Iziko zobulungisa baseRussian Federation: imbono, imbali, indima, iingxaki, imisebenzi, imisebenzi, amandla, imisebenzi. Iinjongo zobulungisa zi ...

Iinjongo zobulungisa ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yesibonelelo selizwe esenza isigunyaziso ngokugcinwa kwezenzo ezisemgangathweni nezomthetho kweli lizwe, ukufezekisa imisebenzi emininzi, kunye nokuba nenani lamagunya athile ahlala kulo mhlaba.

IXIXX yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo: ekuqaleni

Inkqubo yamagosa omgwebo waseMbusweni waseRashiya yaqala ngokuqaliswa nguMlawuli waseRussia uAlexander I, owakhupha i-manifesto ekhethekileyo ekusungulweni kweeNkonzo. Esi siganeko senzeke ngo-1802, ngoSeptemba 8. Isenzo somthetho esiqhelekileyo asibonelelwanga kuphela ngamagunya ebhunga lobulungisa, kodwa kwakhona njengoko intloko yamemezela umfundisi onokuthi uMphathiswa Jikelele weRashiya waseRashiya ahlale ehlala kuphela.

Imisebenzi yamabhunga olawulo ngelo xesha yayibandakanya ukulungiswa kwezenzo zomthetho, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamaziko oshushisa kunye nemicimbi yamatyala. Njengemisebenzi eyongezelelweyo, uMphathiswa wenza uhanjiso, ukufuduswa, ukuxothwa kwamagosa kwiinkalo zombuso. UMphathiswa wezobuLungisa wokuqala kunye noPremivin Gavriil Romanovich, owathi ebomini bakhe babuthanda uthando lwembongo kunye nomsebenzi welizwe.

Icandelo loMphathiswa wezoBulungisa lithathe inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ekuphunyezweni kwenkqubo yokulungisa, ngokubonga kwamagunya enhloko yalo mzimba ukwanda kakhulu. Ngeli xesha le-1864, eli candelo lolawulo alisebenzisi nje kuphela ubunkokheli bamagatsha oomatshini kunye neofisi yomtshutshisi, kodwa naye waphatha idilesi kunye nemigangatho yomhlaba, kwaye yalela unobhala wencwadi.

Indima yamacandelo omthetho kwimbali ingalandelwa ngokuguqulwa kwamacandelo, umzekelo, ubulungiseleli bazise i-judge of judge judge, esebenzayo nanamhla; Wathatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ekuphuhlisweni komgaqo-nkqubo welizwe, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamaxwebhu aqhelekileyo avakelweyo.

Inkulungwane ye-XX: ukuguqulwa kwamaphuzu emva kweenguqulelo

Imbali yabasemagunyeni bezobulungisa kwiminyaka ye-20 iguqulelwe ibe yinguqulelo ye-ejensi ekhankanywe ngentla kwi-body body ebizwa ngokuba yi-People's Commissariat of Justice. Nangona kukho utshintsho olubalulekileyo egameni lobulungiseleli, imisebenzi yalo yenziwa kwinqanaba elifanayo-ukwakhelwa kwamagosa amagosa kunye nokukhethwa kwabaqeqeshi abaqeqeshe kakhulu kwiindawo zabo. Inxaxheba ngokukhawuleza ekubunjweni komgaqo-nkqubo wombuso we-Soviet kwakukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza umthetho omtsha we-USSR.

Ngowe-1936 kukho utshintsho olukhulu - iofisi yomtshutshisi yabelwe kwiSebe elizimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, malunga nokuguqulwa okunjalo, imisebenzi yamagosa okusesikweni iya kwanda kakhulu kwintsimi yeenkqubo kunye nokulungiswa kwezenzo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo. Inkqubo yomthetho iqulethwe ngamagatya amathathu:

• Ukulungiswa koLuntu, uLwaphulo-mthetho, iikhowudi zeNkqubo, kunye nezinye iindidi zamaphepha olawulo (umgaqo-siseko womthetho wezabasebenzi kunye nokunye).
• Uphuhliso lwezenzo ezikhutshwa nguRhulumente we-USSR.
• Umsebenzi wokubhekiseleka kummandla wezomthetho.

Iibhorathri zophando lwezesayensi, iziko kunye nophuhliso nazo ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yobulungisa. Imisebenzi yeefowuni zombuso kwisahlulo sesibini senkulungwane ye-20 kwintsimi yokwenza umthetho yayiyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namanye amasebe kwaye yayinempembelelo ngqo kuRhulumente wase-USSR.

Ngomnyaka we-1991, iBhunga eliPhakamileyo ligqibe ekubeni libhekiselele kulo mzimba njengeSebe lezoBulungisa kwiRussia Federation. Ngowe-1992, zonke izilungiso ezifanelekileyo zafakwa kuMgaqo-siseko welizwe, kwaye imithetho emitsha yomthetho kunye neminye imithetho ephantsi yakhishwa.

Iinjongo zobulungisa: imisebenzi, ingqiqo, indawo, kwinqanaba langoku lophuhliso loluntu

Kuza kube namhlanje, i-judiciary yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwezixhobo zikaRhulumente. Kukho umlinganiselo omkhulu weengcamango ngentsingiselo yegama elithi "ubulungisa". Abanye bacinga ukuba umsebenzi wobulungisa uthetha umsebenzi wezomthetho, ngelixa abanye bakholelwa ukuba ukuguqulelwa kubonisa ukulungelelaniswa komsebenzi wenkundla. Kwimeko nayiphi na imeko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi imbono yokujonga isondele kuwe, intsingiselo yesiqhelo yegama ihambelana nomsebenzi osemthethweni, oko kukuthi, into esemthethweni. Ukuba sihlolisisa le ngcaciso ngokungakumbi, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba ukutolika kwegama elithi "ubulungisa" kuhambelana kakhulu kunye nezithethe zembali kunye nembali yophuhliso lo mzimba.

Okwangoku, iziko lezobulungisa zaseRashiya ziqhuba imisebenzi yombutho kunye nokulawula. Umqulu olawulayo olawulayo oququzelele imisebenzi yento ekhankanywe ngentla ye-apparatus yombuso nguMgaqo-nkqubo weNgqongqoshe wezoBulungisa kwi-Russian Federation. Inendima ebalulekileyo kule ndawo idlalwa zizigqibo ezininzi zikaRhulumente waseRussia Federation, kunye nemimiselo yintloko yentloko.

Amalungu oBulungisa: imisebenzi, imisebenzi, inkqubo

Iibhunga lezobulungisa yinkampani karhulumente, ephathiswe yoluhlu lwemisebenzi elandelayo:

• Igalelo elikhawulezileyo kwimisebenzi yokubeka izinto eziqhelekileyo zebhunga elilawulayo lelizwe - uMongameli kunye noRhulumente waseRussia Federation.
• Ukulawula phezu kokukhutshwa kwezenzo zomthetho kunye nezomthetho kumanqanaba ommandla nakwimimandla, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokusemthethweni nokuthotyelwa kwezenzo zamazwe ngamazwe, imithetho yomthetho kunye namaphepha aphantsi okulawula. Ukuphunyezwa kobuchule bezomthetho, ukuba kuyimfuneko.
• Ukufezekisa ukubhaliswa kwezenzo zobume belizwe, ukunika ithuba lokubhaliswa koburhulumente, kunye nokulawulwa kokugqitywa kwemicimbi yomthetho, amalungelo okuthengiswa kwezindlu, ukubhaliswa kwepropati engashenxiswayo njalo njalo. Olu luhlu aluphelelanga, kuba lubonakaliswe yimisebenzi yamagunya asekuhlaleni.
• Ukuphunyezwa kolawulo lommandla weenkonzo zomthetho.
• Ukuphunyezwa kolawulo malunga nokuphunyezwa kwezenzo zomthetho kunye nokulawula.
• Ukubonelela ngolwazi lomthetho kuluntu, ukuba luyimfuneko, kunye nemibandela ebalulekileyo.

Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yamagosa okusesikweni isasazwa ngokwemigaqo yayo, ebonakala ngathi:

1. UMphathiswa wezoBulungisa weRussia Federation.
2. Amabhunga namaziko e-MIS.
3. UMphathiswa wezoBulungisa bee-krais, iiRiphablikhi kunye nezinye iindawo eziyingxenye yeRussian Federation.

Icandelo loMphathiswa wezoBulungisa njengeyona nto ephambili, i-device ephakathi

Amagosa okusesikweni ngamaziko nemibutho eyingxenye yoPhathiswa loLungileyo welizwe. Njengomgaqo, baquka iincwadi zengcali, ii-ofisi ze-registry, i-Russian Law Academy, amaziko olwazi olusemthethweni, ii-laboratories zee-forensic, ii-ofisi zokuhlela zeemfuno ezisemthethweni, njalo njalo.

Icandelo loMphathiswa wezoBulungiseleli liqhagamshelwano eliphambili elibandakanya amagunya ahamba phambili kunye nokulungelelanisa ngokumalunga namaziko emimandla kunye namaziko enxalenye yale nkqubo ingentla. E-Rashiya, isimo somphathi weli candelo lombutho welizwe nguMphathiswa wezoBulungiswa, onomthwalo wemfanelo ngokwasemthethweni ngokuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kwemisebenzi eyabelwe ubulungiseleli.

Inkqubo "yezomthetho" isebenza njani? UMphathiswa wezoBulungisa unika ukuqwalaselwa kwentloko kaRhulumente okanye uRhulumente weRashiya yeeRussia iimpawu eziqhelekileyo nezomthetho. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba umphathiswa unelungelo lokuhambisa kuphela loo maxwebhu ahambelana ngqo nemisebenzi ayenzayo.

Ngokuphathelele isakhiwo se-arhente karhulumente, iqulethe ngamasebe, amasebe namasebe. Icandelo ngalinye lezakhiwo libandakanya uhlobo lomsebenzi obelwe wona ngokuhambelana nenkqubo esekwe yimimiselo yezomthetho kunye nezomthetho. Ngokomzekelo, okwangoku, amagunya olawulo lwamagunya eRussia Federation aphuma kwisebe kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwemithetho, ukulawulwa kwamaziko engcali, isebe lezenzo zokugweba njalonjalo.

Indima exhasayo inikezelwa kwiNzululwazi yezoNzululwazi ngezoLwazi, iZiko loLwazi lwezoNgcali kwi-federal level, kunye ne-Russian Law Academy.

Amabhunga okusesikweni eRussian Federation kwizifundo zelizwe

Kulula ukuqikelela, ngokusekelwe kwinkqubo echazwe ngasentla, ukuba amabhunga olawulo eRussia Federation kumgangatho wesithili abelwe njengamaSebe emimandla, iiphablikhi, ukwahlukana kwezifundo zeRussian Federation. Ummandla ngamnye uchazwe ngokuzimeleyo ngentloko yenkonzo enikeziweyo, isithuba senkosi okanye umphathiswa.

Yonke imizimba yobulungisa kwintsimi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni imfundo yemfundo yayo, ilawulwa phantsi kweSebe lezoBulungisa kunye namanye amabhunga olawulo olulawulayo . Amagunya eebhunga lezobulungisa phantsi komhlaba anemilinganiselo efana neyezona zixhobo eziphambili, ngoko ke iziko lolawulo lwengingqi lomsebenzi, imisebenzi iyenziwa ngolu hlobo:

• Benza imisebenzi yokubeka imimiselo kwimida engavunyelwe ngumthetho.
• Hlanganisa umsebenzi wee-notary kwintsimi.
• Yenza imisebenzi yokulayisenisa: ukukhupha iilayisenisi, ukubeka iliso ixesha elifanelekileyo, ukusebenzisa amanyathelo omthetho atyala kubantu abaphula umthetho kwaye njalo.

Kwixesha elizayo, kucetywayo ukunika iziko zezifundo kunye negunya lokulungiselela ukubonelelwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezobugcisa kwiinkundla zehlabathi.

Imimandla ephambili yomsebenzi wequmrhu lobulungisa kwezi zifundo:

1. Ukuxhasa ngokusemthethweni imisebenzi yokwenza izinto eziqhelekileyo.
2. Ukufezekisa ukubhaliswa kobuso bezenzo zomgangatho wendawo zombini kunye namagunya omthetho kunye nabantu ngabanye (ukubhaliswa kweentengo zezindlu, iiirekhodi zobume kunye nokunye).

Izikhokelo ezongezelelweyo ziqinisekiswe ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo ezithile; Imisebenzi, kuxhomekeke kwiinjongo; Imisebenzi kunye namagunya.

Indima yeSebe lezoBulungiswa kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo yamabhunga karhulumente

Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu zomsebenzi (umbono wemizi yobulungisa iqinisekisa le nto) yinto ehleliyo.

Ekufezeni izabelo zikaMongameli weRussia Federation, abameli beNgqungquthela bathathe inxaxheba ekuhlolweni kokuthotyelwa kwezenzo eziqhelekileyo nezomthetho ngokumalunga nomthetho ngokumalunga namaxwebhu asemthethweni aphezulu. Kwaye oku kusebenza kuphela kwezo zenzo ezithunyelwe ukuba zisayinwe kumongameli welizwe kwaye azikadluli kwinqanaba lomshicilelo olusemthethweni. Eli sebe libandakanya igunya lokuqwalasela iziphakamiso zikaRhulumente waseRussia kwi-issue yokuphucula umthetho. Icandelo loMphathiswa wezoBulungisa ligunyazisiwe kwaye linika izimvo ngesidingo sokuqulunqa ibhilida, ukulungelelanisa ingcamango yayo ngokubhaliweyo.

Ngokusekelwe kulo mbandela, akumangalisi ukuba amagunya aseburhulumenteni baseRussia anelungelo lokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo imithetho ebekwe kwi-Government Federation yaseRashiya ukuze iqwalaselwe. Ubungcali bomthetho ekuqinisekiseni ukusemthethweni kwezenzo zomthetho zolawulo kukuba ukuba kukho ukungabikho kokungahambisani (uMgaqo-siseko weRussia Federation, umthetho we-federal, njl.) Uchaziwe, umzimba owamkela olu xwebhu uya kunikwa isigqibo esicacileyo. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba ngamnye owamkele isenzo esithile somthetho kufuneka uthumele ikopi kwiSebe lezoBulungisa ukuze lihlaziywe.

Omnye ummandla womsebenzi ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi ophathelene nokulungiswa komthetho. Ngoko, ubulungisa eRussian Federation iqukethe ibhanki efana neenkqubo ezisemthethweni zombuso apho wonke umntu angakwazi ukuqonda ngoku oku okanye okuqhelekileyo. Ukongezelela, uMphathiswa wezoBulungisa unxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ekuqulunqweni nasekukhutshweni kweMigaqo yeMithetho yeRussian Federation.

Lawula amasebe kunye nee-arhente ensimini

Ukuphunyezwa kwalo msebenzi kuhambelana ngqo nemimiselo yokubeka imimiselo yamabhunga olawulo, kuba ukubeka esweni kuqhutyelwa ngokuqwalasela ukuthotyelwa kwe-NAPs yesebe kunye noMgaqo-siseko weRussia Federation, umthetho we-federal kunye nemimiselo karhulumente. Kuphela emva kokuphicothwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-bill "yasekhaya" kunye nemvume yamagunya omgwebo, idlula kwinqanaba lokupapashwa ngokusemthethweni. Lezo zenzo ezingabhaliswanga, nangona kunjalo, ngokuchasene nokungavumelani komzimba wobulungisa, zazisungulwa, azikho mthethweni, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukungathobeli kwawo akubandakanyi uxanduva.

Ukulawulwa kwamagosa asekuhlaleni kuqhutyelwa nokubhaliswa kolawulo lwama-charters abo bonke: amaRashiya, ama-interregional, amazwe ngamazwe. Imibutho yenkolo nayo ikwale candelo. Xa kunqatshelwe ukubhaliswa kwezemfundo kwimfundiso yezenkolo, mayeke ukuyeka imisebenzi yayo, ngaphandle koko umbutho ufumana isikhundla sehlelo lonqulo elingenalo ilungelo lokuhlala eRashiya.

Olunye uhlobo lokulawula kukuphunyezwa kwamagunya karhulumente kwimeko yokubhaliswa kwemibutho yezorhwebo kunye neyorhwebo. Zonke iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko zixhomekeke ekungeneni okufunekayo kwiRejista yeSizwe yoBumbano yeeNkampani zomthetho.

Inkonzo yomsizi-mali njengenxalenye yesakhiwo seSebe lezoBulungisa

Iingxaki ezininzi zezobugwebi zibangelwa ukuba zinamandla amaninzi, okukunzima kakhulu ukwahlula phakathi kwamasebe okanye amasebe. Ukuze kucaciswe isakhiwo sezixhobo zokusebenza, kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya i-arhente eyahlukileyo eyinxalenye yenkqubo yeSebe lezoBulungisa-i-Federal Bailiff Service.

Imisebenzi ephambili yale nxalenye yesikhokelo ijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotyelwa komyalelo wokubamba iiseshoni zenkundla, ukuphunyezwa kwesohlwayo sobugebengu ngendlela yentlawulo, kwakunye nokuphunyezwa kwamanye amanyathelo okunyanzelisa.

Umbutho kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi kweli sebe kuqulethwe kuMthetho we-Federal "kwi-Bailiffs", kunye nakwiimithetho zomthetho ezilawula ukuthotyelwa komthetho.

Isakhiwo salesi sakhiwo sakhiwo siquka:

1. ISebe eliyiNtloko labaxhasi, lidibene ngqo kwiSebe lezoBulungisa kwiRussia Federation.
2. Inkonzo yabaxhasi beenkundla zemikhosi.
3. Abaxhasi beenkonzo, eziphantsi komhlaba kwizifundo: kwisithili okanye ukuhlukana kwamanye amazwe.

Bonke abaxhasi bahlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini, kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi abayenzayo:

• Bayi-Bailiffs, eqinisekisa inkqubo eyenziwe yokusebenza nokusebenza kweenkundla, iiseshoni zenkundla.
• Abahlawuli bee-Bailiffs abagunyazisiweyo ukwenza isigwebo sezohlwayo ngesimo sentlawulo, kunye nezinye izigqibo zenkundla.

Ngombono wokuqonda amagunya anikezelweyo, abaxhasi banesizathu esisemthethweni sokusebenzisa amandla omzimba, umzekelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlelwa kwintendelezo.

Inkqubo yokubhaptizwa njengamanye amacandelo okusesikweni

Inkqubo yokugweba bubonakaliswe ofisi engundoqo, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo - ukuze enze imisebenzi kwaye ukulungelelanisa uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kwisigaba sothimbo bakhonza izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukongeza kwibhunga lolawulo lesikolo, ngokuba sezintolongweni kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo amaziko ukunyanzelisa ngqo izohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwakunye nokusebenzisa nezinye amanyathelo phantsi komthetho mthetho. Iyunithi central imelwe kwisebe eyahlukileyo ekuthiwa inkonzo Federal executive, nto leyo eye isakhiwo ethile oluneqela elinegunya.

Imisebenzi MIS iqulathe ezi nkalo zilandelayo:

1. Ukwenziwa izohlwayo ezinganxulumananga ukuhluthwa kwenkululeko. Njengoko umthetho, indima ephambili linikwa kwiiyunithi noshowo bafanekiselwa uhlolo yalela akhokelela accounting, ulawulo yokulungisa abantu bagwetyelwe yabasebenzi enyanzelekileyo, abasebenzi zokulungisa, inkululeko kunye njalo njalo.
2. Ukwenziwa zohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene bodwa evela kuluntu, lo mbutho yemisebenzi amaziko okunyanzelisa utsala isigwebo sokuvalelwa yinkundla ngendlela ethile kwiziko yoluleko.
3. Ukwenza umyalelo wenkundla ogcino eluvalelweni ngokuhlela ukusebenza kwamaziko lokuvalelwa, kwakunye nenani namanye amagunya.
4. Ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi MIS ababeze i enetyala entolongweni.
5. Resocialization yamabanjwa nokubuya kwabo kuluntu emva kokuba isigwebo mthetho.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba luhlu lungentla lwemisebenzi aliphelelanga, njengoko inkqubo yamabanjwa imelwe yimibutho yesebe esichitha-chithwe ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka amaziko ophando ziinzululwazi FSIN, iiyunivesithi, imizimba alawulayo, njalo-njalo.