Izakhiwo ezinemigangatho. Amade eMoscow ihlabathi

Namhlanje, akukho mntu uya kumangaliswa isakhiwo multi-ibali, kodwa isibini kwiminyaka engamakhulu eyadlulayo, nkqu ingcamango yokwakha imizi ubude kwabonakala mmangaliso zobunjineli. Namhlanje, eli lizwe ukukhuphisana kwimali izakhiwo kunye babo ubuhle. Izakhiwo kuqhubeka ukwakha, ukwandisa inani imigangatho kunye nzima izibalo.

Imbali izakhiwo

izakhiwo Multi-ezinemigangatho ezaziwa abantu ixesha elide. Kodwa ke isakhiwo yokuqala, ebizwa amafu yakhiwa ngokwentelekiso kutshanje - kuphela 1885 e Chicago. Kuyinto etyeni ukuze kuthi, kodwa ke ngoko igama isakhiwo apho imigangatho, ngaphezulu ezimbini wabonakala kamva 10 kuphela. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphakama lilonke amafu kwenkulungwane XIX yayiziimitha nje kwama-50.

Development kunye nokuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe yokwakha ekugqibeleni wasusa ingxaki kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, ngenxa yokuba iintsimbi ukuba lukhuni eludongeni, ngoxa kuncitshiswa ubunzima zizonke ngumntu wesithathu. Ingxaki enjalo ukuphakama kokususa iye isonjululwe ngemva kokusungulwa bekwilift zombane.

Phantse ngoko nangoko emva kokuba izakhiwo zokuqala eziphakamileyo phakathi abakhi wajika umzabalazo kakhulu ukuba ubukhulu. Sibi ngulowo apho akhuphisana kunye nezinye amade of New York kwi 20 lwekhulu XX. kweminyaka engama-30 emva kokuba ukuqaliswa nenqaba ephakamileyo yokuqala yokwakha eziphakamileyo yakhiwa kwimitha 241. Kule minyaka ili-17 izayo, akukho namnye unako ukwahlukana le ngxelo, kwaye ke wambamba igunya Chrysler Building kunye uphawu 320 ka spire. Kodwa kamva ngaphantsi konyaka (1931) isakhiwo lavulwa, kamva waba uphawu zonke ezinde. Yaba i Empire State Building, baboyisa ukungakwazi nemigangatho 100. Yakhiwa irekhodi, ngaphezulu kancinane ngaphezu konyaka.

Kuba ixesha elithile umzabalazo ingasekho ukuya kwi '70s kwaqala kwakhona. Palm abamba izakhiwo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, kodwa akukho mntu uye wakwazi kubhiyozwe elide. Namhlanje yeyethu ukwakha Burj Khalifa, ngoxa isakhiwo wokuqala kuphela ndaphule uphawu imigangatho 150.

Iimpawu design

Ukwakhiwa izakhiwo ezinemigangatho ezinxulumene neengxaki ezithile. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba abayili kufuneka athathe ingqalelo ubunzima kwesakhiwo, ukuqina kwayo seismic kunye nezinye iparameters ezininzi, zonke izibalo kufuneka ngqo kakhulu, kuba kungenjalo bahlupheka kakhulu abantu. Xa umnqweno ukuphumeza amabhongo ezithile kufuneka kusoloko benanze ukhuseleko aye mbandela enengqondo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kuyilo izakhiwo ezinemigangatho - yinto uqeqesho eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo endinga indlela sengqondo esithile.

Noko ke, ukufuna kukuthembeka, asingekhe silibale ngayo ubuhle. EziQhelekileyo iibhokisi ufakelo lwesamente ixesha elide musa akunamsebenzi, abantu bafuna ubabalo ethile kunye ukuqaqamba iintlobo, ukuze umsebenzi wezakhiwo akuthethi ufumane kuthiwa lula. amade Service - nayo umsebenzi olula, kuba ngokwesiqhelo ukuhlamba windows nomqheba akanakuba ngaphandle iinkonzo climbers mveliso. Kwaye kufuneka ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo yokhuseleko mibandela, ebangela baninzi ezibalulekileyo kunangaphambili emva 11 Septemba 2001, xa umlilo ngokuwa ezimbini ezinde Ufune ezininzi ebomini.

isigaba

Kangangexesha elide ukugqiba yintoni kanye kuthathwa amafu, kwakunzima. Ke kaloku lo mbuzo esasebenza, kuba usebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. sokulinganisa ukuphakama kophahla, ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo spire umntu, abanye ingqalelo na ukukhathaza eriyali kunye nezinye izibonelelo, kwaye abanye ziqikelela kwisikali esekelwe kwindawo eliphezulu sakhiwo. Enoba kwenzeka ntoni na, ngoku ezinde izakhiwo kunye imigangatho (oko kukuthi, hayi inqaba), ukwandisa ukuya kwiimitha ezili-100 nangaphezulu. Ukususela 35 ukuya kwi-100 - isakhiwo eziphakamileyo. Ngaphezu 300 - ultra-high-600 - zezona isimaphambili "mega". Hi ndlela leyi, ezimbini zokugqibela kuphela ehlabathini.

irekhodi-full

6 kwabali-10 izakhiwo iphezulu ehlabathini ibekwe kwelaseAsiya, nangona kunjalo, ukuba iindawo ezintathu zokuqala yile izakhiwo, nto leyo ibekwe UAE, Saudi Arabia nase-United States. Ngoko ke, lo uluhlu kuhlala ingatshintshanga-2009:

1. Burj Khalifa (UAE).
2. Abraj Al Bait (Saudi Arabia).
3. 1 World Trade Center (USA).
4. Taipei 101 (Taiwan).
5. Schanhaysky World Trade Center (China).
6. Commerce Center International (Hong Kong).
7. Petronas-1 (Malaysia).
8. Petronas-2 (Malaysia).
9. Grinlend Nanjing (China).
10. Willis Tower (United States).

Amade eMoscow Russia

Xa izixeko Russian Federation ixesha elide, eziphakamileyo yokwakha yobuhle esithintelweyo, kunye nengqwalaselo zonqulo. Kwiminyaka ye XX kwinkulungwane enyangweni ingongoma yezembali iziko wahlala Ivan Enkulu Bell ukuphakama 81 leemitha. Koko, isakhiwo eziphakamileyo eRashiya ixesha elide igama layo, hayi abolekwe kwezinye iilwimi - tucherezy. Le projekthi wokuqala kangangokuba wathabatha ujingi mihla, yaba sisakhiwo yebhotwe qumrhu, nto leyo ukuba ukuphakama kuyimitha 495. Ukwakhiwa yaqala ngo-1937, kodwa oluphazanyiswa imfazwe, waza emva koko washiya le ngcingane.

Kude kube eminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ukwazisa ngokwenene izakhiwo ezinemigangatho emizini Russian kwakunzima, kubonakala ke, musa gingci imbonakalo yazo bokwakha. Kakade ke, abagxeki abaninzi namhlanje, kodwa yesithili eMoscow City yaye wazuza nabalandeli yayo. E St. Petersburg, naye phantsi egcwele iphepha yokwakha, uthembisa ukuba uphezulu eYurophu, kodwa kude kube sekupheleni ezicwangciselwe kuphela 2019.

abadumile amafu

Nangona uninzi lwabo khange ziqukwe kuluhlu lwe ezinde kakhulu of New York zezona edumileyo. Esi sixeko qatha engqondweni xa kufikwa eziphakamileyo izakhiwo. Le namaqhawekazi movies Hollywood bahlala ephezulu kophahla eManhattan, ngokuhlwa ancome panorama. Ewe, New York kwenzeka ngokwenene ukucinga ngaphandle ezinde. Shanghai and Hong Kong nazo ziye zakhula ngexesha yerekhodi, kodwa sele fancy of bonke kuyinto ngohlobo olulo ngoku.

Hi ndlela leyi, ixesha elide, izakhiwo ezinemigangatho "Stalin kaThixo" eMoscow kwakusithiwa umdla ngokwaneleyo ithembisa isebe izakhiwo. Namhlanje, abakhenkethi amazwe tyelela kuzo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwaye ejonga sibekwa.

amathuba

Kubonakala ukuba labazobi abanakukwazi ukuba ayeke khona, ngoko emva kokuba isibini amashumi neziqhulo malunga kwamatanki oksijini kube yinto ebonakalayo neyinyani. Sele iqalile ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo, ukuphakama kwayo kuya kuba ukuya ku-1 ngekhilomitha. Kukho iiprojekthi apho kuloyiso izinto ezenziwe Ukuphakama ukuya ku-4000 - lo mbandela ixesha. Liyinyaniso elokuba, kuba abantu akunakwenzeka uya kuba ukulungele ukuya uhle uye esandeni 800-th kangangesiqingatha seyure. Kodwa okumangalisayo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukusuka kwindawo lobugcisa lwembono, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo yale yobukhulu kunokwenzeka. Nangona, ukuze siqinisekise ukuba iiprojekthi ezikhoyo ezinjalo baye ngokwembono yokwenene, kuyimfuneko ukuba bahlaziye le migaqo isisiseko yophuhliso lwedolophu.