningrad aba nxamnye notshaba. Ukuthintela Leningrad lizimisele uqhankqalazo umoya kuye kwafunyanwa ezitalatweni malunga izithethi 1,500 kwiinyanga zokuqala. Abemi zipapashwe kwi kuhlasela air kunomathotholo. The Metronome odumileyo, leyo wehla waya embalini njenge yamagugu nenkcubeko ixesha ukumelana usasazo na ngalo womnatha. isingqisho Quick kwakuthetha ukuba ibhengeze tufwile emkhosini, yaye slow - iyindawo. Michael Melaned, lo umsasazi, bezishumayela alarm. Kwakungekho kwisithili esinye mzi, apho umntu iqokobhe umbandezeli ukubhabha. Ngoko ke, izitalato kunye neendawo zabalwa, ukusuleleka kulapho mkhulu. Apha, abantu siyiposele imiqondiso okanye ipeyinti wabhala ukuba le ndawo eyingozi kakhulu xa bechuba.

City of icebo Adolf Hitler kaThixo yayiza kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo, yaye ndikhusela umkhosi wakhe - wambulala. AmaJamani, ekoneni kwi iinzame eziliqela ukuba atyhudise ukhuseleko eLeningrad, wagqiba ekubeni ukulamba kulo.

I neziqhushumbisi yokuqala kweso sixeko

Wonke umhlali, kuquka abantwana kunye nabantu abadala, baba abavikeli eLeningrad. umkhosi Special kwasekwa Abantu athathwe, apho amawaka abantu basabela kwiiyunithi ngokunomkhethe walwa notshaba kwi imiphambili, inxaxheba ekwakheni imigca ukuzithethelela. Yaqala ngobungxamo abemi balo mzi, kwakunye amaxabiso benkcubeko neemyuziyam ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo industrial kwiinyanga zokuqala zemfazwe. ahlala amabutho esitha isixeko ngoAgasti 20, Chudovo, evalela i kaloliwe kwicala lwe eLeningrad kunye eMoscow.

Ayikwazi, Noko ke, amaqela umkhosi phantsi kwegama "North" ukuba ndimaphule eLeningrad sendleleni, nangona ngaphambili aya kusondela esixekweni. neziqhushumbisi ngendlela yaqala ukususela ngoSeptemba 4. kweentsuku ezine kamva, utshaba babamba kwidolophu Shlisselburg, neziphumo kunxibelelwano komhlaba Big iLeningrad phantsi komhlaba iye yayeka.

Esi siganeko kwaphawula ukuqala singqingiwe njalo ke isixeko. Zahamba kakuhle ukuba ibe ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2.5 zabantu, kuquka abantwana 400,000. Xa isixeko ukuya phezulu kwafa wayengekho izinto eziyimfuneko ukutya. Bathi ngoSeptemba 12 zibalwe kuphela iintsuku 30-35 (isonka), kwiintsuku ezingama-45 (ezepapa) kunye neentsuku ezingama-60 (inyama). Nkqu amalahle eyabekwa kungaba ngokwaneleyo kuphela ngoNovemba, kwaye yesibaso solwelo - nje phambi kokuphela yangoku. imigangatho ukutya eziye zamiselwa kweli kwinkqubo Ukwabiwa, waqalisa ukuhla kancinci.

Indlala nokubanda

Le meko sibi into yokuba ubusika ka-1941 yaba yokuqala eRashiya, yaye eLeningrad - unobungcwangu kakhulu. Ngokufuthi, ithemometha abhek uphawu degrees -32. Amawaka abantu abafa yindlala yaye kubanda. Kwincopho abafayo ixesha ukususela nge-20 Novemba ukuya kwi-25 Disemba 1941 kule ezintsonkothileyo. Ngeli xesha, amajoni umxhesho yesonka ziye zancitshiswa kakhulu - up to 500 grams ngemini. Kuba abo basebenza ezivenkileni ashushu, ukuba kwabalelwa ngenxa grams 375 kuphela, kunye nabanye abasebenzi kunye iinjineli - 250. Kuba nezinye iinxalenye labemi (abantwana, abaxhomekeke kunye nabasebenzi) - 125 kuphela Grammian. Kwakungekho phantse akukho ezinye iimveliso. Bafa yindlala yonke imihla kubantu abangaphezulu kwama-4 amawaka. Eli nani liphezulu ngaphezu amaxesha 100 ukufa pre-imfazwe. Ngabona ngexesha lokusweleka oyindoda phezu ababhinqileyo. I sex wamhle ekupheleni kwemfazwe wenza kwindawo engundoqo yabemi eLeningrad.

Indima of Life Iindlela ukuba woloyiso

Edibene lizwe wenziwe, njengokuba kuthiwe, The Road of Life kungqinga iLeningrad, ecanda Lake Ladoga. Yaba kuphela ngakuhola wendlela ezazikho ngexesha ukususela kuSeptemba 1941 ukuya kuMatshi 1943. Yaba kule ndlela wadlula ngobungxamo izixhobo mveliso kunye yabantu eLeningrad, ukunikezelwa isixeko ukutya, kwakunye njengezixhobo, iimbumbulu, amafutha kunye ukusekelwa. Yonke le ndlela eya iLeningrad kunikelwa ngaphezu kwezigidi 1,615 iitoni imithwalo babalekiswa abantu malunga 1.37 million. Xa iimpahla zasebusika yokuqala ngayo eAmsterdam malunga 360 kweetoni eziliwaka, yaye abemi babalekiswa ukuya 539,4 amawaka. On echibini umgca osezantsi sabekwa ukuze yokubonelela iimveliso oyile.

Ukukhuselwa of Life Roads

Rhoqo ATM yaye bavele Road of imikhosi Life Hitler ukuba kusingcangcazelise umendo kuphela usindiso. Ukuze awukhusele kusehla emoyeni, kwakunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle iindlela kunye amabutho lizwe inxaxheba wokhuselo emoyeni. Xa zezikhumbuzo ezahlukeneyo kunye ezikhumbuzo ngoku immortalized le ubuqhawe labantu wenza kube lula ukuyeka intshukumo kuyo. Intshatsheli aba i "Ring Broken" - sisincoko kwi Lake Ladoga, kwaye band ebizwa ngokuba "Rumbolovskaya Intaba", ibekwe Vsevolozhsk; "Imbali of Life" (ilitye lesikhumbuzo kwilali Kowalewo), nto leyo luzinikele abantwana, ababehlala iLeningrad ngaloo minyaka, kwakunye njengoko kuchaziwe kule lali kunye negama Black River Memorial Complex, apho amajoni babulawa endleleni Ladoga, wabeka waphumla kwi emangcwabeni.

Ukususwa kokungqingwa eLeningrad

I abanya iLeningrad iye yaphulwe okokuqala, njengoko natshoyo, ngowe-1943, ngoJanuwari 18. Oku imikhosi kwenziwe Volkhov naseLeningrad fronts, kunye kwiBaltic Fleet. AmaJamani zaye behambe umva. Operation "Iskra" kwabanjwa le ndlela jikelele imikhosi eSoviet Army, leyo ngokubanzi kuphuhliswa ebusika ka-1942-1943, emva kokuba umkhosi wotshaba embi e Stalingrad. Army "North" wenza nxamnye amajoni Soviet. Januwari 12 yasungula amajoni ekhubekisayo le Volkhov naseLeningrad fronts, yaye bamanyene ngeentsuku ezintandathu. Januwari 18 wakhululwa Shlisselburg kwaye lususiwe lutshaba unxweme ngobuchule ebalulekileyo olusemazantsi Lake Ladoga. Phakathi kwayo kunye ne-imigca kwasekwa ngepaseji ububanzi ogama 8-11 km. Kulo iintsuku ezili-17 (cinga nje eli xesha!) Road kunye kaloliwe imizila babekwa. Emva koko, nangoncedo isixeko ibe ngcono kakhulu. Le kwafa lususiwe ngokupheleleyo nge-27 Januwari. Usuku lokuphula kuvalwe iindlela iLeningrad yabalasela iifireworks nolo walubona isibhakabhaka kwalo mzi.

Nasekuxinweni of iLeningrad uye waba kwimbali bumandundu. Uninzi abahlali wafa ngelo xesha, sangcwatywa namhlanje Piskarevskoe Memorial Amangcwaba. Ummeli lwathatha, ukuba ngqo, iintsuku 872. Leningrad ngaphambi kokuba imfazwe emva koko bangabi nanto. Le dolophu itshintshe kakhulu, kufuneka yakhiwe ezininzi izakhiwo, abanye - ukwakha ngokutsha.

Idayari Tani Savichevoy

Ukususela to- kwaloo minyaka bakushiya eninzi ubungqina. One of them - idayari Tanya. Leningradka jaguares Tatyana ekuqaleni wokuziphatha yakhe eneminyaka engama-12. Ku nga yapapashwa, kuba iqulathe ezisithoba kuphela iirekhodi kabuhlungu amalungu entsapho njani gqolo yabulala intombi eLeningrad ngelo xesha. Kwakhona wasilela ukusinda Tanya kakhulu. Le notebook njenge mpikiswano, uzibize Fascism, lwaqhutyelwa izilingo waseLondon.

Ingaba ngoku eli xwebhu kwi imyuziyam komzi-hero, yaye ikopi igcinwe iglasi kwimeko yesikhumbuzo ngasentla Piskaryovsky emangcwabeni apho bamngcwaba 570.000 iLeningrad ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni wafa yindlala okanye ukuhlasela ukususela 1941 ukuya 1943, yaye eMoscow ku Poklonnaya Hill .

Ukulahlekelwa amandla ngenxa yendlala isandla wabhala ngokonga okudodobalisa. Abantwana abachatshazelwa umphefumlo ukubandezeleka akazange akwazi ukuba iimvakalelo ngqo. Girl abhalwe kuphela iziganeko ezimbi ebomini bakhe - "Utyelelo yokufa" kwintsapho yakhe endlwini. UTanya wabhala ukuba bonke Savichevs wafa. Noko ke, yena Akazange amqonde, musa kufa sonke eso sizukulwana okuqhubekayo. Yena wahlangulwa athatyathwe dade UNina kunye. Yabuya ngo-1945 eLeningrad, ekhayeni lakhe, bamfumana phakathi udaka, ubutyobo wamzalela iindonga yamanqaku Thani. UMzalwan 'Misha wathatha ukusuka kufunyanwe ngaphambili walimala. Girl wazibona ukukhonza amaqela zococeko ukuba bayicezele ikhaya esixekweni. Yena isiqaqa indlala. Kwakhe, ngokulingene ephila, babalekiswa kwiindawo zokuhlala ziyingozi. Apha, iinkedama ezininzi waya ngokuqina, kodwa Tanya zange wachacha. Oogqirha walwa ubomi bakhe, kodwa noko wafa kwisithuba seminyaka emibini. Yena wafa ngo-1944, ngomhla woku-1 ngoJulayi.