Yintoni lweencwdi jikelele, kunye noluhlu lweencwadi ingakumbi, imbali yayo eRashiya

Uluhlu lokoqobo - it bibliology. Wohlelo jikelele - yinto ingqeqesho yenzululwazi ajongene inkcazelo, systematization kunye neencwadi kwengxelo, yaye iincwadi ngokwabo, amanqaku, ucwaningo, etc ...

Yintoni na le lweencwdi ngendlela emxinwa

Olu luhlu inxaxheba ngendlela enye okanye omnye uncwadi isicatshulwa. apho sathathwa ulwazi - umzekelo, imithombo wabonisa xa bebhala isincoko. Uluhlu ezisetyenziswayo xa kubhalwa theses kunye neminye imisebenzi yezenzululwazi. Umbhali yomsebenzi efunekayo ukubonisa oko wayama kwimithombo zaseprayimari.

Ziziphi iindidi zolwazi

Kukho zezifundo ze ababhali. Ziquka uluhlu olwahlukileyo zonke izicatshulwa ezibhaliweyo lombhali, yaye kuquka zonke imisebenzi buqu kunye nezinye ebhaliweyo ngale umbhali kunye nemisebenzi yakhe kwabanye ababhali. uluhlu olubanzi kukuthi, umzekelo, C. A. Uluhlu Pushkina okanye Tolstogo L. N.

Kukho kwakhona uluhlu lweencwadi bolwesibini udidi. Leyo uluhlu lweencwadi zonke iitekisi wempilo. Igcina iirekhodi ngokulandelelana zonke zezifundo, lahlulwe yi izihloko.

Ingqalelo uluhlu lweencwadi yezenzululwazi eyahlukileyo. Abonelela kumacandelo athile lomsebenzi okanye Sciences theoretical component.

ibhibliyografi emva (Scientific Division) maluquke wonke eshicilelweyo umsebenzi ubuntatheli kangangexesha elithile. Kusenokwenzeka nonyaka, kunye ngeveki enye.

Kukwakho nezinye iintlobo ezininzi bibliography. Hi xikombiso, le zembali Russian, kuthathelwa ingqalelo nokulungiselela zonke izicatshulwa kwi kwimbali, wakhululwa in Russian. Oku kunganxulunyaniswa i zomxholo. Kukho uluhlu lweencwadi iincwadi, okt itsheki-uluhlu lweetekisi ezahlukeneyo zoncwadi enxulumene incwadi enye. ezo zintlu zingabonakala, umzekelo, ekupheleni koqeqesho okanye uphando iimpapasho.

Kuzo zonke ezi nkcazelo kucacile ukuba uluhlu lweencwadi enjalo. Xa obanzi - oko kusoloko kukho uluhlu iimbekiselo ezinye izihloko. Olu hlobo inzululwazi kunye nenzululwazi ncwadi imbali yayo. Ukuba uqonde into uluhlu lweencwadi, kucacile ukuba ibali lakhe. Oku isayensi iye zazivelela yaphuhliswa kumazwe ahlukeneyo ngayo.

A History ezincinane ezincwadi eRashiya

In Russia ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18 baqalisa ukuphuhlisa uluhlu lweencwadi. Yonke le nto yaqala kunye nemiba bookselling kunye ukufunda uluhlu okanye ubuntatheli kwiimagazini. Ngenkulungwane ye-18 iincwadi Russian ixakeke kakhulu kuphuhliswa. ababhali Russian kunye iintatheli ukuleqa ze yogqithe nenkcubeko yaphuhliswa aseNtshona. Uluvo lokuba uluhlu lweencwadi enjalo, Kakade ke, nayo bevela kwamanye amazwe.

Eyokuqala olu hlobo baba amaphephancwadi "amanqaku lombhalo" yaye "Uluhlu lwamagama". Bapapasha ngokutsha le ncwadi udwelisa ngqangi ezahlukeneyo kwiilayibrari, iikhathalogu iincwadi ezipapashwe kutshanje, kwakunye uluhlu kweempepha.

Ngowe-1889 kwafika isangqa yokuqala lombhalo eMoscow. umqalisi Its wabalekiselwa. Ngowe-1900 ukuba similise okwaloo Russian Bibliographical Society, kubanjelwa kwiYunivesithi eMoscow. It bahlela amaphephancwadi zabo. Yahlelwa Bodnarskii ngaphandle "Bibliographical News" yaye "Bibliology".

Ngo-1907 no-1908 inkampani epapashwe "Uluhlu Collection", ukuba eyaqhotyoshelwa i alfabhethi index ukuze akuncede ufumane ulwazi ekunene. Le ncwadi ishicilelwe izigxeko Injongo kwiincwadi aveliswa ngamaxesha athile ashicilelwe ekhomba.

Uluhlu of Russia 19-20 eminyaka

Ngexesha la iinkulungwane ezimbini ibhibliyografi Russian baba landiswa. Izazinzulu ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi benza lo inzululwazi. Baqala ke ukuba sithembele ngakumbi kwiinyaniso kunokuba nezimvo. Kwaye kule nkulungwane zezifundo kwiinkulungwane 19-20th ezi ibhibliyografi aluncedo kakhulu kwaye philology.

Kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwakukho Yindibanisela lonke ulwazi amaninzi zomxholo. Bibliology nomthombo noluhlu lweencwadi waqala ukufundisa kwiiyunivesithi. Bibliographers waphakamisa mpepha ezindala kwakhona imisebenzi elide-kulityalwa ababhali, kwakunye abo zinganakwa kwaye ngabom olityelweyo ngexesha ulawulo Stalin kaThixo. Wavuswa waza wayibuyisela a ezinawo enkulu yoncwadi Russian nobuntatheli. Noko ke, imbali lweencwdi eSoviet nangoku kufundwe ngokupheleleyo, zisavuliwe ukuba kuyiwe kwimithombo emitsha kunye noovimba. Wohlelo ukuba omninzi yomsebenzi onzima.